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__NOTOC__
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{{Neuroblastoma}}
{{Neuroblastoma}}
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==Overview==
The [[risk factors]] for neuroblastomas [[Diagnose|diagnosed]] during [[Infant|infancy]] include; [[maternal]] [[anemia]] during [[pregnancy]], [[neonatal respiratory distress syndrome]] and low 1 minute [[Apgar score]]. However, the [[risk factors]] for neuroblastoma cases diagnosed at [[age]] 1 year or above is not known.
 
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
The [[etiology]] of neuroblastoma is not well understood. Several risk factors have been proposed and are the subject of ongoing research.
* The [[risk factors]] for neuroblastoma are not well known. However, following [[risk factors]] may be associated with neuroblastomas diagnosed during [[Infant|infancy]]:<ref>{{Cite journal
Due to characteristic early onset many studies have focussed on parental factors around [[fertilisation|conception]] and during [[gestation]]. Factors investigated have included occupation (i.e. exposure to chemicals in specific industries), smoking, alcohol consumption, use of medicinal drugs during pregnancy and birth factors, however results have been inconsistent.<ref>Olshan, AF, Bunin, GR (2000) Epidemiology of Neuroblastoma. In: Brodeur, GM, Sawada, T, Tsuchida, Y, Voute, PA eds. , Neuroblastoma, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 33-39. ISBN 044450222X [http://us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780444502223]</ref>
| author = [[Elizabeth Bluhm]], [[Dawn Elizabeth McNeil]], [[Sven Cnattingius]], [[Gloria Gridley]], [[Laure El Ghormli]] & [[Joseph F. Jr Fraumeni]]
 
| title = Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for neuroblastoma
Other studies have examined possible links with [[atopy]] and exposure to [[infection]] early in life,<ref>Menegaux F,''et al''.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15105177 "Day Care, Childhood Infections and Risk of Neuroblastoma"], Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159:843-851.</ref> use of hormones and fertility drugs,<ref name="Olshan et al 1999">Olshan AF,''et al''. [http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/150/9/930 "Hormone and Fertility Drug Use and the Risk of Neuroblastoma: A Report from the Children's Cancer Group and the Pediatric Oncology Group"], Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:930-8.</ref>and maternal use of hair dye.<ref name="McCall EE,''et al'' 2005">,McCall EE,''et al''.[http://www.springerlink.com/content/n3645430v710npu2/ "Maternal hair dye use and risk of neuroblastoma in offspring"], Cancer Causes and Control 2005; 16,6:743-8</ref>
| journal = [[International journal of cancer]]
| volume = 123
| issue = 12
| pages = 2885–2890
| year = 2008
| month = December
| doi = 10.1002/ijc.23847
| pmid = 18798548
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Amy E. French]], [[Ron Grant]], [[Sheila Weitzman]], [[Joel G. Ray]], [[Marian J. Vermeulen]], [[Lillian Sung]], [[Mark Greenberg]] & [[Gideon Koren]]
| title = Folic acid food fortification is associated with a decline in neuroblastoma
| journal = [[Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics]]
| volume = 74
| issue = 3
| pages = 288–294
| year = 2003
| month = September
| doi = 10.1016/S0009-9236(03)00200-5
| pmid = 12966372
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[G. R. Bunin]], [[R. R. Kuijten]], [[J. D. Buckley]], [[L. B. Rorke]] & [[A. T. Meadows]]
| title = Relation between maternal diet and subsequent primitive neuroectodermal brain tumors in young children
| journal = [[The New England journal of medicine]]
| volume = 329
| issue = 8
| pages = 536–541
| year = 1993
| month = August
  | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199308193290804
  | pmid = 8336753
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
  | author = [[A. M. Michalek]], [[G. M. Buck]], [[P. C. Nasca]], [[A. N. Freedman]], [[M. S. Baptiste]] & [[M. C. Mahoney]]
| title = Gravid health status, medication use, and risk of neuroblastoma
| journal = [[American journal of epidemiology]]
| volume = 143
| issue = 10
| pages = 996–1001
| year = 1996
| month = May
| pmid = 8629618
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Andrew F. Olshan]], [[Joanna C. Smith]], [[Melissa L. Bondy]], [[Joseph P. Neglia]] & [[Brad H. Pollock]]
| title = Maternal vitamin use and reduced risk of neuroblastoma
| journal = [[Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)]]
| volume = 13
| issue = 5
| pages = 575–580
| year = 2002
| month = September
| doi = 10.1097/01.EDE.0000023970.93548.59
| pmid = 12192228
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Eric J. Chow]], [[Debra L. Friedman]] & [[Beth A. Mueller]]
| title = Maternal and perinatal characteristics in relation to neuroblastoma
| journal = [[Cancer]]
| volume = 109
| issue = 5
| pages = 983–992
| year = 2007
| month = March
| doi = 10.1002/cncr.22486
| pmid = 17285600
}}</ref><ref name="pmid26560027">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oldridge DA, Wood AC, Weichert-Leahey N, Crimmins I, Sussman R, Winter C, McDaniel LD, Diamond M, Hart LS, Zhu S, Durbin AD, Abraham BJ, Anders L, Tian L, Zhang S, Wei JS, Khan J, Bramlett K, Rahman N, Capasso M, Iolascon A, Gerhard DS, Guidry Auvil JM, Young RA, Hakonarson H, Diskin SJ, Look AT, Maris JM |title=Genetic predisposition to neuroblastoma mediated by a LMO1 super-enhancer polymorphism |journal=Nature |volume=528 |issue=7582 |pages=418–21 |date=December 2015 |pmid=26560027 |pmc=4775078 |doi=10.1038/nature15540 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12687660">{{cite journal |vauthors=Origone P, Defferrari R, Mazzocco K, Lo Cunsolo C, De Bernardi B, Tonini GP |title=Homozygous inactivation of NF1 gene in a patient with familial NF1 and disseminated neuroblastoma |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. A |volume=118A |issue=4 |pages=309–13 |date=May 2003 |pmid=12687660 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.10167 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15051581">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cook MN, Olshan AF, Guess HA, Savitz DA, Poole C, Blatt J, Bondy ML, Pollock BH |title=Maternal medication use and neuroblastoma in offspring |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=159 |issue=8 |pages=721–31 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15051581 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27342419">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rios P, Bailey HD, Orsi L, Lacour B, Valteau-Couanet D, Levy D, Corradini N, Leverger G, Defachelles AS, Gambart M, Sirvent N, Thebaud E, Ducassou S, Clavel J |title=Risk of neuroblastoma, birth-related characteristics, congenital malformations and perinatal exposures: A pooled analysis of the ESCALE and ESTELLE French studies (SFCE) |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=139 |issue=9 |pages=1936–48 |date=November 2016 |pmid=27342419 |doi=10.1002/ijc.30239 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11237115">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buck GM, Michalek AM, Chen CJ, Nasca PC, Baptiste MS |title=Perinatal factors and risk of neuroblastoma |journal=Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=47–53 |date=January 2001 |pmid=11237115 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Maternal]] [[anemia]] during [[pregnancy]]
**Maternal [[Opiates|opiate]] consumption
**Maternal [[folate deficiency]]
**Toxic exposures
**Small or large for gestational age
**[[Gestational diabetes mellitus]]
** [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome]]
** Low 1 minute [[Apgar score]]
**Familial neuroblastoma
**Genetic factors
***[[Turner syndrome]]
***[[Neurofibromatosis type 1]]
***Germline chromosomal abnormality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at LMO1
***Germline mutations in [[SDHB]], [[APC]], [[ALK-1|ALK]], and [[BRCA2]]
* The [[risk factors]] for neuroblastomas diagnosed at [[age]] 1 year or above is not known.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Elizabeth Bluhm]], [[Dawn Elizabeth McNeil]], [[Sven Cnattingius]], [[Gloria Gridley]], [[Laure El Ghormli]] & [[Joseph F. Jr Fraumeni]]
| title = Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for neuroblastoma
| journal = [[International journal of cancer]]
| volume = 123
| issue = 12
| pages = 2885–2890
| year = 2008
| month = December
| doi = 10.1002/ijc.23847
| pmid = 18798548
}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|1}}


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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zahir Ali Shaikh, MD[2]

Overview

The risk factors for neuroblastomas diagnosed during infancy include; maternal anemia during pregnancy, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and low 1 minute Apgar score. However, the risk factors for neuroblastoma cases diagnosed at age 1 year or above is not known.

Risk Factors

References

  1. ↑ Elizabeth Bluhm, Dawn Elizabeth McNeil, Sven Cnattingius, Gloria Gridley, Laure El Ghormli & Joseph F. Jr Fraumeni (2008). "Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for neuroblastoma". International journal of cancer. 123 (12): 2885–2890. doi:10.1002/ijc.23847. PMID 18798548. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Amy E. French, Ron Grant, Sheila Weitzman, Joel G. Ray, Marian J. Vermeulen, Lillian Sung, Mark Greenberg & Gideon Koren (2003). "Folic acid food fortification is associated with a decline in neuroblastoma". Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 74 (3): 288–294. doi:10.1016/S0009-9236(03)00200-5. PMID 12966372. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ G. R. Bunin, R. R. Kuijten, J. D. Buckley, L. B. Rorke & A. T. Meadows (1993). "Relation between maternal diet and subsequent primitive neuroectodermal brain tumors in young children". The New England journal of medicine. 329 (8): 536–541. doi:10.1056/NEJM199308193290804. PMID 8336753. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ A. M. Michalek, G. M. Buck, P. C. Nasca, A. N. Freedman, M. S. Baptiste & M. C. Mahoney (1996). "Gravid health status, medication use, and risk of neuroblastoma". American journal of epidemiology. 143 (10): 996–1001. PMID 8629618. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Andrew F. Olshan, Joanna C. Smith, Melissa L. Bondy, Joseph P. Neglia & Brad H. Pollock (2002). "Maternal vitamin use and reduced risk of neuroblastoma". Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 13 (5): 575–580. doi:10.1097/01.EDE.0000023970.93548.59. PMID 12192228. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Eric J. Chow, Debra L. Friedman & Beth A. Mueller (2007). "Maternal and perinatal characteristics in relation to neuroblastoma". Cancer. 109 (5): 983–992. doi:10.1002/cncr.22486. PMID 17285600. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Oldridge DA, Wood AC, Weichert-Leahey N, Crimmins I, Sussman R, Winter C, McDaniel LD, Diamond M, Hart LS, Zhu S, Durbin AD, Abraham BJ, Anders L, Tian L, Zhang S, Wei JS, Khan J, Bramlett K, Rahman N, Capasso M, Iolascon A, Gerhard DS, Guidry Auvil JM, Young RA, Hakonarson H, Diskin SJ, Look AT, Maris JM (December 2015). "Genetic predisposition to neuroblastoma mediated by a LMO1 super-enhancer polymorphism". Nature. 528 (7582): 418–21. doi:10.1038/nature15540. PMC 4775078. PMID 26560027.
  8. ↑ Origone P, Defferrari R, Mazzocco K, Lo Cunsolo C, De Bernardi B, Tonini GP (May 2003). "Homozygous inactivation of NF1 gene in a patient with familial NF1 and disseminated neuroblastoma". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 118A (4): 309–13. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.10167. PMID 12687660.
  9. ↑ Cook MN, Olshan AF, Guess HA, Savitz DA, Poole C, Blatt J, Bondy ML, Pollock BH (April 2004). "Maternal medication use and neuroblastoma in offspring". Am. J. Epidemiol. 159 (8): 721–31. PMID 15051581.
  10. ↑ Rios P, Bailey HD, Orsi L, Lacour B, Valteau-Couanet D, Levy D, Corradini N, Leverger G, Defachelles AS, Gambart M, Sirvent N, Thebaud E, Ducassou S, Clavel J (November 2016). "Risk of neuroblastoma, birth-related characteristics, congenital malformations and perinatal exposures: A pooled analysis of the ESCALE and ESTELLE French studies (SFCE)". Int. J. Cancer. 139 (9): 1936–48. doi:10.1002/ijc.30239. PMID 27342419.
  11. ↑ Buck GM, Michalek AM, Chen CJ, Nasca PC, Baptiste MS (January 2001). "Perinatal factors and risk of neuroblastoma". Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 15 (1): 47–53. PMID 11237115.
  12. ↑ Elizabeth Bluhm, Dawn Elizabeth McNeil, Sven Cnattingius, Gloria Gridley, Laure El Ghormli & Joseph F. Jr Fraumeni (2008). "Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for neuroblastoma". International journal of cancer. 123 (12): 2885–2890. doi:10.1002/ijc.23847. PMID 18798548. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)


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