Hemophilia history and symptoms: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
==History==
[[Patient|Patients]] with hemophilia can present with a history of excessive [[bleeding]] after minor [[Injury|injuries]] or spontaneous [[bleeding]]. They can also report [[family history]] of hemophilia. Hemophilia when mild, can be [[asymptomatic]]. Common [[Symptom|symptoms]], when present, include [[epistaxis]], [[Mouth|oral]] [[mucosal bleeding]], [[Arthralgia|joint pain]] and [[Edema|swelling]], [[lethargy]] and [[fatigue]], excessive [[bleeding]] after [[dental]] procedures, prolonged [[bleeding]] after circumcision and [[muscle]] [[hematoma]] after [[vaccination]].
===Symptoms of Haemophilia A and B===
==History and Symptoms==
*Most patients present with bleeding during the neonatal period or with bleeding / large haematoma following minor trauma as a toddler.In the worst cases, bleeding occurs for no reason. Internal bleeding may occur anywhere and bleeding into joints is common.The severity of symptoms vary. Bleeding is the main symptom of the disease. It is often first seen when an infant is circumcised. Other bleeding problems are seen when the infant starts crawling and walking. Mild cases may go unnoticed until later in life. Symptoms may first occur after surgery or injury. Internal bleeding may occur anywhere.
===History===
 
[[Patient|Patients]] with hemophilia may have a positive history of:
*Characteristic symptoms vary with severity. In general symptoms are internal or external bleeding episodes, which are called "bleeds". People with more severe haemophilia suffer more severe and more frequent bleeds, while people with mild haemophilia usually suffer more minor symptoms except after surgery or serious trauma. Moderate haemophiliacs have variable symptoms which manifest along a spectrum between severe and mild forms. Internal bleeding is common in people with severe haemophilia and some individuals with moderate haemophilia. The most characteristic type of internal bleed is a joint bleed where blood enters into the joint spaces. This is most common with severe haemophiliacs and can occur spontaneously (without evident trauma). If not treated promptly, joint bleeds can lead to permanent joint damage and disfigurement. Bleeding into soft tissues such as muscles and subcutaneous tissues is less severe but can lead to damage and requires treatment.
*Male family members with uncontrollable [[bleeding]] episodes<ref name="pmid11396445">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mannucci PM, Tuddenham EG |title=The hemophilias--from royal genes to gene therapy |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=344 |issue=23 |pages=1773–9 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11396445 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200106073442307 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Ingram1976">{{cite journal|last1=Ingram|first1=G I|title=The history of haemophilia.|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=29|issue=6|year=1976|pages=469–479|issn=0021-9746|doi=10.1136/jcp.29.6.469}}</ref>
*Children with mild to moderate haemophilia may not have any signs or symptoms at birth especially if they do not undergo circumcision. Their first symptoms are often frequent and large bruises and haematomas from frequent bumps and falls as they learn to walk. Swelling and bruising from bleeding in the joints, soft tissue, and muscles may also occur. Children with mild haemophilia may not have noticeable symptoms for many years. Often, the first sign in very mild haemophiliacs is heavy bleeding from a dental procedure, an accident, or surgery. Females who are carriers usually have enough clotting factors from their one normal gene to prevent serious bleeding problems, though some may present as mild haemophiliacs.
*[[Easy bruising]]<ref name="pmid30129541">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sachdeva A, Gunasekaran V, Ramya HN, Dass J, Kotwal J, Seth T, Das S, Garg K, Kalra M, Sirisha RS, Prakash A |title=Consensus Statement of the Indian Academy of Pediatrics in Diagnosis and Management of Hemophilia |journal=Indian Pediatr |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=582–590 |date=July 2018 |pmid=30129541 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Symptoms can include:
*Prolonged excessive [[Bleeding|bleeds]] following [[surgery]] or [[Physical trauma|trauma]]<ref name="pmid30129541">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sachdeva A, Gunasekaran V, Ramya HN, Dass J, Kotwal J, Seth T, Das S, Garg K, Kalra M, Sirisha RS, Prakash A |title=Consensus Statement of the Indian Academy of Pediatrics in Diagnosis and Management of Hemophilia |journal=Indian Pediatr |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=582–590 |date=July 2018 |pmid=30129541 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Bleeding into joints with associated pain and swelling
*[[Patient|Patients]] with [[Hemarthrosis|hemarthroses]] can present with:
**Blood in the urine or stool
:*[[Joint]] motion limitation<ref name="BerntorpShapiro2012">{{cite journal|last1=Berntorp|first1=Erik|last2=Shapiro|first2=Amy D|title=Modern haemophilia care|journal=The Lancet|volume=379|issue=9824|year=2012|pages=1447–1456|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61139-2}}</ref>
**Bruising
:*[[Pain]], and [[discomfort]]<ref name="BerntorpShapiro2012">{{cite journal|last1=Berntorp|first1=Erik|last2=Shapiro|first2=Amy D|title=Modern haemophilia care|journal=The Lancet|volume=379|issue=9824|year=2012|pages=1447–1456|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61139-2}}</ref><ref name="FranchiniMannucci2013">{{cite journal|last1=Franchini|first1=Massimo|last2=Mannucci|first2=Pier Mannuccio|title=Hemophilia A in the third millennium|journal=Blood Reviews|volume=27|issue=4|year=2013|pages=179–184|issn=0268960X|doi=10.1016/j.blre.2013.06.002}}</ref>
**Gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract hemorrhage
:*[[Skin|Cutaneous]] warmth<ref name="FranchiniMannucci2013">{{cite journal|last1=Franchini|first1=Massimo|last2=Mannucci|first2=Pier Mannuccio|title=Hemophilia A in the third millennium|journal=Blood Reviews|volume=27|issue=4|year=2013|pages=179–184|issn=0268960X|doi=10.1016/j.blre.2013.06.002}}</ref>
**Nosebleeds
:*[[Joint]] [[Edema|swelling]]<ref name="FranchiniMannucci2013">{{cite journal|last1=Franchini|first1=Massimo|last2=Mannucci|first2=Pier Mannuccio|title=Hemophilia A in the third millennium|journal=Blood Reviews|volume=27|issue=4|year=2013|pages=179–184|issn=0268960X|doi=10.1016/j.blre.2013.06.002}}</ref>
**Prolonged bleeding from cuts, tooth extraction, and surgery
*[[Patient|Patients]] with [[Intracranial hemorrhage|intracranial bleeds]] can present with a history of:
**Spontaneous bleeding
:*[[Seizure|Seizures]]<ref name="pmid30246038">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moreira A, Das H |title=Acute Life-Threatening Hemorrhage in Neonates With Severe Hemophilia A: A Report of 3 Cases |journal=J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep |volume=6 |issue= |pages=2324709618800349 |date=2018 |pmid=30246038 |pmc=6144491 |doi=10.1177/2324709618800349 |url=}}</ref>
===Haemophilia C===
:*[[Headache]]<ref name="pmid28901996">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tabibian S, Motlagh H, Naderi M, Dorgalaleh A |title=Intracranial hemorrhage in congenital bleeding disorders |journal=Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |date=January 2018 |pmid=28901996 |doi=10.1097/MBC.0000000000000660 |url=}}</ref>
The symptoms of Haemophilia C are the same as those for other forms of haemophilia, mainly:
:*[[Diplopia|Double vision]]
*Prolonged bleeding from injuries.
:*[[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]]<ref name="pmid28901996">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tabibian S, Motlagh H, Naderi M, Dorgalaleh A |title=Intracranial hemorrhage in congenital bleeding disorders |journal=Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |date=January 2018 |pmid=28901996 |doi=10.1097/MBC.0000000000000660 |url=}}</ref>
*Frequent or heavy nosebleeds.
:*[[Syncope|Unconciousness]]<ref name="pmid28901996">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tabibian S, Motlagh H, Naderi M, Dorgalaleh A |title=Intracranial hemorrhage in congenital bleeding disorders |journal=Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |date=January 2018 |pmid=28901996 |doi=10.1097/MBC.0000000000000660 |url=}}</ref>
*Traces of blood in the urine.
===Symptoms===
*Heavy menstrual bleeding in females.
'''Central nervous system'''
*[[Seizure|Seizures]]<ref name="pmid22385799">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peltier J, Baroncini M, Thines L, Leteurtre S, Marey A, Vinchon M |title=[Haemophilia A and intracranial bleedings in infants] |language=French |journal=Neurochirurgie |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |date=February 2012 |pmid=22385799 |doi=10.1016/j.neuchi.2012.01.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30246038">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moreira A, Das H |title=Acute Life-Threatening Hemorrhage in Neonates With Severe Hemophilia A: A Report of 3 Cases |journal=J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep |volume=6 |issue= |pages=2324709618800349 |date=2018 |pmid=30246038 |pmc=6144491 |doi=10.1177/2324709618800349 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Muscle weakness|Weakness]]<ref name="pmid22385799">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peltier J, Baroncini M, Thines L, Leteurtre S, Marey A, Vinchon M |title=[Haemophilia A and intracranial bleedings in infants] |language=French |journal=Neurochirurgie |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |date=February 2012 |pmid=22385799 |doi=10.1016/j.neuchi.2012.01.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10445891">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kulkarni R, Lusher JM |title=Intracranial and extracranial hemorrhages in newborns with hemophilia: a review of the literature |journal=J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=289–95 |date=1999 |pmid=10445891 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29125443">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zakaria Z, Kaliaperumal C, Crimmins D, Caird J |title=Neurosurgical management in children with bleeding diathesis: auditing neurological outcome |journal=J Neurosurg Pediatr |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=38–43 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29125443 |doi=10.3171/2017.6.PEDS16574 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Hypothermia]]<ref name="pmid22385799">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peltier J, Baroncini M, Thines L, Leteurtre S, Marey A, Vinchon M |title=[Haemophilia A and intracranial bleedings in infants] |language=French |journal=Neurochirurgie |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |date=February 2012 |pmid=22385799 |doi=10.1016/j.neuchi.2012.01.003 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Pupil|Pupillary]] changes<ref name="pmid22385799">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peltier J, Baroncini M, Thines L, Leteurtre S, Marey A, Vinchon M |title=[Haemophilia A and intracranial bleedings in infants] |language=French |journal=Neurochirurgie |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |date=February 2012 |pmid=22385799 |doi=10.1016/j.neuchi.2012.01.003 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]]<ref name="pmid28901996">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tabibian S, Motlagh H, Naderi M, Dorgalaleh A |title=Intracranial hemorrhage in congenital bleeding disorders |journal=Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |date=January 2018 |pmid=28901996 |doi=10.1097/MBC.0000000000000660 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Syncope|Unconciousness]]<ref name="pmid28901996">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tabibian S, Motlagh H, Naderi M, Dorgalaleh A |title=Intracranial hemorrhage in congenital bleeding disorders |journal=Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |date=January 2018 |pmid=28901996 |doi=10.1097/MBC.0000000000000660 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10445891">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kulkarni R, Lusher JM |title=Intracranial and extracranial hemorrhages in newborns with hemophilia: a review of the literature |journal=J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=289–95 |date=1999 |pmid=10445891 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
'''Musculoskeletal'''
*[[Arthralgia|Joint pain]] and [[discomfort]]<ref name="BerntorpShapiro2012">{{cite journal|last1=Berntorp|first1=Erik|last2=Shapiro|first2=Amy D|title=Modern haemophilia care|journal=The Lancet|volume=379|issue=9824|year=2012|pages=1447–1456|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61139-2}}</ref><ref name="FranchiniMannucci2013">{{cite journal|last1=Franchini|first1=Massimo|last2=Mannucci|first2=Pier Mannuccio|title=Hemophilia A in the third millennium|journal=Blood Reviews|volume=27|issue=4|year=2013|pages=179–184|issn=0268960X|doi=10.1016/j.blre.2013.06.002}}</ref><ref name="pmid26733762">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goto M, Takedani H, Nitta O, Kawama K |title=Joint Function and Arthropathy Severity in Patients with Hemophilia |journal=J Jpn Phys Ther Assoc |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=15–22 |date=2015 |pmid=26733762 |doi=10.1298/jjpta.18.15 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27073678">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arpaci T, Sasmaz I, Akbas T, Eken A, Ozgur A, Antmen B |title=Bilateral recurrent external obturator muscle hematoma: An unusual cause of pelvic pain in hemophilia |journal=Mol Clin Oncol |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=622–624 |date=April 2016 |pmid=27073678 |pmc=4812266 |doi=10.3892/mco.2016.736 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Joint]] motion limitation<ref name="pmid27073678">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arpaci T, Sasmaz I, Akbas T, Eken A, Ozgur A, Antmen B |title=Bilateral recurrent external obturator muscle hematoma: An unusual cause of pelvic pain in hemophilia |journal=Mol Clin Oncol |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=622–624 |date=April 2016 |pmid=27073678 |pmc=4812266 |doi=10.3892/mco.2016.736 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Muscle weakness]]<ref name="pmid26733762">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goto M, Takedani H, Nitta O, Kawama K |title=Joint Function and Arthropathy Severity in Patients with Hemophilia |journal=J Jpn Phys Ther Assoc |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=15–22 |date=2015 |pmid=26733762 |doi=10.1298/jjpta.18.15 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Muscle]] [[Edema|swelling]], [[pain]], and [[tenderness]]<ref name="pmid24914744">{{cite journal |vauthors=De la Corte-Rodriguez H, Rodriguez-Merchan EC |title=Treatment of muscle haematomas in haemophiliacs with special emphasis on percutaneous drainage |journal=Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=787–94 |date=December 2014 |pmid=24914744 |doi=10.1097/MBC.0000000000000159 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Peterson | first = Lars | title = Sports injuries : their prevention and treatment | publisher = Martin Dunitz | location = London | year = 2001 | isbn = 0203419561 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27853081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tsuyama N, Ichiba T, Naito H |title=Unusual Initial Manifestation of Acquired Hemophilia A: A Normal Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, Intramuscular Hematoma and Cerebral Hemorrhage |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=55 |issue=22 |pages=3347–3349 |date=2016 |pmid=27853081 |pmc=5173506 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.55.7219 |url=}}</ref><ref name="PitcherBowley2002">{{cite journal|last1=Pitcher|first1=G. J.|last2=Bowley|first2=D. M. G.|last3=Chasumba|first3=G.|last4=Zuckerman|first4=M.|title=Life-threatening haemorrhage from a gastric Dieulafoy lesion in a child with haemophilia|journal=Haemophilia|volume=8|issue=5|year=2002|pages=719–720|issn=1351-8216|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2516.2002.00675.x}}</ref>
*[[Skin|Cutaneous]] warmth<ref name="FranchiniMannucci2013">{{cite journal|last1=Franchini|first1=Massimo|last2=Mannucci|first2=Pier Mannuccio|title=Hemophilia A in the third millennium|journal=Blood Reviews|volume=27|issue=4|year=2013|pages=179–184|issn=0268960X|doi=10.1016/j.blre.2013.06.002}}</ref>
'''Gastrointestinal'''
*[[Hematemesis|Bloody vomiting]]<ref name="pmid24501339">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCain S, Gull S, Ahmad J, Carey D |title=Acquired hemophilia A as a cause of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2014 |issue= |pages= |date=February 2014 |pmid=24501339 |pmc=3918626 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2013-203179 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11122397">{{cite journal |vauthors=Toyoda H, Fukuda Y, Nakano I, Katano Y, Ebata M, Nagano K, Morita K, Yokozaki S, Takeuchi M, Hayakawa T, Takamatsu J |title=Massive bleeding from a gastric erosion after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in a patient with mild haemophilia A |journal=Haemophilia |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=688–92 |date=November 2000 |pmid=11122397 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Melena|Bloody stool]]<ref name="pmid11122397">{{cite journal |vauthors=Toyoda H, Fukuda Y, Nakano I, Katano Y, Ebata M, Nagano K, Morita K, Yokozaki S, Takeuchi M, Hayakawa T, Takamatsu J |title=Massive bleeding from a gastric erosion after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in a patient with mild haemophilia A |journal=Haemophilia |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=688–92 |date=November 2000 |pmid=11122397 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
'''Genitourinary'''
*Post-circumcision [[bleeding]]<ref name="pmid30473957">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mense L, Ferretti E, Ramphal R, Daboval T |title=A Newborn with Simmering Bleeding after Circumcision |journal=Cureus |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e3324 |date=September 2018 |pmid=30473957 |pmc=6248866 |doi=10.7759/cureus.3324 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11396445">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mannucci PM, Tuddenham EG |title=The hemophilias--from royal genes to gene therapy |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=344 |issue=23 |pages=1773–9 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11396445 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200106073442307 |url=}}</ref>
*Dark colored [[urine]]<ref name="pmid26268821">{{cite journal |vauthors=Washino S, Hirai M, Kobayashi Y, Saito K, Miyagawa T |title=Heavy hematuria requiring cystectomy in a patient with hemophilia A: a case report and literature review |journal=BMC Urol |volume=15 |issue= |pages=84 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26268821 |pmc=4535382 |doi=10.1186/s12894-015-0076-8 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Blood]] in [[urine]]<ref name="pmid26268821">{{cite journal |vauthors=Washino S, Hirai M, Kobayashi Y, Saito K, Miyagawa T |title=Heavy hematuria requiring cystectomy in a patient with hemophilia A: a case report and literature review |journal=BMC Urol |volume=15 |issue= |pages=84 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26268821 |pmc=4535382 |doi=10.1186/s12894-015-0076-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30538871">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yamaguchi T, Kudo N, Endo S, Usui T, Imashuku S |title=Management of Acquired Hemophilia A in Elderly Patients |journal=Case Rep Hematol |volume=2018 |issue= |pages=6757345 |date=2018 |pmid=30538871 |pmc=6260550 |doi=10.1155/2018/6757345 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29144625">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt-Bowman M, Reinstatler L, Raffin EP, Yared JE, Seigne JD, Sverrisson EF |title=Acquired Hemophilia presenting as Gross Hematuria following Kidney Stone - A Case Report and Review of the Literature |journal=Int Braz J Urol |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=390–392 |date=2018 |pmid=29144625 |pmc=6050547 |doi=10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2017.0172 |url=}}</ref>
'''Other'''
*Nose and gum bleeds<ref name="pmid27577042">{{cite journal |vauthors=See A, Sudirman SR, Huang XY |title=Spontaneous multilevel airway haemorrhage in acquired haemophilia A |journal=Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=274 |issue=6 |pages=2657–2660 |date=June 2017 |pmid=27577042 |doi=10.1007/s00405-016-4251-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9883805">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kadir RA, Economides DL, Lee CA |title=Factor XI deficiency in women |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=48–54 |date=January 1999 |pmid=9883805 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Excessive [[Menstrual cycle|menstrual bleeding]]<ref name="pmid9883805">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kadir RA, Economides DL, Lee CA |title=Factor XI deficiency in women |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=48–54 |date=January 1999 |pmid=9883805 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2]

Overview

Patients with hemophilia can present with a history of excessive bleeding after minor injuries or spontaneous bleeding. They can also report family history of hemophilia. Hemophilia when mild, can be asymptomatic. Common symptoms, when present, include epistaxis, oral mucosal bleeding, joint pain and swelling, lethargy and fatigue, excessive bleeding after dental procedures, prolonged bleeding after circumcision and muscle hematoma after vaccination.

History and Symptoms

History

Patients with hemophilia may have a positive history of:

Symptoms

Central nervous system

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References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mannucci PM, Tuddenham EG (June 2001). "The hemophilias--from royal genes to gene therapy". N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (23): 1773–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM200106073442307. PMID 11396445.
  2. ↑ Ingram, G I (1976). "The history of haemophilia". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 29 (6): 469–479. doi:10.1136/jcp.29.6.469. ISSN 0021-9746.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sachdeva A, Gunasekaran V, Ramya HN, Dass J, Kotwal J, Seth T, Das S, Garg K, Kalra M, Sirisha RS, Prakash A (July 2018). "Consensus Statement of the Indian Academy of Pediatrics in Diagnosis and Management of Hemophilia". Indian Pediatr. 55 (7): 582–590. PMID 30129541.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Berntorp, Erik; Shapiro, Amy D (2012). "Modern haemophilia care". The Lancet. 379 (9824): 1447–1456. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61139-2. ISSN 0140-6736.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Franchini, Massimo; Mannucci, Pier Mannuccio (2013). "Hemophilia A in the third millennium". Blood Reviews. 27 (4): 179–184. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2013.06.002. ISSN 0268-960X.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Moreira A, Das H (2018). "Acute Life-Threatening Hemorrhage in Neonates With Severe Hemophilia A: A Report of 3 Cases". J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 6: 2324709618800349. doi:10.1177/2324709618800349. PMC 6144491. PMID 30246038.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Tabibian S, Motlagh H, Naderi M, Dorgalaleh A (January 2018). "Intracranial hemorrhage in congenital bleeding disorders". Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis. 29 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1097/MBC.0000000000000660. PMID 28901996.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Peltier J, Baroncini M, Thines L, Leteurtre S, Marey A, Vinchon M (February 2012). "[Haemophilia A and intracranial bleedings in infants]". Neurochirurgie (in French). 58 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1016/j.neuchi.2012.01.003. PMID 22385799.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kulkarni R, Lusher JM (1999). "Intracranial and extracranial hemorrhages in newborns with hemophilia: a review of the literature". J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 21 (4): 289–95. PMID 10445891.
  10. ↑ Zakaria Z, Kaliaperumal C, Crimmins D, Caird J (January 2018). "Neurosurgical management in children with bleeding diathesis: auditing neurological outcome". J Neurosurg Pediatr. 21 (1): 38–43. doi:10.3171/2017.6.PEDS16574. PMID 29125443.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Goto M, Takedani H, Nitta O, Kawama K (2015). "Joint Function and Arthropathy Severity in Patients with Hemophilia". J Jpn Phys Ther Assoc. 18 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1298/jjpta.18.15. PMID 26733762.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Arpaci T, Sasmaz I, Akbas T, Eken A, Ozgur A, Antmen B (April 2016). "Bilateral recurrent external obturator muscle hematoma: An unusual cause of pelvic pain in hemophilia". Mol Clin Oncol. 4 (4): 622–624. doi:10.3892/mco.2016.736. PMC 4812266. PMID 27073678.
  13. ↑ De la Corte-Rodriguez H, Rodriguez-Merchan EC (December 2014). "Treatment of muscle haematomas in haemophiliacs with special emphasis on percutaneous drainage". Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis. 25 (8): 787–94. doi:10.1097/MBC.0000000000000159. PMID 24914744.
  14. ↑ Peterson, Lars (2001). Sports injuries : their prevention and treatment. London: Martin Dunitz. ISBN 0203419561.
  15. ↑ Tsuyama N, Ichiba T, Naito H (2016). "Unusual Initial Manifestation of Acquired Hemophilia A: A Normal Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, Intramuscular Hematoma and Cerebral Hemorrhage". Intern. Med. 55 (22): 3347–3349. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.55.7219. PMC 5173506. PMID 27853081.
  16. ↑ Pitcher, G. J.; Bowley, D. M. G.; Chasumba, G.; Zuckerman, M. (2002). "Life-threatening haemorrhage from a gastric Dieulafoy lesion in a child with haemophilia". Haemophilia. 8 (5): 719–720. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2516.2002.00675.x. ISSN 1351-8216.
  17. ↑ McCain S, Gull S, Ahmad J, Carey D (February 2014). "Acquired hemophilia A as a cause of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage". BMJ Case Rep. 2014. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-203179. PMC 3918626. PMID 24501339.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Toyoda H, Fukuda Y, Nakano I, Katano Y, Ebata M, Nagano K, Morita K, Yokozaki S, Takeuchi M, Hayakawa T, Takamatsu J (November 2000). "Massive bleeding from a gastric erosion after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in a patient with mild haemophilia A". Haemophilia. 6 (6): 688–92. PMID 11122397.
  19. ↑ Mense L, Ferretti E, Ramphal R, Daboval T (September 2018). "A Newborn with Simmering Bleeding after Circumcision". Cureus. 10 (9): e3324. doi:10.7759/cureus.3324. PMC 6248866. PMID 30473957.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Washino S, Hirai M, Kobayashi Y, Saito K, Miyagawa T (August 2015). "Heavy hematuria requiring cystectomy in a patient with hemophilia A: a case report and literature review". BMC Urol. 15: 84. doi:10.1186/s12894-015-0076-8. PMC 4535382. PMID 26268821.
  21. ↑ Yamaguchi T, Kudo N, Endo S, Usui T, Imashuku S (2018). "Management of Acquired Hemophilia A in Elderly Patients". Case Rep Hematol. 2018: 6757345. doi:10.1155/2018/6757345. PMC 6260550. PMID 30538871.
  22. ↑ Schmidt-Bowman M, Reinstatler L, Raffin EP, Yared JE, Seigne JD, Sverrisson EF (2018). "Acquired Hemophilia presenting as Gross Hematuria following Kidney Stone - A Case Report and Review of the Literature". Int Braz J Urol. 44 (2): 390–392. doi:10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2017.0172. PMC 6050547. PMID 29144625.
  23. ↑ See A, Sudirman SR, Huang XY (June 2017). "Spontaneous multilevel airway haemorrhage in acquired haemophilia A". Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 274 (6): 2657–2660. doi:10.1007/s00405-016-4251-7. PMID 27577042.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Kadir RA, Economides DL, Lee CA (January 1999). "Factor XI deficiency in women". Am. J. Hematol. 60 (1): 48–54. PMID 9883805.

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