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{{Oral cancer}}
{{Oral cancer}}
{{CMG}};{{AE}} {{Simrat}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
The most potent risk factor in the development of oral cancer is [[alcohol]] intake and [[tobacco use]]. The risk factors include male gender, age over 55 year, ultraviolet light, [[Fanconi anemia]], [[Dyskeratosis congenita]], [[HPV]] infection, [[Graft-versus-host disease]](GVHD), mouthwash and irritation from dentures.  
The most potent [[risk factor]] in the development of oral cancer is [[alcohol]] intake and [[tobacco use]]. The other [[risk factors]] include male gender, age over 55 years, [[ultraviolet light]], [[Fanconi anemia]], [[dyskeratosis congenita]], [[HPV]] infection, [[graft-versus-host disease]] (GVHD), mouthwash and irritation from dentures.
 
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
The most potent risk factor in the development of oral cancer is alcohol intake and tobacco use. It is important to note that around 75 percent of oral cancers are linked to modifiable behaviors such as tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption. The risk of developing oral cancer depends on the duration and frequency of tobacco use. About 70% of people diagnosed with oral cancer are heavy drinkers. This risk is higher for people who use both alcohol and tobacco. For people who smoke and drink heavily, the risk of oral cancer may be as high as 100% more than the risk for people who do not smoke or drink.<ref>{{Cite web | title =Wikipedia Oral cancer risk factors| url =https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancer }}</ref>
 
Other risk factors include:
=== Common risk factors ===
*Lifestyle
* The most potent [[risk factor]] in the development of oral cavity cancer is [[tobacco]] and [[Alcoholism|alcohol use]].  
**Betel quid
* Other [[risk factors]] include:
*Genetics
**Lifestyle
**Fanconi anemia
***Betel quid use<ref name="pmid17389167">{{cite journal |vauthors=Su CC, Yang HF, Huang SJ, Lian IeB |title=Distinctive features of oral cancer in Changhua County: high incidence, buccal mucosa preponderance, and a close relation to betel quid chewing habit |journal=J. Formos. Med. Assoc. |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=225–33 |year=2007 |pmid=17389167 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Dyskeratosis congenita
**Genetics
**Family history of [[Squamous cell carcinoma]]
***[[Fanconi anemia]]
***[[Dyskeratosis congenita]]
***[[Family history]] of [[squamous cell carcinoma]]
*Infectious agents:
**[[Human papillomavirus]] ([[HPV]])<ref name="pmid23524417">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martín-Hernán F, Sánchez-Hernández JG, Cano J, Campo J, del Romero J |title=Oral cancer, HPV infection and evidence of sexual transmission |journal=Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=e439–44 |date=May 2013 |pmid=23524417 |pmc=3668870 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28053902">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim SM |title=Human papilloma virus in oral cancer |journal=J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=327–336 |date=December 2016 |pmid=28053902 |pmc=5206237 |doi=10.5125/jkaoms.2016.42.6.327 |url=}}</ref>
**''[[Candida albicans]]''<ref name="pmid21978967">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanjaya PR, Gokul S, Gururaj Patil B, Raju R |title=Candida in oral pre-cancer and oral cancer |journal=Med. Hypotheses |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1125–8 |date=December 2011 |pmid=21978967 |doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.018 |url=}}</ref> 
*General
*General
**Male gender
**Male gender<ref name="pmid8912856">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muscat JE, Richie JP, Thompson S, Wynder EL |title=Gender differences in smoking and risk for oral cancer |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=56 |issue=22 |pages=5192–7 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8912856 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**[[Ultraviolet]] light
**[[Ultraviolet]] light<ref name="pmid15550132">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Benedittis M, Petruzzi M, Giardina C, Lo Muzio L, Favia G, Serpico R |title=Oral squamous cell carcinoma during long-term treatment with hydroxyurea |journal=Clin. Exp. Dermatol. |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=605–7 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15550132 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01586.x |url=}}</ref>
**Age over 55 year
**Age over 55 years<ref name="pmid22654364">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ram H, Sarkar J, Kumar H, Konwar R, Bhatt ML, Mohammad S |title=Oral cancer: risk factors and molecular pathogenesis |journal=J Maxillofac Oral Surg |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=132–7 |date=June 2011 |pmid=22654364 |pmc=3177522 |doi=10.1007/s12663-011-0195-z |url=}}</ref>
*Other risk factors
**[[Graft-versus-host disease]] (GVHD)<ref name="pmid24624039">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Araújo RL, Lyko Kde F, Funke VA, Torres-Pereira CC |title=Oral cancer after prolonged immunosuppression for multiorgan chronic graft-versus-host disease |journal=Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=65–8 |date= 2014 |pmid=24624039 |pmc=3948669 |doi=10.5581/1516-8484.20140016 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV) infection: Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV type 16, also known as HPV-16.<ref>{{Cite web | title =NIH Oral cancer risk factors| url =http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/oropharyngeal-treatment-pdq }}</ref>
**[[Immunosupression|Immune system suppression]]
**Graft-versus-host disease(GVHD)
**Immune system suppression
**[[Lichen planus]]
**[[Lichen planus]]
*Unproven risk factors
 
**Mouthwash
=== Less common risk factors ===
**Irritation from dentures
*Less common [[risk factors]] for the development of oral cancer include:
**According to a study: poor dental hygiene or health and use of dentures made out of metal can lead to increased risk of oral cancer.<ref name="pmid16303683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenquist K, Wennerberg J, Schildt EB, Bladström A, Göran Hansson B, Andersson G |title=Oral status, oral infections and some lifestyle factors as risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. A population-based case-control study in southern Sweden |journal=Acta Otolaryngol. |volume=125 |issue=12 |pages=1327–36 |year=2005 |pmid=16303683 |doi=10.1080/00016480510012273 |url=}}</ref> 
**Diet
***Diet low in fruits and vegetables and high in consumption of meats is associated with oral cavity cancer.   
**Mouthwash<ref name="pmid11978544">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scully C |title=Oral squamous cell carcinoma; from an hypothesis about a virus, to concern about possible sexual transmission |journal=Oral Oncol. |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=227–34 |year=2002 |pmid=11978544 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Low socioeconomic status
 
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sargun Singh Walia M.B.B.S.[2], Simrat Sarai, M.D. [3]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[4]

Overview

The most potent risk factor in the development of oral cancer is alcohol intake and tobacco use. The other risk factors include male gender, age over 55 years, ultraviolet light, Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita, HPV infection, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), mouthwash and irritation from dentures.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors

Less common risk factors

  • Less common risk factors for the development of oral cancer include:
    • According to a study: poor dental hygiene or health and use of dentures made out of metal can lead to increased risk of oral cancer.[9] 
    • Diet
      • Diet low in fruits and vegetables and high in consumption of meats is associated with oral cavity cancer.   
    • Mouthwash[10]
    • Low socioeconomic status

References

  1. ↑ Su CC, Yang HF, Huang SJ, Lian I (2007). "Distinctive features of oral cancer in Changhua County: high incidence, buccal mucosa preponderance, and a close relation to betel quid chewing habit". J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 106 (3): 225–33. PMID 17389167. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  2. ↑ Martín-Hernán F, Sánchez-Hernández JG, Cano J, Campo J, del Romero J (May 2013). "Oral cancer, HPV infection and evidence of sexual transmission". Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 18 (3): e439–44. PMC 3668870. PMID 23524417.
  3. ↑ Kim SM (December 2016). "Human papilloma virus in oral cancer". J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 42 (6): 327–336. doi:10.5125/jkaoms.2016.42.6.327. PMC 5206237. PMID 28053902.
  4. ↑ Sanjaya PR, Gokul S, Gururaj Patil B, Raju R (December 2011). "Candida in oral pre-cancer and oral cancer". Med. Hypotheses. 77 (6): 1125–8. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.018. PMID 21978967.
  5. ↑ Muscat JE, Richie JP, Thompson S, Wynder EL (November 1996). "Gender differences in smoking and risk for oral cancer". Cancer Res. 56 (22): 5192–7. PMID 8912856.
  6. ↑ De Benedittis M, Petruzzi M, Giardina C, Lo Muzio L, Favia G, Serpico R (November 2004). "Oral squamous cell carcinoma during long-term treatment with hydroxyurea". Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 29 (6): 605–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01586.x. PMID 15550132.
  7. ↑ Ram H, Sarkar J, Kumar H, Konwar R, Bhatt ML, Mohammad S (June 2011). "Oral cancer: risk factors and molecular pathogenesis". J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 10 (2): 132–7. doi:10.1007/s12663-011-0195-z. PMC 3177522. PMID 22654364.
  8. ↑ de Araújo RL, Lyko Kde F, Funke VA, Torres-Pereira CC (2014). "Oral cancer after prolonged immunosuppression for multiorgan chronic graft-versus-host disease". Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 36 (1): 65–8. doi:10.5581/1516-8484.20140016. PMC 3948669. PMID 24624039.
  9. ↑ Rosenquist K, Wennerberg J, Schildt EB, Bladström A, Göran Hansson B, Andersson G (2005). "Oral status, oral infections and some lifestyle factors as risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. A population-based case-control study in southern Sweden". Acta Otolaryngol. 125 (12): 1327–36. doi:10.1080/00016480510012273. PMID 16303683.
  10. ↑ Scully C (2002). "Oral squamous cell carcinoma; from an hypothesis about a virus, to concern about possible sexual transmission". Oral Oncol. 38 (3): 227–34. PMID 11978544.


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