Prolactinoma medical therapy: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 23:49, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2], Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [3]

Overview

Medical therapy for prolactinoma includes dopamine agonists (either cabergoline or bromocriptine). The goals of treatment include lowering the prolactin secretion to normal, reduction of tumor size, correction of any visual abnormalities, and restoration of normal pituitary function.

Medical Therapy

Medical therapy for prolactinoma includes dopamine agonists (cabergoline or bromocriptine).^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]
- Preferred regimen: Cabergoline 0.25 mg PO twice weekly or 0.5 mg PO once per week
  - The dose may be gradually increased every 4 weeks as needed
  - The maximum dose can be administered up to 1 mg PO twice per week
- Alternative regimen: Bromocriptine 1.25 mg PO once daily at bedtime for 1 week
  - The dose may be gradually increased every 3 to 7 days as needed and taken in divided doses

These drugs reduce the tumor size in approximately 85% of cases and lower the prolactin concentration to normal in more than 90% of patients.
Both drugs have been approved by the U.S Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia.

Medical therapy in pregnancy

Bromocriptine is considered safe to use during pregnancy.^[1]

Indications for withdrawal of dopamine agonist therapy

Dopamine therapy can be tapered down to lower doses if the patient fulfills the following criteria:^[1]
- Normal prolactin level for at least 2 years.
- Reduction in tumor size by at least 50%.
- No compression of optic chiasm.
Drug cessation can be tried if:
- Cavernous sinus invasion is not present.

Radiation Therapy

Rarely, radiation therapy is used if medical therapy and surgery fail to reduce prolactin concentration. Depending on the size and location of the tumor, radiation is delivered either in low doses over the course of 5 to 6 weeks or in a single high dose. Radiation therapy is effective in approximately 30% of cases.^[2]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Liu JK, Couldwell WT (2004). "Contemporary management of prolactinomas". Neurosurg Focus. 16 (4): E2. PMID 15191331.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Colao A, Savastano S (2011). "Medical treatment of prolactinomas". Nat Rev Endocrinol. 7 (5): 267–78. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.37. PMID 21423245.
↑ Nomikos P, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R (2001). "Current management of prolactinomas". J Neurooncol. 54 (2): 139–50. PMID 11761431.
↑ "Prolactinoma | NIDDK".
↑ Ciccarelli E, Camanni F (1996). "Diagnosis and drug therapy of prolactinoma". Drugs. 51 (6): 954–65. PMID 8736617.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid15191331-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Liu JK, Couldwell WT (2004). "Contemporary management of prolactinomas". Neurosurg Focus. 16 (4): E2. PMID 15191331.

[pmid21423245-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Colao A, Savastano S (2011). "Medical treatment of prolactinomas". Nat Rev Endocrinol. 7 (5): 267–78. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.37. PMID 21423245.

[pmid11761431-3] Nomikos P, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R (2001). "Current management of prolactinomas". J Neurooncol. 54 (2): 139–50. PMID 11761431.

[urlProlactinoma_|_NIDDK-4] "Prolactinoma | NIDDK".

[pmid8736617-5] Ciccarelli E, Camanni F (1996). "Diagnosis and drug therapy of prolactinoma". Drugs. 51 (6): 954–65. PMID 8736617.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Prolactinoma}}
-{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Faizan}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Anmol}}, {{Faizan}}
 ==Overview==
+Medical therapy for prolactinoma includes [[dopamine agonists]] (either [[cabergoline]] or [[bromocriptine]]). The goals of treatment include lowering the [[prolactin]] secretion to normal, reduction of [[tumor]] size, correction of any [[visual]] abnormalities, and restoration of normal [[pituitary]] function.
-Medical therapy for prolactinoma includes dopamine agonists. Dopamine is the chemical that normally inhibits prolactin secretion. The goal of treatment is to:
+==Medical Therapy==
-*Return [[prolactin]] secretion to normal
+*Medical therapy for prolactinoma includes [[Dopamine agonist|dopamine agonists]] ([[cabergoline]] or [[bromocriptine]]).<ref name="pmid15191331">{{cite journal| author=Liu JK, Couldwell WT| title=Contemporary management of prolactinomas. | journal=Neurosurg Focus | year= 2004 | volume= 16 | issue= 4 | pages= E2 | pmid=15191331 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15191331  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21423245">{{cite journal| author=Colao A, Savastano S| title=Medical treatment of prolactinomas. | journal=Nat Rev Endocrinol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 | issue= 5 | pages= 267-78 | pmid=21423245 | doi=10.1038/nrendo.2011.37 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21423245  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11761431">{{cite journal| author=Nomikos P, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R| title=Current management of prolactinomas. | journal=J Neurooncol | year= 2001 | volume= 54 | issue= 2 | pages= 139-50 | pmid=11761431 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11761431  }} </ref><ref name="urlProlactinoma | NIDDK">{{cite web |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/prolactinoma |title=Prolactinoma &#124; NIDDK |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8736617">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ciccarelli E, Camanni F |title=Diagnosis and drug therapy of prolactinoma |journal=Drugs |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=954–65 |year=1996 |pmid=8736617 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-*Reduce [[tumor]] size
+**Preferred regimen: [[Cabergoline]] 0.25 mg PO twice weekly or 0.5 mg PO once per week
-*Correct any visual abnormalities
+***The dose may be gradually increased every 4 weeks as needed
-*Restore normal [[pituitary]] function.
+***The maximum dose can be administered up to 1 mg PO twice per week
-As mentioned above, the impact of stress should be ruled out before the diagnosis of [[prolactinoma]] is given.  Exercise can significantly reduce [[stress]] and, thereby, prolactin levels.  It should also be noted that higher prolactin levels may contribute to the development of prolactinomas so the diagnosis can be self-fulfilling if the original cause is stress. In the case of very large tumors, only partial reduction of the prolactin levels may be possible.
+**Alternative regimen: [[Bromocriptine]] 1.25 mg PO once daily at bedtime for 1 week
+***The dose may be gradually increased every 3 to 7 days as needed and taken in divided doses
-==Medical Therapy==
+*These [[drug]]s reduce the [[tumor]] size in approximately 85% of cases and lower the [[prolactin]] concentration to normal in more than 90% of patients.
-Medical therapy for prolactinoma includes dopamine agonists. Dopamine is the chemical that normally inhibits prolactin secretion.
+*Both drugs have been approved by the U.S [[Food and Drug Administration]] for the treatment of [[hyperprolactinemia]].
+===Medical therapy in pregnancy===
+*[[Bromocriptine]] is considered safe to use during [[pregnancy]].<ref name="pmid15191331">{{cite journal| author=Liu JK, Couldwell WT| title=Contemporary management of prolactinomas. | journal=Neurosurg Focus | year= 2004 | volume= 16 | issue= 4 | pages= E2 | pmid=15191331 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15191331  }} </ref>
-*'''Bromocriptine''' (Parlodel)
+===Indications for withdrawal of dopamine agonist therapy===
-[[Nausea]] and dizziness are possible side effects of bromocriptine.  To avoid these side effects, bromocriptine treatment must be started slowly.  A typical starting dose is one-quarter to one-half of a 2.5 milligram (mg) tablet taken at bedtime with a snack.  The dose is gradually increased every 3 to 7 days as needed and taken in divided doses with meals or at bedtime with a snack.  Most people are successfully treated with 7.5 mg a day or less, although some people need 15 mg or more each day.  Because bromocriptine is short acting, it should be taken either twice or three times daily. Bromocriptine treatment should not be stopped without consulting a qualified endocrinologist.  Prolactin levels rise again in most people when the drug is discontinued.  In some, however, prolactin levels remain normal, so the physician may suggest reducing or discontinuing treatment every 2 years on a trial basis.
+*[[Dopamine]] therapy can be tapered down to lower doses if the patient fulfills the following criteria:<ref name="pmid15191331">{{cite journal| author=Liu JK, Couldwell WT| title=Contemporary management of prolactinomas. | journal=Neurosurg Focus | year= 2004 | volume= 16 | issue= 4 | pages= E2 | pmid=15191331 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15191331  }} </ref>
-*'''Cabergoline''' (Dostinex)
+**Normal [[prolactin]] level for at least 2 years.
-Cabergoline is a newer drug that may be more effective than bromocriptine in normalizing prolactin levels and shrinking tumor size.  Cabergoline also has less frequent and less severe side effects.  Cabergoline is more expensive than [[bromocriptine]] and, being newer on the market, its long-term safety record is less well defined.  As with bromocriptine therapy, nausea and [[dizziness]] are possible side effects but may be avoided if treatment is started slowly.  The usual starting dose is .25 mg twice a week.  The dose may be increased every 4 weeks as needed, up to 1 mg two times a week. Cabergoline should not be stopped without consulting a qualified endocrinologist. Recent studies suggest prolactin levels are more likely to remain normal after discontinuing long-term cabergoline therapy than after discontinuing bromocriptine. More research is needed to confirm these findings.
+**Reduction in [[tumor]] size by at least 50%.
-These drugs shrink the tumor and return prolactin levels to normal in approximately 80 percent of patients.  Both drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia.  [[Bromocriptine]] is the only dopamine agonist approved for the treatment of [[infertility]].  This drug has been in use longer than [[cabergoline]] and has a well-established safety record.
+**No compression of [[optic chiasm]].
-In people taking cabergoline or bromocriptine to treat [[Parkinson's disease]] at doses more than 10 times higher than those used for prolactinomas, heart valve damage has been reported.  Rare cases of valve damage have been reported in people taking low doses of cabergoline to treat hyperprolactinemia.  Before starting these medications, the physician will order an [[ echocardiogram]].
+*Drug cessation can be tried if:
-Because limited information exists about the risks of long-term, low-dose cabergoline use, generally the lowest effective dose is prescribed and periodically the need for continuing therapy is reassessed. People taking cabergoline who develop symptoms of shortness of breath or swelling of the feet should promptly notify their physician because these may be signs of heart [[valve]] damage<ref>http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/prolactinoma/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx</ref>.
+**[[Cavernous sinus]] invasion is not present.
-==Prolactinoma and Pregnancy==
+==Radiation Therapy==
+*Rarely, [[radiation therapy]] is used if medical therapy and [[surgery]] fail to reduce [[prolactin]] concentration. Depending on the size and location of the [[tumor]], [[radiation]] is delivered either in low doses over the course of 5 to 6 weeks or in a single high dose. [[Radiation therapy]] is effective in approximately 30% of cases.<ref name="pmid21423245">{{cite journal| author=Colao A, Savastano S| title=Medical treatment of prolactinomas. | journal=Nat Rev Endocrinol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 | issue= 5 | pages= 267-78 | pmid=21423245 | doi=10.1038/nrendo.2011.37 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21423245  }} </ref>
 == References ==
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