Conjunctivitis causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Conjunctivitis}}
{{Conjunctivitis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}, {{SaraM}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Common causes of conjunctivitis include [[bacteria]], [[viruses]], and environmental factors.
Common causes of conjunctivitis include [[bacteria]], [[viruses]], and environmental factors.<ref name= Conjunctivitis > National Eye Institute (2015). [https://nei.nih.gov/health/pinkeye/pink_facts] Accessed on June 23, 2016</ref>
[[Viral]] conjunctivitis is the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis both overall and in the adult population. Bacterial conjunctivitis is the second most common cause and is responsible for the majority of cases in children. [[Allergic conjunctivitis]] is the most frequent cause, affecting 15% to 40% of the population.
Noninfectious conjunctivitis includes [[keratoconjunctivitis sicca|keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome)]] and superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis may cause by [[inflammation]] secondary to [[immune-mediated]] diseases or mechanical [[irritation]].<ref name="pmid24150468">{{cite journal| author=Azari AA, Barney NP| title=Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment. | journal=JAMA | year= 2013 | volume= 310 | issue= 16 | pages= 1721-9 | pmid=24150468 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.280318 | pmc=4049531 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24150468  }} </ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
'''Viral conjunctivitis'''<ref name= Bacterial & Viral Conjunctivitis > Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). [http://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/about/diagnosis.html] Accessed on June 23, 2016</ref>
*[[Adenovirus]] (most common)
*[[Herpes simplex virus|Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2]]
*[[Varicella zoster virus]]
*[[Picornaviruses]] ([[Coxsackievirus|Coxsackievirus A24]] and [[Enterovirus|Enterovirus 70]])
*''[[Molluscum contagiosum]]''
*[[Rubella virus]]
*[[Epstein-Barr virus|Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)]]
'''Bacterial conjunctivitis'''<ref> name= Bacterial Conjunctivitis > Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). [http://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/about/diagnosis.html] Accessed on June 23, 2016</ref>
*[[Gram-positive bacteria]]
**''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''
**[[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]] (common in nursing homes)
**''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]''
*[[Gram-negative bacteria]]
**''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''
**''[[Serratia marcescens]]''
**''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' (most common pathogen in children)
**''[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]''
**''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]'' ([[sexually transmitted|sexually transmitted bacteria]])
**''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'' ([[sexually transmitted|sexually transmitted bacteria]])
'''Neonatal conjunctivitis'''<ref name="pmid25606121">{{cite journal| author=Mallika P, Asok T, Faisal H, Aziz S, Tan A, Intan G| title=Neonatal conjunctivitis - a review. | journal=Malays Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 77-81 | pmid=25606121 | doi= | pmc=4170304 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25606121  }} </ref><ref name=Conjun-One>Woods, Charles R. "Gonococcal infections in neonates and young children." Seminars in pediatric infectious diseases. Vol. 16. No. 4. WB Saunders, 2005.</ref>
*[[Septic]]
**''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]''
**''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]''
**[[Herpes simplex virus]]
**''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'' (non–sexually transmitted bacteria)
**''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''  (non–sexually transmitted bacteria)
*[[Aseptic]]
**[[Chemical]] (silver nitrate solution)
'''Allergic conjunctivitis'''<ref name= Bacterial & Viral Conjunctivitis > Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). [http://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/about/diagnosis.html] Access on June 23, 2016</ref>
*[[Allergens]] ([[pollen]], [[animal dander]], dust mites, or molds)
'''Keratoconjunctivitis'''<ref name="pmid17264493">{{cite journal| author=Barabino S, Dana MR| title=Dry eye syndromes. | journal=Chem Immunol Allergy | year= 2007 | volume= 92 | issue=  | pages= 176-84 | pmid=17264493 | doi=10.1159/000099268 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17264493  }} </ref>
*[[Lacrimal gland]] dysfunction ([[Sjögren's syndrome]]) with reduced tear production
*Reflex hyposecretion
*Mucin deficiency
*Low blink rate
*Mechanical trauma
*[[Vitamin A deficiency]]
*[[Autoimmune diseases]]
*Unknown etiology
'''Irritative Conjunctivitis'''
*[[Contact lenses]]
*Lens solutions
*[[Chlorine]] in a swimming pool
*[[Smog]]
*Cosmetics


===Common Causes===
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Allergic conjunctivitis]]
*[[Bacterial conjunctivitis]]
*[[Haemophilus influenzae]]
*[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
*[[Viral conjunctivitis]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Kawasaki disease ]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis ]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Kawasaki disease]], [[plasminogen|plasminogen deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetaldehyde ]], [[Acetic acid ]], [[Acetic anhydride ]], [[Ammonia ]], [[Anisole ]], [[Arsenic]], [[Arsenic trioxide]], [[Beryllium ]], [[Calcium Sulfate ]], [[Caterpillar poisoning ]], [[Chlorine Dioxide ]], [[Cobra poisoning ]], [[Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether ]], [[Dimethylamine ]], [[Ether ]], [[Ethylene Oxide ]], [[Furfural ]], [[Green Lynx spider poisoning ]], [[Hydroquinone ]], [[Lewisite ]], [[Mayapple poisoning ]], [[Metaldehyde ]], [[Methylene Diisocyanate ]], [[Morpholine ]], [[Osmium ]], [[Phosgene oxime]], [[Propylene glycol dinitrate ]], [[Quinone ]], [[Rapeseed oil ]], [[Sulfuric Acid ]], [[Sulfuryl Fluoride ]], [[Toluene Diisocyanate ]], [[Vanadium]], [[Xylene ]], [[Chloroacetophenone]], [[Hydrogen sulfide]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetaldehyde]], [[acetic acid]], [[acetic anhydride]], [[acetylcarbromal]], [[ammonia]], [[anisole]], [[arsenic trioxide]], [[arsenic]], [[arsenicals]], [[beryllium]], [[boric acid]], [[jellyfish|box jellyfish poisoning]], [[calcium sulfate]], [[envenomation|caterpillar poisoning]], [[irritation|chemical irritation]], [[chlorine dioxide]], [[chloroacetophenone]], [[cobra poisoning]], [[CS gas]], [[diethylene glycol monobutyl ether]], [[dimethylamine]], [[ether]], [[ethylene oxide]], [[euphorbiaceae]], [[Green Lynx spider poisoning|green lynx spider poisoning]], [[hydrogen sulfide]], [[lewisite]], [[mayapple poisoning]], [[metaldehyde]], [[Methylene Diisocyanate|methylene diisocyanate]], [[osmium]], [[phosgene oxime]], [[propylene glycol dinitrate]], [[sulfuric acid]], [[Sulfuryl Fluoride|sulfuryl fluoride]], [[toluene diisocyanate]], [[vanadium]], [[xylene]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Kawasaki disease ]], [[Dyskeratosis congenita ]], [[Xeroderma pigmentosum]], [[Leprosy]], [[Reiter's syndrome ]], [[Rosacea]], [[Erythema multiformae]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis]], [[Behcet's disease]], [[cicatricial pemphigoid]], [[dyskeratosis congenita]], [[erythema multiformae]], [[euphorbiaceae]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[Kindler syndrome]], [[lepidopterism]], [[leprosy]], [[cicatricial pemphigoid|ocular cicatricial pemphigoid]], [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[rosacea]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], [[Sweet's syndrome]], [[xeroderma pigmentosum]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Apraclonidine]], [[Artemether and lumefantrin]], [[Brimonidine tartrate and Timolol maleate]], [[Cetuximab]], [[Cyclopentolate]], [[Cytarabine]], [[Cytosine arabinose syndrome ]], [[Desmopressin]], [[Dexamethasone]], [[Dimercaprol]], [[Dornase Alfa]], [[Doxorubicin Hydrochloride]], [[Epirubicin hydrochloride]], [[fosaprepitant]], [[gadopentetate]], [[Nitisinone]], [[Acetylcarbromal]], [[Clomethiazole]], [[Dipivefrin]], [[Etretinate]], [[Flurbiprofen]], [[galsulfase]], [[Latanoprost]], [[meclofenamate]],[[medrysone]],[[Melarsoprol]], [[Metipranolol]], [[Methocarbamol]], [[Moxifloxacin ophthalmic]], [[Nitisinone]], [[Pemetrexed]], [[Pentamidine Isethionate]], [[Pyridoxine hydrochloride]], [[Secukinumab]], [[Sertraline]], [[trichophyton mentagrophytes and trichophyton rubrum]], [[Rasagiline]], [[Tocilizumab]], [[Travoprost]], [[Rifampin]], [[rifapentin]], [[Thallous Chloride Tl 201]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetylcarbromal]], [[apraclonidine]], [[artemether and lumefantrin]], [[Brimonidine tartrate and Timolol maleate|brimonidine tartrate and timolol maleate]], [[cetuximab]], [[clomethiazole]], [[cyclopentolate]], [[cytarabine]], [[cytosine arabinose syndrome ]], [[desmopressin]], [[dexamethasone]], [[dimercaprol]], [[dipivefrin]], [[dornase alfa]], [[doxorubicin hydrochloride]], [[epirubicin hydrochloride]], [[erythromycin]], [[etretinate]], [[flurbiprofen]], [[fluticasone|fluticasone (spray)]], [[fosaprepitant]], [[furfural]], [[gadopentetate]], [[galsulfase]], [[hydroquinone]], [[latanoprost]],[[meclofenamate]], [[medrysone]],[[melarsoprol]], [[methocarbamol]], [[metipranolol]], [[morpholine]], [[moxifloxacin ophthalmic]], [[nitisinone]], [[Orache (Atriplex)|orache (atriplex)]], [[pemetrexed]], [[penicillium]], [[pentamidine isethionate]], [[Pyridoxine hydrochloride|pyridoxine hydrochloride]], [[quinone]], [[rasagiline]], [[rifampin]], [[rifapentin]], [[secukinumab]], [[sertraline]], [[silver nitrate|silver nitrate drops]], [[tetracycline]], [[Thallous Chloride Tl 201|thallous chloride tl 201]], [[tocilizumab]], [[travoprost]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cogan syndrome]], [[oral allergy syndrome]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aesculus pollen ]], [[Alder ]], [[Alternaria ]], [[American feverfew]], [[Ash juniper tree ]], [[Ash tree ]], [[Aureobasidium]], [[Beech tree ]], [[Bermuda grass ]], [[Birch tree ]], [[Box elder tree ]], [[Canary grass ]], [[Capeweed ]], [[Cocklebur ]], [[Cypress tree ]], [[Daisy ]], [[Dandelion]], [[Dust mite ]], [[Elm tree ]], [[Epicoccum ]], [[Euphorbiaceae ]], [[European Ash tree ]], [[Goosefoot ]], [[Guayule ]], [[Helminthosporium ]], [[Hemp ]], [[Hickory tree ]], [[Hornbeam tree ]], [[Horse chestnut tree ]], [[Johnson grass ]], [[Kentucky bluegrass ]], [[Maple tree ]], [[Marshelder ]], [[Monteroy pine tree ]], [[Mountain cedar tree ]], [[Mugwort tree ]], [[Oak tree ]], [[Olea tree ]], [[Olive tree ]], [[Orache (Atriplex) ]], [[Orchard grass ]], [[Pecan trees ]], [[Pigweed ]], [[Plane tree ]], [[Poplar tree]], [[Ragweed ]], [[Redtop grass ]], [[Rhizopus ]], [[Ryegrass ]], [[Smut ]], [[Sunflower ]], [[Sweet vernal grass ]], [[Tilia tree  ]], [[Timothy grass ]], [[Tumble weed  ]], [[Velvet grass ]], [[Wall pellitory ]], [[Walnut tree ]], [[White cedar tree ]], [[Willow tree]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aesculus pollen]], [[alder]], [[dust mite]], [[pollution|environmental pollution]],[[smog]], [[smoke]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Common Variable Immunodeficiency ]], [[Crouzon Syndrome ]], [[Dyskeratosis congenita ]], [[Familial hibernian fever ]], [[Job syndrome ]], [[Severe combined immunodeficiency]], [[Tyrosinaemia]], [[Xeroderma pigmentosum]], [[X-linked agammaglobulinaemia ]], [[Familial cold urticaria]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crouzon syndrome]], [[dyskeratosis congenita]], [[familial cold urticaria]], [[Job syndrome]], [[Kindler syndrome]], [[type II tyrosinemia]], [[xeroderma pigmentosum]], [[x-linked agammaglobulinaemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dyskeratosis congenita ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hemorrhage]], [[plasminogen|plasminogen deficiency]], [[x-linked agammaglobulinaemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acanthamoeba]], [[Adenovirus]], [[Aspergillus]], [[Bacterial conjunctivitis]], [[Candida albicans ]], [[Cladosporium ]], [[Congenital chlamydia - maternal chlamydia causing conjunctivitis in newborns]], [[Congenital gonorrhea - maternal gonorrhea causing conjunctivitis in newborns]], [[Coxsackie virus]], [[Enterovirus 70]], [[Fusarium ]], [[Gonorrhea ]], [[Haemophilus influenzae]], [[Helminth infections ]], [[Herpes simplex]], [[Herpes virus 2]], [[Koch-Weeks conjunctivitis]], [[Leprosy]], [[Leptospirosis ]], [[Listeria monocytogenes]], [[Lyme disease ]], [[Measles ]], [[Mucor ]], [[Non-Specific Urethritis ]], [[Omsk hemorrhagic fever ]], [[Onchocerciasis]], [[Ophthalmia neonatorum]], [[Pasteurella multocida ]], [[Penicillium ]], [[Pfiesteria piscicida ]], [[Sabia virus ]], [[Staphylococcus aureus]], [[Toxic-shock syndrome ]], [[Trachoma]], [[Viral conjunctivitis]], [[Lacrimal canaliculitis]], [[Neisseria meningiditis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acanthamoeba]], [[adenovirus]], [[alternaria]], [[aspergillus]], [[aureobasidium]], [[candida albicans]], [[cat scratch disease]], [[chikungunya fever]], [[chlamydia]], [[cladosporium]], [[chlamydia|congenital chlamydia]], [[gonorrhea|congenital gonorrhea]], [[coxsackie virus]], [[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever]], [[enterovirus 70]], [[epicoccum]], [[fusarium]], [[gonorrhea]], [[haemophilus influenzae]], [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]], [[helminth infections]], [[helminthosporium]], [[herpes simplex]], [[herpes virus 2]], [[herpes zoster]], [[enterovirus|human enterovirus A]], [[Kikuchi disease]], [[Koch-Weeks conjunctivitis]], [[leprosy]], [[leptospirosis]], [[listeria monocytogenes]], [[Lyme disease]], [[measles]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[moraxella catarrhalis]], [[mucor]], [[neisseria gonorrhoeae]], [[neisseria meningiditis]], [[Newcastle disease]], [[non-specific urethritis]], [[omsk hemorrhagic fever]], [[onchocerciasis]], [[pasteurella multocida]], [[pediculosis|pediculosis ciliaris]], [[pfiesteria piscicida]], [[picornavirus]], [[pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[psittacosis]], [[respiratory syncytial virus]], [[rhizopus]], [[rosacea]], [[rubella]], [[sabia virus]], [[serratia]], [[smut]], [[staphylococcus aureus]], [[streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[the clap]], [[toxic-shock syndrome]], [[trachoma]], [[tularemia]], [[viral conjunctivitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crouzon Syndrome ]], [[Polychondritis ]], [[Leprosy]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Burns]], [[Crouzon Syndrome ]], [[polychondritis ]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Facial nerve palsy]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bell's palsy|7th cranial nerve disorder]], [[facial nerve palsy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Tyrosinaemia]], [[Pyridoxine deficiency]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Type II tyrosinemia]], [[pyridoxine deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ocular oncology|Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma]], [[gestational trophoblastic neoplasia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Polychondritis ]], [[Angelucci's syndrome ]], [[Cicatricial pemphigoid]], [[Dacryocystitis ]], [[Ectropion ]], [[Entropion]], [[Giant papillary conjunctivitis]], [[Lacrimal canaliculitis]], [[Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis]], [[Reiter's syndrome ]], [[Theodore's superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis]], [[Ophthalmia neonatorum]], [[Sjogren's syndrome ]], [[Dyskeratosis congenita ]], [[Crouzon Syndrome ]], [[Non-Specific Urethritis ]], [[Follicular conjunctivitis]], [[Blepharitis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allergic conjunctivitis]], [[Angelucci's syndrome]], [[bacterial conjunctivitis]], [[blepharitis]], [[Cogan syndrome]], [[ocular oncology|conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma]], [[contact lens]], [[corneal abrasion]], [[dacryocystitis]], [[ectropion]], [[entropion]], [[keratoconjunctivitis|epidemic keratoconjunctivitis]], [[familial cold urticaria]], [[conjunctivitis|follicular conjunctivitis]], [[giant papillary conjunctivitis]], [[keratoconjunctivitis sicca]], [[lacrimal canaliculitis]], [[conjunctivitis|ligneous conjunctivitis]], [[cicatricial pemphigoid|ocular cicatricial pemphigoid]], [[ocular rosacea]], [[ophthalmia neonatorum]], [[phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis]], [[Theodore's superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis]], [[trachoma]], [[vernal conjunctivitis]], [[vernal keratoconjunctivitis]], [[viral conjunctivitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Churg-Strauss syndrome|Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]], [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allergic conjunctivitis]], [[Hay fever ]], [[Hypersensitivity to pollen ]], [[Lepidopterism ]], [[Mold allergy ]], [[Sjogren's syndrome ]], [[Stevens johnsons syndrome ]], [[Sweet Syndrome ]], [[Vernal conjunctivitis]], [[Job syndrome ]], [[Severe combined immunodeficiency]], [[X-linked agammaglobulinaemia ]], [[Angelucci's syndrome ]], [[Familial cold urticaria]], [[Erythema multiformae]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allergic conjunctivitis]], [[allergy]], [[Behcet disease]], [[cicatricial pemphigoid]], [[common variable immunodeficiency]], [[familial cold urticaria]], [[familial hibernian fever]], [[Churg-Strauss syndrome|granulomatosis with polyangiitis]], [[hay fever]], [[hypersensitivity to pollen]], [[Job syndrome]], [[mold allergy]], [[cicatricial pemphigoid|ocular cicatricial pemphigoid]], [[oral allergy syndrome]], [[polychondritis]], [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[Reiter's syndrome]], [[relapsing polychondritis]], [[severe combined immunodeficiency]], [[sicca syndrome]], [[Sjogren's syndrome]], [[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]], [[x-linked agammaglobulinaemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dyskeratosis congenita ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Blunt injury]], [[burns]], [[penetrating trauma]], [[trauma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Non-Specific Urethritis ]], [[Reiter's syndrome ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Non-specific urethritis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Crouzon syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Contact lens]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[American feverfew]], [[ash juniper tree]], [[ash tree]], [[beech tree]], [[bermuda grass]], [[birch tree]], [[box elder tree]], [[canary grass]], [[capeweed]], [[cocklebur]], [[cypress tree]], [[daisy]], [[dandelion]], [[elm tree]], [[foreign body]], [[goosefoot]], [[guayule]], [[hemp]], [[hickory tree]], [[hornbeam tree]], [[horse chestnut tree]], [[johnson grass]], [[kentucky bluegrass]], [[maple tree]], [[marshelder]], [[monteroy pine tree]], [[mountain cedar tree]], [[Mugwort tree|mugwort tree]], [[oak tree]], [[olea tree]], [[olive tree]], [[orchard grass]], [[pecan trees]], [[pigweed]], [[plane tree]], [[pollen]], [[poplar tree]], [[ragweed]], [[rapeseed oil]], [[Redtop grass|redtop grass]], [[ryegrass]], [[sunflower]], [[tilia tree]], [[timothy grass]], [[tumble weed]], [[velvet grass]], [[wall pellitory]], [[Walnut tree|walnut tree]], [[white cedar tree]], [[willow tree]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|3|
{{columns-list|
*[[Bell's palsy|7th cranial nerve disorder]]
*[[Bell's palsy|7th cranial nerve disorder]]
*[[Acanthamoeba]]
*[[Acanthamoeba]]
Line 179: Line 217:
*[[Capeweed]]
*[[Capeweed]]
*[[Cat scratch disease]]
*[[Cat scratch disease]]
*[[Caterpillar poisoning]]  
*[[envenomation|Caterpillar poisoning]]  
*[[Cetuximab]]
*[[Cetuximab]]
*[[irritation|Chemical irritation]]
*[[irritation|Chemical irritation]]
Line 193: Line 231:
*[[Cogan syndrome]]
*[[Cogan syndrome]]
*[[Common variable immunodeficiency]]
*[[Common variable immunodeficiency]]
*[[Congenital chlamydia]]
*[[chlamydia|Congenital chlamydia]]
*[[Congenital gonorrhea]]
*[[gonorrhea|Congenital gonorrhea]]
*[[Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma]]
*[[ocular oncology|Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma]]
*[[Contact lens]]
*[[Contact lens]]
*[[Corneal abrasion]]
*[[Corneal abrasion]]
Line 244: Line 282:
*[[Goosefoot]]
*[[Goosefoot]]
*[[Churg-Strauss syndrome|Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]]
*[[Churg-Strauss syndrome|Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]]
*[[Green lynx spider poisoning]]
*[[Green Lynx spider poisoning]]
*[[Guayule]]
*[[Guayule]]
*[[Haemophilus influenzae]]
*[[Haemophilus influenzae]]
Line 259: Line 297:
*[[Hornbeam tree]]
*[[Hornbeam tree]]
*[[Horse chestnut tree]]
*[[Horse chestnut tree]]
*[[Human enterovirus A]]
*[[enterovirus|Human enterovirus A]]
*[[Hydrogen sulfide]]
*[[Hydrogen sulfide]]
*[[Hydroquinone]]
*[[Hydroquinone]]
Line 314: Line 352:
*[[Pasteurella multocida]]
*[[Pasteurella multocida]]
*[[Pecan trees]]
*[[Pecan trees]]
*[[Pediculosis ciliaris]]
*[[pediculosis|Pediculosis ciliaris]]
*[[Pemetrexed]]
*[[Pemetrexed]]
*[[Penetrating trauma]]
*[[Penetrating trauma]]
Line 350: Line 388:
*[[Severe combined immunodeficiency]]
*[[Severe combined immunodeficiency]]
*[[Sicca syndrome]]
*[[Sicca syndrome]]
*[[Silver nitrate drops]]
*[[silver nitrate|Silver nitrate drops]]
*[[Sjogren's syndrome]]
*[[Sjogren's syndrome]]
*[[Smog]]
*[[Smog]]
Line 356: Line 394:
*[[Smut]]
*[[Smut]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]  
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]  
*[[Stevens-johnsons syndrome]]
*[[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
*[[Sulfuric acid]]
*[[Sulfuric acid]]
*[[Sulfuryl fluoride]]  
*[[Sulfuryl Fluoride|Sulfuryl fluoride]]  
*[[Sunflower]]
*[[Sunflower]]
*[[Sweet's syndrome]]
*[[Sweet's syndrome]]
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Latest revision as of 21:06, 29 July 2020

Conjunctivitis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [4], Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [5]

Overview

Common causes of conjunctivitis include bacteria, viruses, and environmental factors.[1] Viral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis both overall and in the adult population. Bacterial conjunctivitis is the second most common cause and is responsible for the majority of cases in children. Allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause, affecting 15% to 40% of the population. Noninfectious conjunctivitis includes keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome) and superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis may cause by inflammation secondary to immune-mediated diseases or mechanical irritation.[2]

Causes

Viral conjunctivitis

Bacterial conjunctivitis[3]

Neonatal conjunctivitis[4][5]

Allergic conjunctivitis

Keratoconjunctivitis[6]

Irritative Conjunctivitis


Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Kawasaki disease, plasminogen deficiency
Chemical / poisoning Acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetylcarbromal, ammonia, anisole, arsenic trioxide, arsenic, arsenicals, beryllium, boric acid, box jellyfish poisoning, calcium sulfate, caterpillar poisoning, chemical irritation, chlorine dioxide, chloroacetophenone, cobra poisoning, CS gas, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dimethylamine, ether, ethylene oxide, euphorbiaceae, green lynx spider poisoning, hydrogen sulfide, lewisite, mayapple poisoning, metaldehyde, methylene diisocyanate, osmium, phosgene oxime, propylene glycol dinitrate, sulfuric acid, sulfuryl fluoride, toluene diisocyanate, vanadium, xylene
Dermatologic Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, Behcet's disease, cicatricial pemphigoid, dyskeratosis congenita, erythema multiformae, euphorbiaceae, Kawasaki disease, Kindler syndrome, lepidopterism, leprosy, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, psoriatic arthritis, rosacea, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Sweet's syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum
Drug Side Effect Acetylcarbromal, apraclonidine, artemether and lumefantrin, brimonidine tartrate and timolol maleate, cetuximab, clomethiazole, cyclopentolate, cytarabine, cytosine arabinose syndrome , desmopressin, dexamethasone, dimercaprol, dipivefrin, dornase alfa, doxorubicin hydrochloride, epirubicin hydrochloride, erythromycin, etretinate, flurbiprofen, fluticasone (spray), fosaprepitant, furfural, gadopentetate, galsulfase, hydroquinone, latanoprost,meclofenamate, medrysone,melarsoprol, methocarbamol, metipranolol, morpholine, moxifloxacin ophthalmic, nitisinone, orache (atriplex), pemetrexed, penicillium, pentamidine isethionate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, quinone, rasagiline, rifampin, rifapentin, secukinumab, sertraline, silver nitrate drops, tetracycline, thallous chloride tl 201, tocilizumab, travoprost
Ear Nose Throat Cogan syndrome, oral allergy syndrome
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental Aesculus pollen, alder, dust mite, environmental pollution,smog, smoke
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Crouzon syndrome, dyskeratosis congenita, familial cold urticaria, Job syndrome, Kindler syndrome, type II tyrosinemia, xeroderma pigmentosum, x-linked agammaglobulinaemia
Hematologic Hemorrhage, plasminogen deficiency, x-linked agammaglobulinaemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Acanthamoeba, adenovirus, alternaria, aspergillus, aureobasidium, candida albicans, cat scratch disease, chikungunya fever, chlamydia, cladosporium, congenital chlamydia, congenital gonorrhea, coxsackie virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, enterovirus 70, epicoccum, fusarium, gonorrhea, haemophilus influenzae, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, helminth infections, helminthosporium, herpes simplex, herpes virus 2, herpes zoster, human enterovirus A, Kikuchi disease, Koch-Weeks conjunctivitis, leprosy, leptospirosis, listeria monocytogenes, Lyme disease, measles, molluscum contagiosum, moraxella catarrhalis, mucor, neisseria gonorrhoeae, neisseria meningiditis, Newcastle disease, non-specific urethritis, omsk hemorrhagic fever, onchocerciasis, pasteurella multocida, pediculosis ciliaris, pfiesteria piscicida, picornavirus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, psittacosis, respiratory syncytial virus, rhizopus, rosacea, rubella, sabia virus, serratia, smut, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, the clap, toxic-shock syndrome, trachoma, tularemia, viral conjunctivitis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Burns, Crouzon Syndrome , polychondritis
Neurologic 7th cranial nerve disorder, facial nerve palsy
Nutritional / Metabolic Type II tyrosinemia, pyridoxine deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
Opthalmologic Allergic conjunctivitis, Angelucci's syndrome, bacterial conjunctivitis, blepharitis, Cogan syndrome, conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, contact lens, corneal abrasion, dacryocystitis, ectropion, entropion, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, familial cold urticaria, follicular conjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, lacrimal canaliculitis, ligneous conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, ocular rosacea, ophthalmia neonatorum, phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, Theodore's superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, trachoma, vernal conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, viral conjunctivitis
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis
Renal / Electrolyte Wegener's granulomatosis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Allergic conjunctivitis, allergy, Behcet disease, cicatricial pemphigoid, common variable immunodeficiency, familial cold urticaria, familial hibernian fever, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, hay fever, hypersensitivity to pollen, Job syndrome, mold allergy, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, oral allergy syndrome, polychondritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, relapsing polychondritis, severe combined immunodeficiency, sicca syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome, TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, x-linked agammaglobulinaemia
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Blunt injury, burns, penetrating trauma, trauma
Urologic Non-specific urethritis
Dental Crouzon syndrome
Miscellaneous American feverfew, ash juniper tree, ash tree, beech tree, bermuda grass, birch tree, box elder tree, canary grass, capeweed, cocklebur, cypress tree, daisy, dandelion, elm tree, foreign body, goosefoot, guayule, hemp, hickory tree, hornbeam tree, horse chestnut tree, johnson grass, kentucky bluegrass, maple tree, marshelder, monteroy pine tree, mountain cedar tree, mugwort tree, oak tree, olea tree, olive tree, orchard grass, pecan trees, pigweed, plane tree, pollen, poplar tree, ragweed, rapeseed oil, redtop grass, ryegrass, sunflower, tilia tree, timothy grass, tumble weed, velvet grass, wall pellitory, walnut tree, white cedar tree, willow tree

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ National Eye Institute (2015). [1] Accessed on June 23, 2016
  2. ↑ Azari AA, Barney NP (2013). "Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment". JAMA. 310 (16): 1721–9. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280318. PMC 4049531. PMID 24150468.
  3. ↑ name= Bacterial Conjunctivitis > Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). [2] Accessed on June 23, 2016
  4. ↑ Mallika P, Asok T, Faisal H, Aziz S, Tan A, Intan G (2008). "Neonatal conjunctivitis - a review". Malays Fam Physician. 3 (2): 77–81. PMC 4170304. PMID 25606121.
  5. ↑ Woods, Charles R. "Gonococcal infections in neonates and young children." Seminars in pediatric infectious diseases. Vol. 16. No. 4. WB Saunders, 2005.
  6. ↑ Barabino S, Dana MR (2007). "Dry eye syndromes". Chem Immunol Allergy. 92: 176–84. doi:10.1159/000099268. PMID 17264493.

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