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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Norovirus]] is the cause of norovirus infection. Noroviruses ([[genus]] Norovirus) are a group of related, single-stranded [[RNA]], nonenveloped viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis in humans. Norovirus was recently approved as the official genus name for the group of viruses provisionally described as “Norwalk-like viruses” (NLV). Noroviruses belong to the family Caliciviridae that includes sapoviruses, which also causes [[acute gastroenteritis]].
[[Norovirus]] is the cause of norovirus infection. Noroviruses ([[genus]] Norovirus) are a group of related, single-stranded [[RNA]], nonenveloped viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis in humans. Noroviruses belong to the family Caliciviridae.
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
Norovirus is transmitted through person-to-person contact, food and water. [[Genotype]] GII.4 is mostly contact transmitted. Non-GII.4 genotypes such as GI.3, GI.6, GI.7, GII.3, GII.6 and GII.12 are mostly [[Food-borne illness|food-borne]]. Genogroup GI strains are more often transmitted through water. This is due to their higher stability in water compared to other [[strains]] of the virus.<ref name="pmid27211790">{{cite journal| author=de Graaf M, van Beek J, Koopmans MP| title=Human norovirus transmission and evolution in a changing world. | journal=Nat Rev Microbiol | year= 2016 | volume= 14 | issue= 7 | pages= 421-33 | pmid=27211790 | doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2016.48 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27211790  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19494060">{{cite journal| author=Lysén M, Thorhagen M, Brytting M, Hjertqvist M, Andersson Y, Hedlund KO| title=Genetic diversity among food-borne and waterborne norovirus strains causing outbreaks in Sweden. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 2009 | volume= 47 | issue= 8 | pages= 2411-8 | pmid=19494060 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02168-08 | pmc=2725682 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19494060  }} </ref>


==Norovirus==
Norovirus is among top ranks of [[Food-borne illness|food-borne]] viruses, globally<ref name="pmid26633896">{{cite journal| author=Havelaar AH, Kirk MD, Torgerson PR, Gibb HJ, Hald T, Lake RJ | display-authors=etal| title=World Health Organization Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010. | journal=PLoS Med | year= 2015 | volume= 12 | issue= 12 | pages= e1001923 | pmid=26633896 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001923 | pmc=4668832 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26633896  }} </ref>. Transmission could occur in different stages of pre- and post-production of the food products. For instance, [[shellfish]] can be contaminated with fecal discharge in the water<ref name="pmid22440973">{{cite journal| author=Le Guyader FS, Atmar RL, Le Pendu J| title=Transmission of viruses through shellfish: when specific ligands come into play. | journal=Curr Opin Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 2 | issue= 1 | pages= 103-10 | pmid=22440973 | doi=10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.029 | pmc=3839110 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22440973  }} </ref>, fresh and frozen berries could be contaminated through water contaminated by [[sewage]] or contact during harvesting. Viral [[outbreaks]] through food-borne [[transmission]] can lead to a mixture of the viral strain and increased risk of [[genetic recombination]]. Studies show that about 7% of the foodborne outbreaks have a common source<ref name="pmid21392431">{{cite journal| author=Verhoef L, Kouyos RD, Vennema H, Kroneman A, Siebenga J, van Pelt W | display-authors=etal| title=An integrated approach to identifying international foodborne norovirus outbreaks. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 3 | pages= 412-8 | pmid=21392431 | doi=10.3201/eid1703.100979 | pmc=3166008 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21392431  }} </ref>.
Noroviruses are members of a group of viruses called caliciviruses also known previously as “Norwalk-like viruses.” [[Infection]] with norovirus affects the [[stomach]] and [[intestine]]s, causing an illness called gastroenteritis, or “stomach flu.” This “stomach flu” is not related to the flu (or [[influenza]]), which is a respiratory illness caused by [[influenza virus]]. In addition, noroviruses are not related to bacteria and parasites that can cause gastrointestinal illnesses. Norovirus is not a “new” virus, but interest in it is growing as more is learned about how frequently noroviruses cause illness in people. Currently, there are six recognized norovirus genogroups. Three of the genogroups (GI, GII, and GIV) affect humans. More than 25 different [[genotype]]s have been identified within these three genogroups. Since 2002, variants of the GII.4 genotype have been the most common cause of norovirus outbreaks.


==Gallery==
===Less Common Causes===
<gallery>
Norovirus also has a [[nosocomial]] transition, causing a major burden for health care services<ref name="pmid24981041">{{cite journal| author=Ahmed SM, Hall AJ, Robinson AE, Verhoef L, Premkumar P, Parashar UD | display-authors=etal| title=Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Lancet Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= 8 | pages= 725-730 | pmid=24981041 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70767-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24981041  }} </ref>. [[Immunocompromised]] patients may develop numerous norovirus variations due to the [[chronic]] infection. This intra-host viral variation may lead to the appearance of variants not similar to any of the ones of previous outbreaks, thus can escape the herd immunity.<ref name="pmid24648459">{{cite journal| author=Debbink K, Lindesmith LC, Ferris MT, Swanstrom J, Beltramello M, Corti D | display-authors=etal| title=Within-host evolution results in antigenically distinct GII.4 noroviruses. | journal=J Virol | year= 2014 | volume= 88 | issue= 13 | pages= 7244-55 | pmid=24648459 | doi=10.1128/JVI.00203-14 | pmc=4054459 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24648459  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27211790">{{cite journal| author=de Graaf M, van Beek J, Koopmans MP| title=Human norovirus transmission and evolution in a changing world. | journal=Nat Rev Microbiol | year= 2016 | volume= 14 | issue= 7 | pages= 421-33 | pmid=27211790 | doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2016.48 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27211790  }} </ref>
Image: Norovirus07.jpeg| Electron micrograph of the Norovirus. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>


Image: Norovirus06.jpeg| Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) revealed some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by Norovirus virions. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
To date, animal norovirus strains have not been reported to infect human population, but there has been evidence of intra-species transmission. Human norovirus has been detected in the [[stools]] of pigs, cattle and dogs.<ref name="pmid27211790">{{cite journal| author=de Graaf M, van Beek J, Koopmans MP| title=Human norovirus transmission and evolution in a changing world. | journal=Nat Rev Microbiol | year= 2016 | volume= 14 | issue= 7 | pages= 421-33 | pmid=27211790 | doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2016.48 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27211790  }} </ref>


Image: Norovirus05.jpeg| Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) revealed some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by Norovirus virions. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
==References==
 
Image: Norovirus04.jpeg| Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) revealed some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by Norovirus virions. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Norovirus03.jpeg| Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) revealed some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by Norovirus virions. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Norovirus02.jpeg| Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) revealed some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by Norovirus virions. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Norovirus01.jpeg| Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) revealed some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by Norovirus virions. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
</gallery>
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]

Latest revision as of 17:29, 8 March 2021

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This page is about microbiologic aspects of the organism(s).  For clinical aspects of the disease, see Norovirus infection.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Norovirus is the cause of norovirus infection. Noroviruses (genus Norovirus) are a group of related, single-stranded RNA, nonenveloped viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis in humans. Noroviruses belong to the family Caliciviridae.

Causes

Common Causes

Norovirus is transmitted through person-to-person contact, food and water. Genotype GII.4 is mostly contact transmitted. Non-GII.4 genotypes such as GI.3, GI.6, GI.7, GII.3, GII.6 and GII.12 are mostly food-borne. Genogroup GI strains are more often transmitted through water. This is due to their higher stability in water compared to other strains of the virus.[1][2]

Norovirus is among top ranks of food-borne viruses, globally[3]. Transmission could occur in different stages of pre- and post-production of the food products. For instance, shellfish can be contaminated with fecal discharge in the water[4], fresh and frozen berries could be contaminated through water contaminated by sewage or contact during harvesting. Viral outbreaks through food-borne transmission can lead to a mixture of the viral strain and increased risk of genetic recombination. Studies show that about 7% of the foodborne outbreaks have a common source[5].

Less Common Causes

Norovirus also has a nosocomial transition, causing a major burden for health care services[6]. Immunocompromised patients may develop numerous norovirus variations due to the chronic infection. This intra-host viral variation may lead to the appearance of variants not similar to any of the ones of previous outbreaks, thus can escape the herd immunity.[7][1]

To date, animal norovirus strains have not been reported to infect human population, but there has been evidence of intra-species transmission. Human norovirus has been detected in the stools of pigs, cattle and dogs.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 de Graaf M, van Beek J, Koopmans MP (2016). "Human norovirus transmission and evolution in a changing world". Nat Rev Microbiol. 14 (7): 421–33. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.48. PMID 27211790.
  2. ↑ Lysén M, Thorhagen M, Brytting M, Hjertqvist M, Andersson Y, Hedlund KO (2009). "Genetic diversity among food-borne and waterborne norovirus strains causing outbreaks in Sweden". J Clin Microbiol. 47 (8): 2411–8. doi:10.1128/JCM.02168-08. PMC 2725682. PMID 19494060.
  3. ↑ Havelaar AH, Kirk MD, Torgerson PR, Gibb HJ, Hald T, Lake RJ; et al. (2015). "World Health Organization Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010". PLoS Med. 12 (12): e1001923. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001923. PMC 4668832. PMID 26633896.
  4. ↑ Le Guyader FS, Atmar RL, Le Pendu J (2012). "Transmission of viruses through shellfish: when specific ligands come into play". Curr Opin Virol. 2 (1): 103–10. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.029. PMC 3839110. PMID 22440973.
  5. ↑ Verhoef L, Kouyos RD, Vennema H, Kroneman A, Siebenga J, van Pelt W; et al. (2011). "An integrated approach to identifying international foodborne norovirus outbreaks". Emerg Infect Dis. 17 (3): 412–8. doi:10.3201/eid1703.100979. PMC 3166008. PMID 21392431.
  6. ↑ Ahmed SM, Hall AJ, Robinson AE, Verhoef L, Premkumar P, Parashar UD; et al. (2014). "Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet Infect Dis. 14 (8): 725–730. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70767-4. PMID 24981041.
  7. ↑ Debbink K, Lindesmith LC, Ferris MT, Swanstrom J, Beltramello M, Corti D; et al. (2014). "Within-host evolution results in antigenically distinct GII.4 noroviruses". J Virol. 88 (13): 7244–55. doi:10.1128/JVI.00203-14. PMC 4054459. PMID 24648459.


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