Necrotizing fasciitis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of necrotizing fasciitis include [[trauma]], [[alcoholism]], [[diabetes]], [[Drug abuse|intravenous drug abuse]], [[immunosupression]] and [[burns]].<ref name="pmid25593960">{{cite journal| author=Misiakos EP, Bagias G, Patapis P, Sotiropoulos D, Kanavidis P, Machairas A| title=Current concepts in the management of necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Front Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 1 | issue= | pages= 36 | pmid=25593960 | doi=10.3389/fsurg.2014.00036 | pmc=4286984 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25593960 }} </ref> | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of necrotizing fasciitis include:<ref name="pmid11389488">{{cite journal| author=Chen JL, Fullerton KE, Flynn NM| title=Necrotizing fasciitis associated with injection drug use. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 33 | issue= 1 | pages= 6-15 | pmid=11389488 | doi=10.1086/320874 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11389488 }} </ref> | Common risk factors in the development of necrotizing fasciitis include:<ref name="pmid25593960">{{cite journal| author=Misiakos EP, Bagias G, Patapis P, Sotiropoulos D, Kanavidis P, Machairas A| title=Current concepts in the management of necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Front Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 1 | issue= | pages= 36 | pmid=25593960 | doi=10.3389/fsurg.2014.00036 | pmc=4286984 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25593960 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11389488">{{cite journal| author=Chen JL, Fullerton KE, Flynn NM| title=Necrotizing fasciitis associated with injection drug use. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 33 | issue= 1 | pages= 6-15 | pmid=11389488 | doi=10.1086/320874 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11389488 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8916882">{{cite journal| author=Elliott DC, Kufera JA, Myers RA| title=Necrotizing soft tissue infections. Risk factors for mortality and strategies for management. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 224 | issue= 5 | pages= 672-83 | pmid=8916882 | doi= | pmc=1235444 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8916882 }} </ref><ref name="pmid7748037">{{cite journal| author=McHenry CR, Piotrowski JJ, Petrinic D, Malangoni MA| title=Determinants of mortality for necrotizing soft-tissue infections. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1995 | volume= 221 | issue= 5 | pages= 558-63; discussion 563-5 | pmid=7748037 | doi= | pmc=1234638 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7748037 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8489099">{{cite journal| author=Francis KR, Lamaute HR, Davis JM, Pizzi WF| title=Implications of risk factors in necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Am Surg | year= 1993 | volume= 59 | issue= 5 | pages= 304-8 | pmid=8489099 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8489099 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24338771">{{cite journal| author=Goh T, Goh LG, Ang CH, Wong CH| title=Early diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Br J Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 101 | issue= 1 | pages= e119-25 | pmid=24338771 | doi=10.1002/bjs.9371 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24338771 }} </ref> | ||
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! Type 4 | ! Type 4 | ||
|-style="vertical-align:top;" | |-style="vertical-align:top;" | ||
|• Alcoholism <br> • Antecedent trauma <br> • Carcinoma <br> • Cardiopulmonay disease <br> • Diabetes <br> • Iatrogenic procedures <br> • Immunosupression (e.g., HIV and corticosteroid use) <br> • Intravenous drug abuse <br> • Male gender <br> • Peripheral vascular disease <br> • Recent surgery <br> • Smoking <br> • Advanced age | |• [[Alcoholism]] <br> • Antecedent [[trauma]] <br> • [[Carcinoma]] <br> • [[cardiopulmonary|Cardiopulmonay disease]] <br> • [[Diabetes]] <br> • [[Iatrogenic|Iatrogenic procedures]] <br> • [[Immunosupression]] (e.g., [[HIV]] and [[corticosteroid]] use) <br> • [[drug abuse|Intravenous drug abuse]] <br> • Male gender <br> • [[Peripheral vascular disease]] <br> • Recent surgery <br> • [[Smoking]] <br> • Advanced age | ||
|• Alcoholism <br> • Antecedent trauma <br> • Carcinoma <br> • Cardiopulmonay disease <br> • Diabetes <br> • Immunosupression (e.g., HIV and corticosteroid use) <br> • Intravenous drug abuse <br> • Male gender <br> • Peripheral vascular disease <br> • Recent surgery <br> • Exposure to children with sore throat <br> • HLA class II haplotype <br> • Lack of specific anti-GAS antibodies <br> • Varicella infection <br> • Advanced age | |• [[Alcoholism]] <br> • Antecedent trauma <br> • [[Carcinoma]] <br> • [[Cardiopulmonary|Cardiopulmonay disease]] <br> • [[Diabetes]] <br> • [[Immunosupression]] (e.g., [[HIV]] and [[corticosteroid]] use) <br> • [[drug abuse|Intravenous drug abuse]] <br> • Male gender <br> • [[Peripheral vascular disease]] <br> • Recent surgery <br> • Exposure to children with [[sore throat]] <br> • [[HLA|HLA class II haplotype]] <br> • Lack of specific anti-[[Streptococcus pyogenes|GAS]] antibodies <br> • [[Varicella|Varicella infection]] <br> • Advanced age | ||
|• Raw oyster ingestion <br> • Wound contamination with sea water <br> • Immunosupression <br> • Advanced age | |• Raw oyster ingestion <br> • Wound contamination with sea water <br> • [[Immunosupression]] <br> • Advanced age | ||
|• Immunosupression <br> • Antecedent trauma <br> • Burns <br> • Advanced age | |• [[Immunosupression]] <br> • Antecedent trauma <br> • [[Burns]] <br> • Advanced age | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Role of NSAIDS in GASNF=== | ===Role of NSAIDS in GASNF=== | ||
*NSAIDS mask the signs and symptoms leading to delay in diagnosis of existing infection.<ref name="pmid9429836">{{cite journal| author=Holder EP, Moore PT, Browne BA| title=Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and necrotising fasciitis. An update. | journal=Drug Saf | year= 1997 | volume= 17 | issue= 6 | pages= 369-73 | pmid=9429836 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9429836 }} </ref> <ref name=NF>NSAIDS and NF http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/puarticles/necf.htm (2000) Accessed on September 11, 2016</ref> | *[[NSAIDS]] mask the signs and symptoms leading to delay in diagnosis of existing infection.<ref name="pmid25593960">{{cite journal| author=Misiakos EP, Bagias G, Patapis P, Sotiropoulos D, Kanavidis P, Machairas A| title=Current concepts in the management of necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Front Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 1 | issue= | pages= 36 | pmid=25593960 | doi=10.3389/fsurg.2014.00036 | pmc=4286984 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25593960 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9429836">{{cite journal| author=Holder EP, Moore PT, Browne BA| title=Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and necrotising fasciitis. An update. | journal=Drug Saf | year= 1997 | volume= 17 | issue= 6 | pages= 369-73 | pmid=9429836 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9429836 }} </ref><ref name=NF>NSAIDS and NF http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/puarticles/necf.htm (2000) Accessed on September 11, 2016</ref> | ||
*NSAIDS potentiate the development of renal failure by inhibiting renal prostaglandin synthesis and prevent the respiratory burst necessary for phagocytes to kill intracellular organisms leading to impairment of natural host defense mechanisms. | *NSAIDS potentiate the development of [[renal failure]] by inhibiting renal [[prostaglandin]] synthesis and prevent the [[respiratory burst]] necessary for [[phagocytes]] to kill [[intracellular]] organisms leading to impairment of natural host defense mechanisms. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] | ||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | [[Category:Infectious disease]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Surgery]] | ||
[[Category:Orthopedics]] | |||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yamuna Kondapally, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of necrotizing fasciitis include trauma, alcoholism, diabetes, intravenous drug abuse, immunosupression and burns.[1]
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of necrotizing fasciitis include:[1][2][3][4][5][6]
| Type 1 | Type 2 | Type 3 | Type 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| • Alcoholism • Antecedent trauma • Carcinoma • Cardiopulmonay disease • Diabetes • Iatrogenic procedures • Immunosupression (e.g., HIV and corticosteroid use) • Intravenous drug abuse • Male gender • Peripheral vascular disease • Recent surgery • Smoking • Advanced age |
• Alcoholism • Antecedent trauma • Carcinoma • Cardiopulmonay disease • Diabetes • Immunosupression (e.g., HIV and corticosteroid use) • Intravenous drug abuse • Male gender • Peripheral vascular disease • Recent surgery • Exposure to children with sore throat • HLA class II haplotype • Lack of specific anti-GAS antibodies • Varicella infection • Advanced age |
• Raw oyster ingestion • Wound contamination with sea water • Immunosupression • Advanced age |
• Immunosupression • Antecedent trauma • Burns • Advanced age |
Role of NSAIDS in GASNF
- NSAIDS mask the signs and symptoms leading to delay in diagnosis of existing infection.[1][7][8]
- NSAIDS potentiate the development of renal failure by inhibiting renal prostaglandin synthesis and prevent the respiratory burst necessary for phagocytes to kill intracellular organisms leading to impairment of natural host defense mechanisms.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Misiakos EP, Bagias G, Patapis P, Sotiropoulos D, Kanavidis P, Machairas A (2014). "Current concepts in the management of necrotizing fasciitis". Front Surg. 1: 36. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2014.00036. PMC 4286984. PMID 25593960.
- ↑ Chen JL, Fullerton KE, Flynn NM (2001). "Necrotizing fasciitis associated with injection drug use". Clin Infect Dis. 33 (1): 6–15. doi:10.1086/320874. PMID 11389488.
- ↑ Elliott DC, Kufera JA, Myers RA (1996). "Necrotizing soft tissue infections. Risk factors for mortality and strategies for management". Ann Surg. 224 (5): 672–83. PMC 1235444. PMID 8916882.
- ↑ McHenry CR, Piotrowski JJ, Petrinic D, Malangoni MA (1995). "Determinants of mortality for necrotizing soft-tissue infections". Ann Surg. 221 (5): 558–63, discussion 563-5. PMC 1234638. PMID 7748037.
- ↑ Francis KR, Lamaute HR, Davis JM, Pizzi WF (1993). "Implications of risk factors in necrotizing fasciitis". Am Surg. 59 (5): 304–8. PMID 8489099.
- ↑ Goh T, Goh LG, Ang CH, Wong CH (2014). "Early diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis". Br J Surg. 101 (1): e119–25. doi:10.1002/bjs.9371. PMID 24338771.
- ↑ Holder EP, Moore PT, Browne BA (1997). "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and necrotising fasciitis. An update". Drug Saf. 17 (6): 369–73. PMID 9429836.
- ↑ NSAIDS and NF http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/puarticles/necf.htm (2000) Accessed on September 11, 2016