Hematuria causes: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
(87 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Hematuria}}
{{Hematuria}}
{{SCC}}
{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{SCC}} {{KS}} {{VSKP}}
{{AE}} {{KS}}
=Overview=
==Overview==
Causes of hematuria can range from benign conditions such as [[urinary tract infection]] to serious conditions such as [[bladder cancer]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Rew | first = Karl | title = Primary care urology | publisher = Saunders | location = Philadelphia, Pa. London | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1437724899 }}</ref> Extrarenal site is responsible for more than 60% of cases of hematuria. Of these, the most important underlying disease is malignancy. In the primary care population, about 5% of patients with microscopic hematuria will have a [[urinary tract]] malignancy, mainly of the [[bladder]] or [[prostate]]. The most common nonmalignant causes of extrarenal hematuria are infections, such as [[cystitis]], [[prostatitis]], and urethritis.Regarding renal causes of microscopic hematuria, the most common cause of isolated [[glomerular]] hematuria (without significant proteinuria) is [[IgA nephropathy]], followed by thin [[basement membrane]] disease, hereditary nephritis [[Alport syndrome|(Alport syndrome]]), and mild focal [[glomerulonephritis]] of other causes.
'''For causes of Microscopic Hematuria, click [[Microscopic hematuria|here]]'''
 
Life threatening causes of hematuria include [[heart failure]], [[malignant hypertension]] and [[shock]]. Other common causes of hematuria are [[trauma]],     [[nephrolithiasis]], [[renal carcinoma]], and   [[urinary tract infections]]


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
* [[Bladder rupture|Intraperitoneal bladder rupture]]
* [[Fistula|Ureteroarterial fistula]]
* [[Hemorrhagic cystitis]]
*[[Heart failure]]
*[[Heart failure]]


Line 17: Line 20:


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 33.3%;" | '''Children'''<ref name="AminZaritsky2011">{{cite journal|last1=Amin|first1=Nimisha|last2=Zaritsky|first2=Joshua J.|title=Hematuria|year=2011|pages=258–261|doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-05405-8.00069-3}}</ref>
! style="width: 33.3%;" | '''Age <50 years'''<ref name="Surgery (Oxford)">{{cite web |url=http://www.surgeryjournal.co.uk/article/S0263-9319(10)00199-7/abstract |title=www.surgeryjournal.co.uk |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
! style="width: 33.4%;" |'''Age >50 years'''<ref name="Surgery (Oxford)">{{cite web |url=http://www.surgeryjournal.co.uk/article/S0263-9319(10)00199-7/abstract |title=www.surgeryjournal.co.uk |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
|-
| valign="top" |
* [[Urinary tract infection]]
* [[Benign familial hematuria]] or [[Thin basement membrane disease]]
* [[IgA nephropathy]]
* [[hypercalciuria|Idiopathic hypercalciuria]]
* Transient unexplained
| valign="top" |
* [[Urinary tract infection]]
* Transient unexplained
* [[Kidney stone|Stones]]
* [[Exercise]]
* [[Trauma]]
* [[Polycystic kidney disease]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Urinary tract infection]]
* Transient unexplained
* [[Kidney stone|Stones]]
* [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
* [[Bladder cancer]]
* [[Renal carcinoma]]
* [[Prostate cancer]]
|}


*[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
===Causes by Organ System <ref name="pmid24865509">{{cite journal |vauthors=Varma PP, Sengupta P, Nair RK |title=Post exertional hematuria |journal=Ren Fail |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=701–3 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24865509 |doi=10.3109/0886022X.2014.890011 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid24432706">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fiore DC, Fox CL |title=Urology and nephrology update: proteinuria and hematuria |journal=FP Essent |volume=416 |issue= |pages=11–21 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24432706 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid25669037">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hotta M |title=[Diagnosis of hematuria from red blood cells in urinary sediment] |language=Japanese |journal=Rinsho Byori |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=674–83 |date=July 2014 |pmid=25669037 |doi= |url=}}</ref>===
 
{| style="width: 80%; height: 100px; text-align: justify; text-justify: distribute;" border="1"
*[[Bladder cancer]]
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
 
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |[[Arteriosclerosis]], [[arteriovenous malformations]], [[endocarditis]], [[cholesterol embolism]], [[heart failure]], [[hypertension]], [[malignant hypertension]], [[shock]]
*[[Exercise]]
 
*[[Nephrolithiasis]]
 
*[[Polycystic kidney disease]]
 
*[[Prostate carcinoma]]
 
*[[Renal carcinoma]]
*[[Trauma]]
 
*[[urinary tract infections]]
 
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width: 80%; height: 100px; text-align: justify; text-justify: distribute;" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Arteriosclerosis]] [[Arteriovenous malformations]][[endocarditis]] [[cholesterol embolism]] [[heart failure]] [[hypertension]] [[malignant hypertension]] [[shock]]
   
   
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
| bgcolor="Beige" |
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]] [[lupus]] [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[lupus]], [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Carbuncle|urethral carbuncle]]
   
   
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Artemether and lumefantrin]], [[beractant]], [[BCG vaccine]], [[bicalutamide]], [[caspofungin acetate]] [[cefpodoxime]] [[cyclophosphamide]] [[dicoumarol]] [[ethacrynic acid]] [[febuxostat]][[felbamate]] [[flurbiprofen]] [[gemcitabine]] [[goserelin]] [[hexaminolevulinate]][[Ibrutinib]], [[Indinavir]] [[Ifosfamide]], [[Ioxilan]] [[leuprolide]] [[methenamine]] [[micafungin]] [[mitotane]] [[olsalazine]] [[Oxcarbazepine]] [[Oxaprozin]] [[penicillamine]] *[[phenprocoumon]] [[probenecid]] [[sodium aurothiomalate]] [[sulfasalazine]] [[tiagabine]] [[tolmetin]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Artemether and lumefantrin]], [[beractant]], [[BCG vaccine]], [[bicalutamide]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[cefpodoxime]], [[Cobimetinib|cobimetinib]], [[cyclophosphamide]],[[dicoumarol]], [[ethacrynic acid]], [[febuxostat]], [[felbamate]], [[flurbiprofen]], [[gemcitabine]], [[goserelin]], [[hexaminolevulinate]], [[Ibrutinib]], [[Indinavir]], [[Ifosfamide]], [[Ioxilan]], [[leuprolide]], [[methenamine]], [[micafungin]], [[mitotane]], [[olsalazine]], [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Oxaprozin]] [[penicillamine]], [[phenprocoumon]], [[Pramipexole]], [[probenecid]], [[sodium aurothiomalate]], [[sulfasalazine]], [[tiagabine]], [[tolmetin]], [[tiaprofenic acid]], [[warfarin]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]] [[mononucleosis]] [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[mononucleosis]], [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]]
   
   
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Diabetes mellitus]] [[diabetic glomerulosclerosis]] [[diabetic nephropathy]] [[porphyria]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Diabetes mellitus]], [[diabetic glomerulosclerosis]], [[diabetic nephropathy]], [[porphyria]]


 
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
| bgcolor="Beige" |
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hepatitis B]] [[porphyria]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hepatitis B]], [[porphyria]]
 
   
   
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Alport syndrome]] [[Berger's disease]] [[Fabry disease]] [[Dent's disease]] [[hemoglobinopathy]] [[hemophilia]] [[IgA nephropathy]] [[nail-patella syndrome]] [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]] [[Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria]] [[polycystic kidney disease]] [[thalassemia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alport syndrome]], [[Berger's disease]], [[Fabry disease]], [[Dent's disease]], [[hemoglobinopathy]], [[hemophilia]], [[IgA nephropathy]] [[nail-patella syndrome]], [[Dent's disease|Nephrolithiasis type 2]][[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria]], [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[thalassemia]],[[Arteriovenous malformations |renal arteriovenous malformation]], [[thalassemia]]  
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cold agglutinins]] [[Mechanical hemolytic anemia |March haemoglobinuria]] [[Hemoglobinopathy]] [[Hemophilia]] [[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]] [[Henoch schonlein purpura]] [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]] [[multiple myeloma]] [[Donath-Landsteiner syndrome|paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria]]*[[paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria]] [[polycythemia vera]] [[porphyria]] [[thalassemia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cold agglutinins]], [[Mechanical hemolytic anemia |March haemoglobinuria]], [[hemoglobinopathy]], [[hemophilia]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[Henoch schonlein purpura]], [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[multiple myeloma]], [[Donath-Landsteiner syndrome|paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[porphyria]], [[sickle cell anemia]], [[thalassemia]], [[thrombocytopenia]][[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
| bgcolor="Beige" |
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute cystitis]] [[acute interstitial nephritis]] [[acute prostatitis]] [[Adenovirus]] [[bilharziosis]] [[Tuberculosis overview|bladder tuberculosis]] [[chronic cystitis]] [[cystitis]] [[Cytomegalovirus overview|cytomegalovirus]] [[dengue]] [[Dent's disease]] [[E.coli]] [[ECHO viruses]] [[endocarditis]] [[Filaria]] [[Hepatitis B]][[Influenza]] [[legionella infection]] [[legionella pneumophila]] [[malaria]] [[micafungin]] [[mononucleosis]] [[mycoplasma]] [[nephritis]] [[postinfectious glomerulonephritis]][[tuberculosis|prostate tuberculosis]] [[prostatitis]] [[pyelonephritis]] [[Post-radiation cystitis |radiation cystitis]] [[renal tuberculosis]] [[salmonella]][[schistosomiasis]] [[toxoplasma]] [[trichinella spiralis]] [[tuberculosis]] [[urethritis]] [[urogential tuberculosis]] [[vasculitis]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute cystitis]], [[acute interstitial nephritis]], [[acute prostatitis]], [[adenovirus]], [[bilharziosis]], [[tuberculosis overview|bladder tuberculosis]], [[chronic cystitis]], [[cystitis]], [[Cytomegalovirus overview|cytomegalovirus]], [[dengue]], [[Dent's disease]], [[E.coli]], [[ECHO viruses]] [[endocarditis]], [[filaria]], [[hepatitis B]], [[Influenza]], [[legionella infection]], [[legionella pneumophila]], [[malaria]], [[micafungin]] [[mononucleosis]], [[mycoplasma]], [[nephritis]], [[postinfectious glomerulonephritis]], [[tuberculosis|prostate tuberculosis]], [[prostatitis]] [[pyelonephritis]], [[Post-radiation cystitis |radiation cystitis]], [[renal tuberculosis]], [[salmonella]][[schistosomiasis]], [[toxoplasma]], [[trichinella spiralis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[urethritis]], [[vasculitis]], [[pseudomonas]], [[renal tuberculosis]], [[salmonella]], [[schistosomiasis]], [[torulopsis]], [[toxoplasma]], [[trichinella spiralis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[Tuberculosis|ureter tuberculosis]], [[urethritis]], [[urinary tract infection]]. [[Urogenital Tuberculosis |urogential tuberculosis]]
   
   
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Pelvic fracture]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Pelvic fracture]]  


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Arteriosclerosis]] [[Arteriovenous malformations]] [[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]] [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Arteriosclerosis]], [[arteriovenous malformations]], [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Diabetes mellitus]] [[Fabry disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Diabetes mellitus]] [[Fabry disease]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Endometriosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Endometriosis]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Angiomyolipoma]] [[bladder cancer]] [[hypernephroma]] [[multiple myeloma]] [[polycythemia vera]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Angiomyolipoma]], [[bladder cancer]], [[hypernephroma]], [[multiple myeloma]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[Prostate adenocarcinoma|prostate adenoma]], [[prostate cancer]], [[renal adenocarcinoma]], [[renal angiomyolipoma]], [[Arteriovenous malformations |renal arteriovenous malformation]], [[Transitional cell carcinoma|renal pelvis carcinoma]], [[Carcinoma|ureter carcinoma]], [[Carcinoma of urethra|urethra carcinoma]], [[urothelium carcinoma]], [[Wilms' tumor]]
 
     
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
| bgcolor="Beige" |
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|   
| bgcolor="Beige" |   
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
| bgcolor="Beige" |
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Allergic granulomatosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Allergic granulomatosis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
   
   
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute cystitis]] [[acute interstitial nephritis]] [[Alport syndrome]] [[analgesic nephropathy]] [[Balkan nephropathy]] [[beeturia]] [[Benign familial hematuria]] [[Berger's disease]] [[Calyx Diverticulum |Calyx diverticulum]] [[Cholesterol embolism]] [[chronic cystitis]] [[crescentic glomerulonephritis]] [[cystitis]] [[dense deposit disease]] [[Dent's disease]] [[diabetic glomerulosclerosis]] [[diabetic nephropathy]] [[focal glomerulotnephritis]] [[glomerulonephritis]][[fibronectin glomerulopathy]] [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]] [[Henoch schonlein purpura]] [[hydronephrosis]] [[hypernephroma]] [[IgA nephropathy]] [[Interstitial cystitis]] [[amyloidosis|Kidney amyloidosis]] [[Loin pain hematuria syndrome]] [[lupus]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute cystitis]], [[acute interstitial nephritis]] [[Alport syndrome]], [[analgesic nephropathy]], [[Balkan nephropathy]], [[beeturia]] [[benign familial hematuria]], [[Berger's disease]], [[Calyx Diverticulum |calyx diverticulum]], [[cholesterol embolism]], [[chronic cystitis]], [[crescentic glomerulonephritis]], [[cystitis]], [[dense deposit disease]], [[Dent's disease]], [[diabetic glomerulosclerosis]], [[diabetic nephropathy]], [[Focal segmental glomerulonephritis|focal glomerulotnephritis]], [[glomerulonephritis]], [[glomerulopathy|fibronectin glomerulopathy]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[Henoch schonlein purpura]], [[hydronephrosis]] [[hypernephroma]], [[IgA nephropathy]], [[Interstitial cystitis]], [[amyloidosis|kidney amyloidosis]], [[Loin pain hematuria syndrome]],[[lupus]], [[medullary sponge kidney]], [[membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]], [[Glomerulonephritis |mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type iii]]  [[nephrocalcinosis]], [[kidney stone|nephrolithiasis]], [[nutcracker syndrome]], [[papillary necrosis]], [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[postinfectious glomerulonephritis]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[proteinuria]], [[pyelonephritis]], [[Nephropathy|radiation nephropathy]], [[renal adenocarcinoma]], [[renal angiomyolipoma]], [[Aneurysm|renal artery aneurysm]], [[renal cell carcinoma]], [[renal cyst]], [[Hyperplasia|renal hyperplasia]], [[renal infarct]], [[Metastases|renal metastases]], [[renal oncocytoma]], [[renal oncocytoma]], [[Transitional cell carcinoma|renal pelvis carcinoma]], [[trauma|renal trauma]], [[renal tuberculosis]], [[infarct|renal vein infarct]], [[renal vein thrombosis]], [[nephritis|shunt nephritis]], [[Medullary sponge kidney|sponge kidney]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[thin basement membrane disease]], [[tubulointerstitial nephropathies]], [[Acute urate nephropathy |urate nephropathy]],[[Carcinoma|ureter carcinoma]], [[Tuberculosis|ureter tuberculosis]], [[urinary tract infection]], [[Reflux nephropathy overview|vesico-ureteral-renal reflux]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]], [[Wilms' tumor]]
[[medullary sponge kidney]] [[membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]] [[Glomerulonephritis |mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type iii]]  [[nephrocalcinosis]] [[Kidney stone|nephrolithiasis]] [[nutcracker syndrome]] [[papillary necrosis]] [[polycystic kidney disease]]
   
 
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Allergic granulomatosis]] [[CD59|Cd59 antigen deficiency]] [[Cold agglutinins]] [[dermatosclerosis]] [[Henoch schonlein purpura]][[lupus]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Allergic granulomatosis]], [[CD59|Cd59 antigen deficiency]], [[Cold agglutinins]], [[dermatosclerosis]], [[Henoch schonlein purpura]], [[microscopic polyangiitis]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]  
[[microscopic polyangiitis]] [[polyarteritis nodosa]]
   
   
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
| bgcolor="Beige" |  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Pelvic fracture]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Pelvic fracture]]  


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acute prostatitis]] [[beeturia]] [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]] [[Bladder cancer]] [[Tuberculosis overview|Bladder tuberculosis]] [[Dent's disease]] [[Foreign body|foreign body in urethra]] [[Hemorrhage|hemorrhage from bladder outlet]] [[Hemorrhage|hemorrhage from urethra]] [[hydronephrosis]] [[interstitial cystitis]] [[Loin pain hematuria syndrome]] [[Bladder cancer|malignancies of the bladder]] [[Meatal stenosis|Meatus stenosis]] [[megaureter]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute prostatitis]], [[beeturia]], [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[bladder cancer]], [[Tuberculosis overview|bladder tuberculosis]] [[Dent's disease]], [[Foreign body|foreign body in urethra]], [[Hemorrhage|hemorrhage from bladder outlet]], [[Hemorrhage|hemorrhage from urethra]] [[hydronephrosis]], [[interstitial cystitis]], [[Loin pain hematuria syndrome]], [[Bladder cancer|malignancies of the bladder]], [[Meatal stenosis|meatus stenosis]], [[megaureter]], [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[prostate adenocarcinoma|prostate adenoma]], [[prostate cancer]], [[Hyperplasia of the Prostate |prostate hyperplasia]], [[tuberculosis|prostate tuberculosis]], [[prostatectomy]], [[Post-radiation cystitis |radiation cystitis]], [[Carcinoma of urethra|urethra carcinoma]], [[Carbuncle|urethral carbuncle]], [[urethritis]], [[urinary stones]], [[urinary tract infection]], [[Urogential tuberculosis|urogential tuberculosis]], [[Bladder stone|urolithiasis]], [[urothelium carcinoma]]  
[[polycystic kidney disease]]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Dioctophyma renale]] [[exercise]] [[fistula]] [[foods]] [[Inflammation]] [[infundibulopelvic dysgenesis]] [[Injury]] [[masturbation]] [[myoglobinuria]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Dioctophyma renale]], [[exercise]], [[fistula]], [[Food|foods]], [[Inflammation]], [[infundibulopelvic dysgenesis]], [[Injury]], [[masturbation]] [[myoglobinuria]], [[toxins]], [[trauma]], [[tumor]], [[urethral catheterization]], [[urinary catheterization]]


|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order <ref name="pmid27261791">{{cite journal |vauthors=Avellino GJ, Bose S, Wang DS |title=Diagnosis and Management of Hematuria |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=503–15 |date=June 2016 |pmid=27261791 |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2016.02.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11554278">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sokolosky MC |title=Hematuria |journal=Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=621–32 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11554278 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27440856">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silverman JA, Patel K, Hotston M |title=Tuberculosis, a rare cause of haematuria |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2016 |issue= |pages= |date=July 2016 |pmid=27440856 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-216428 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21445110">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ogunjimi MA, Adetayo FO, Tijani KH, Jeje EA, Ogo CN, Osegbe DN |title=Gross haematuria among adult Nigerians: current trend |journal=Niger Postgrad Med J |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=30–3 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21445110 |doi= |url=}}</ref>===
{{columns-list|4|
{{columns-list|4|


*[[Acute cystitis]]  
*[[Acute cystitis]]  
*[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]
*[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]
*[[acute prostatitis]]  
*[[Acute prostatitis]]  
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[endocarditis]]
*[[Endocarditis]]
*[[Allergic granulomatosis]]
*[[Allergic granulomatosis]]
*[[Alport syndrome]]
*[[Alport syndrome]]
Line 193: Line 197:
*[[Bladder stone]]
*[[Bladder stone]]
*[[Tuberculosis overview|Bladder tuberculosis]]
*[[Tuberculosis overview|Bladder tuberculosis]]
*[[blood conditions]]
*[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
*[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
*[[Calyx Diverticulum |Calyx diverticulum]]
*[[Calyx Diverticulum |Calyx diverticulum]]
Line 207: Line 210:
*[[Crescentic glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Crescentic glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]  
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]  
*[[Cystitis, infective]]
*[[Cystitis]]
*[[Cystitis]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus overview|Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus overview|Cytomegalovirus]]
Line 216: Line 218:
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Diabetic glomerulosclerosis]]
*[[Diabetic glomerulosclerosis]]
*[[diabetic nephropathy]]
*[[Diabetic nephropathy]]
*[[Dicoumarol]]
*[[Dicoumarol]]
*[[Dioctophyma renale]]  
*[[Dioctophyma renale]]  
Line 224: Line 226:
*[[Exercise]]
*[[Exercise]]
*[[Fabry disease]]
*[[Fabry disease]]
*[[Factor lack]]
*[[Febuxostat]]
*[[Febuxostat]]
*[[Fibronectin glomerulopathy]]
*[[Glomerulopathy|Fibronectin glomerulopathy]]
*[[Filaria]]  
*[[Filaria]]  
*[[Fistula]]
*[[Fistula]]
*[[Focal glomerulotnephritis]]  
*[[Focal segmental glomerulonephritis|Focal glomerulotnephritis]]  
*[[Foods]]
*[[Food|Foods]]
*[[Foreign body|Foreign body in urethra]]
*[[Foreign body|Foreign body in urethra]]
*[[gardner-morrisson-abbot syndrome]]
*[[Gemcitabine]]
*[[Gemcitabine]]
*[[Glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Glomerulonephritis]]
Line 241: Line 241:
*[[Hemoglobinopathy]]
*[[Hemoglobinopathy]]
*[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
*[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
*[[hemophilia]]
*[[Hemophilia]]
*[[Hemorrhage|Hemorrhage from bladder outlet]]
*[[Hemorrhage|Hemorrhage from bladder outlet]]
*[[Hemorrhage|Hemorrhage from urethra]]
*[[Hemorrhage|Hemorrhage from urethra]]
Line 254: Line 254:
*[[Inflammation]]
*[[Inflammation]]
*[[Influenza]]  
*[[Influenza]]  
*[[infundibulopelvic dysgenesis]]
*[[dysgenesis|Infundibulopelvic dysgenesis]]
*[[Injury]]  
*[[Injury]]  
*[[Interstitial cystitis]]
*[[Interstitial cystitis]]
*[[Interstitial diseases]]
*[[Interstitial nephritis|Interstitial renal diseases]]
*[[amyloidosis|Kidney amyloidosis]]
*[[amyloidosis|Kidney amyloidosis]]
*[[Nephrolithiasis|Kidney stones]]
*[[Nephrolithiasis|Kidney stones]]
Line 263: Line 263:
*[[Legionella pneumophila]]
*[[Legionella pneumophila]]
*[[Loin pain hematuria syndrome]]
*[[Loin pain hematuria syndrome]]
*[[lupus]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Bladder cancer|Malignancies of the bladder]]
*[[Bladder cancer|Malignancies of the bladder]]
Line 272: Line 271:
*[[Medullary sponge kidney]]  
*[[Medullary sponge kidney]]  
*[[Megaureter]]
*[[Megaureter]]
*[[membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Glomerulonephritis |Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type iii]]
*[[Glomerulonephritis |Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type iii]]
*[[Metastases]]
*[[Metastases]]
Line 283: Line 282:
*[[Nail-patella syndrome]]  
*[[Nail-patella syndrome]]  
*[[Neoplasm]]  
*[[Neoplasm]]  
*[[nephritis]]  
*[[Nephritis]]  
*[[Nephrocalcinosis]]
*[[Nephrocalcinosis]]
*[[Kidney stone|Nephrolithiasis type 1]]
*[[Kidney stone|Nephrolithiasis type 1]]
*[[Nephrolithiasis type 2]]
*[[Dent's disease|Nephrolithiasis type 2]]
*[[Kidney stone|Nephrolithiasis]]  
*[[Kidney stone|Nephrolithiasis]]  
*[[Nutcracker syndrome]]  
*[[Nutcracker syndrome]]  
Line 303: Line 302:
*[[Porphyria]]
*[[Porphyria]]
*[[Postinfectious glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Postinfectious glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Postoperative spindle cell nodule of urinary bladder]]
*[[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Pramipexole]]
*[[Pramipexole]]
*[[Prostate adenocarcinoma|Prostate adenoma]]
*[[Prostate adenocarcinoma|Prostate adenoma]]
*[[Prostate cancer]]
*[[Prostate cancer]]
*[[Prostate carcinoma]]
*[[Hyperplasia of the Prostate |Prostate hyperplasia]]
*[[Hyperplasia of the Prostate |Prostate hyperplasia]]
*[[tuberculosis|Prostate tuberculosis]]
*[[tuberculosis|Prostate tuberculosis]]
*[[Prostatectomy]]
*[[Prostatectomy]]
*[[Prostatitis]]
*[[Prostatitis]]
*[[proteinuria]]  
*[[Proteinuria]]  
*[[Pseudomonas]]
*[[Pseudomonas]]
*[[Pyelonephritis, acute]]
*[[Pyelonephritis, acute]]
Line 329: Line 326:
*[[Metastases|Renal metastases]]
*[[Metastases|Renal metastases]]
*[[Renal oncocytoma]]
*[[Renal oncocytoma]]
*[[Renal pelvis carcinoma]]
*[[Transitional cell carcinoma|Renal pelvis carcinoma]]
*[[Renal stones]]
*[[Renal stones]]
*[[trauma|Renal trauma]]  
*[[trauma|Renal trauma]]  
*[[Renal tuberculosis]]
*[[Renal tuberculosis]]
*[[Renal vein infarct]]
*[[Renal vein thrombosis]]
*[[Renal vein thrombosis]]
*[[Salmonella]]
*[[Salmonella]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Schistosoma]]
*[[Schistosoma]]
*[[schistosomiasis]]
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
*[[Henoch schonlein purpura|Schonlein-henoch's disease]]
*[[Henoch schonlein purpura|Schonlein-henoch's disease]]
*[[Shock]]
*[[Shock]]
Line 344: Line 340:
*[[Sickle cell anemia]]
*[[Sickle cell anemia]]
*[[Sickle cell disease]]
*[[Sickle cell disease]]
*[[Sickle cell trait or disease]]
*[[Medullary sponge kidney|Sponge kidney]]  
*[[Medullary sponge kidney|Sponge kidney]]  
*[[Staphylococci]]
*[[Staphylococci]]
*[[stones]]
*[[Streptococci]]
*[[Streptococci]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Thalassemia]]
*[[Thalassemia]]
*[[Thin basement membrane disease]]
*[[Thin basement membrane disease]]
*[[Thrombocytopathies]]
*[[Platelet|Thrombocytopathies]]
*[[Thrombocytopenia]]
*[[Thrombocytopenia]]
*[[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
*[[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
*[[Tiaprofenic acid]]
*[[Tiaprofenic acid]]
*[[torulopsis]]
*[[Torulopsis]]
*[[Toxins]]
*[[Toxins]]
*[[Toxoplasma]]
*[[Toxoplasma]]
Line 375: Line 369:
*[[Posterior urethral valves|Urethral valves]]  
*[[Posterior urethral valves|Urethral valves]]  
*[[Urethritis]]
*[[Urethritis]]
*[[Urethrolithiasis]]
*[[Kidney stones |Ureterolithiasis]]
*[[Urinary catheterization]]
*[[Urinary catheterization]]
*[[urinary stones]]
*[[urinary stones]]
*[[urinary tract infections]]
*[[urinary tract infections]]
*[[Urogential tuberculosis]]
*[[Urogential tuberculosis|Urogential tuberculosis]]
*[[Bladder stone|Urolithiasis]]  
*[[Bladder stone|Urolithiasis]]  
*[[Urothelium carcinoma]]  
*[[Urothelium carcinoma]]  
Line 391: Line 385:
}}
}}


== Causes of Microscopic Hematuria ==
=== Causes by Anatomic Location ===
<figure-inline class="mw-default-size"><figure-inline><figure-inline><figure-inline><figure-inline><figure-inline>[[Image:Microscopic hematuria.jpg|1182x1182px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline>
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Blood tests]]
[[Category:Urine tests]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Urologic Disease]]
[[Category:Urologic Disease]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 15:01, 21 July 2021

Hematuria Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Definition

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Hematuria from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Interventions

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Hematuria causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hematuria causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Hematuria causes

CDC on Hematuria causes

Hematuria causes in the news

Blogs on Hematuria causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Hematuria

Risk calculators and risk factors for Hematuria causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D. Kiran Singh, M.D. [2] Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Causes of hematuria can range from benign conditions such as urinary tract infection to serious conditions such as bladder cancer.[1] Extrarenal site is responsible for more than 60% of cases of hematuria. Of these, the most important underlying disease is malignancy. In the primary care population, about 5% of patients with microscopic hematuria will have a urinary tract malignancy, mainly of the bladder or prostate. The most common nonmalignant causes of extrarenal hematuria are infections, such as cystitis, prostatitis, and urethritis.Regarding renal causes of microscopic hematuria, the most common cause of isolated glomerular hematuria (without significant proteinuria) is IgA nephropathy, followed by thin basement membrane disease, hereditary nephritis (Alport syndrome), and mild focal glomerulonephritis of other causes.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Children[2] Age <50 years[3] Age >50 years[3]

Causes by Organ System [4] [5] [6]

Cardiovascular Arteriosclerosis, arteriovenous malformations, endocarditis, cholesterol embolism, heart failure, hypertension, malignant hypertension, shock
Chemical / poisoning
Dermatologic Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis, lupus, Osler's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, urethral carbuncle
Drug Side Effect Artemether and lumefantrin, beractant, BCG vaccine, bicalutamide, caspofungin acetate, cefpodoxime, cobimetinib, cyclophosphamide,dicoumarol, ethacrynic acid, febuxostat, felbamate, flurbiprofen, gemcitabine, goserelin, hexaminolevulinate, Ibrutinib, Indinavir, Ifosfamide, Ioxilan, leuprolide, methenamine, micafungin, mitotane, olsalazine, Oxcarbazepine, Oxaprozin penicillamine, phenprocoumon, Pramipexole, probenecid, sodium aurothiomalate, sulfasalazine, tiagabine, tolmetin, tiaprofenic acid, warfarin
Ear Nose Throat Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis, mononucleosis, Osler's disease
Endocrine Diabetes mellitus, diabetic glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, porphyria
Environmental
Gastroenterologic Hepatitis B, porphyria
Genetic Alport syndrome, Berger's disease, Fabry disease, Dent's disease, hemoglobinopathy, hemophilia, IgA nephropathy nail-patella syndrome, Nephrolithiasis type 2Osler's disease, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, polycystic kidney disease, thalassemia,renal arteriovenous malformation, thalassemia
Hematologic Cold agglutinins, March haemoglobinuria, hemoglobinopathy, hemophilia, hemolytic uremic syndrome, Henoch schonlein purpura, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis, multiple myeloma, paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, polycythemia vera, porphyria, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, thrombocytopeniathrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Iatrogenic
Infectious Disease Acute cystitis, acute interstitial nephritis, acute prostatitis, adenovirus, bilharziosis, bladder tuberculosis, chronic cystitis, cystitis, cytomegalovirus, dengue, Dent's disease, E.coli, ECHO viruses endocarditis, filaria, hepatitis B, Influenza, legionella infection, legionella pneumophila, malaria, micafungin mononucleosis, mycoplasma, nephritis, postinfectious glomerulonephritis, prostate tuberculosis, prostatitis pyelonephritis, radiation cystitis, renal tuberculosis, salmonellaschistosomiasis, toxoplasma, trichinella spiralis, tuberculosis, urethritis, vasculitis, pseudomonas, renal tuberculosis, salmonella, schistosomiasis, torulopsis, toxoplasma, trichinella spiralis, tuberculosis, ureter tuberculosis, urethritis, urinary tract infection. urogential tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Pelvic fracture
Neurologic Arteriosclerosis, arteriovenous malformations, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis, Osler's disease
Nutritional / Metabolic Diabetes mellitus Fabry disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic Endometriosis
Oncologic Angiomyolipoma, bladder cancer, hypernephroma, multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera, prostate adenoma, prostate cancer, renal adenocarcinoma, renal angiomyolipoma, renal arteriovenous malformation, renal pelvis carcinoma, ureter carcinoma, urethra carcinoma, urothelium carcinoma, Wilms' tumor
Opthalmologic
Overdose / Toxicity
Psychiatric
Pulmonary Allergic granulomatosis, sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Renal / Electrolyte Acute cystitis, acute interstitial nephritis Alport syndrome, analgesic nephropathy, Balkan nephropathy, beeturia benign familial hematuria, Berger's disease, calyx diverticulum, cholesterol embolism, chronic cystitis, crescentic glomerulonephritis, cystitis, dense deposit disease, Dent's disease, diabetic glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, focal glomerulotnephritis, glomerulonephritis, fibronectin glomerulopathy, hemolytic uremic syndrome, Henoch schonlein purpura, hydronephrosis hypernephroma, IgA nephropathy, Interstitial cystitis, kidney amyloidosis, Loin pain hematuria syndrome,lupus, medullary sponge kidney, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type iii nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, nutcracker syndrome, papillary necrosis, polycystic kidney disease, postinfectious glomerulonephritis, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, proteinuria, pyelonephritis, radiation nephropathy, renal adenocarcinoma, renal angiomyolipoma, renal artery aneurysm, renal cell carcinoma, renal cyst, renal hyperplasia, renal infarct, renal metastases, renal oncocytoma, renal oncocytoma, renal pelvis carcinoma, renal trauma, renal tuberculosis, renal vein infarct, renal vein thrombosis, shunt nephritis, sponge kidney, systemic lupus erythematosus, thin basement membrane disease, tubulointerstitial nephropathies, urate nephropathy,ureter carcinoma, ureter tuberculosis, urinary tract infection, vesico-ureteral-renal reflux, Wegener's granulomatosis, Wilms' tumor
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Allergic granulomatosis, Cd59 antigen deficiency, Cold agglutinins, dermatosclerosis, Henoch schonlein purpura, microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual
Trauma Pelvic fracture
Urologic Acute prostatitis, beeturia, benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder cancer, bladder tuberculosis Dent's disease, foreign body in urethra, hemorrhage from bladder outlet, hemorrhage from urethra hydronephrosis, interstitial cystitis, Loin pain hematuria syndrome, malignancies of the bladder, meatus stenosis, megaureter, polycystic kidney disease, prostate adenoma, prostate cancer, prostate hyperplasia, prostate tuberculosis, prostatectomy, radiation cystitis, urethra carcinoma, urethral carbuncle, urethritis, urinary stones, urinary tract infection, urogential tuberculosis, urolithiasis, urothelium carcinoma
Miscellaneous Dioctophyma renale, exercise, fistula, foods, Inflammation, infundibulopelvic dysgenesis, Injury, masturbation myoglobinuria, toxins, trauma, tumor, urethral catheterization, urinary catheterization

Causes in Alphabetical Order [7][8][9][10]

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
4

Causes of Microscopic Hematuria

Causes by Anatomic Location

<figure-inline class="mw-default-size"><figure-inline><figure-inline><figure-inline><figure-inline><figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline>

References

  1. ↑ Rew, Karl (2010). Primary care urology. Philadelphia, Pa. London: Saunders. ISBN 978-1437724899.
  2. ↑ Amin, Nimisha; Zaritsky, Joshua J. (2011). "Hematuria": 258–261. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-05405-8.00069-3.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "www.surgeryjournal.co.uk".
  4. ↑ Varma PP, Sengupta P, Nair RK (June 2014). "Post exertional hematuria". Ren Fail. 36 (5): 701–3. doi:10.3109/0886022X.2014.890011. PMID 24865509.
  5. ↑ Fiore DC, Fox CL (January 2014). "Urology and nephrology update: proteinuria and hematuria". FP Essent. 416: 11–21. PMID 24432706.
  6. ↑ Hotta M (July 2014). "[Diagnosis of hematuria from red blood cells in urinary sediment]". Rinsho Byori (in Japanese). 62 (7): 674–83. PMID 25669037.
  7. ↑ Avellino GJ, Bose S, Wang DS (June 2016). "Diagnosis and Management of Hematuria". Surg. Clin. North Am. 96 (3): 503–15. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2016.02.007. PMID 27261791.
  8. ↑ Sokolosky MC (August 2001). "Hematuria". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 19 (3): 621–32. PMID 11554278.
  9. ↑ Silverman JA, Patel K, Hotston M (July 2016). "Tuberculosis, a rare cause of haematuria". BMJ Case Rep. 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-216428. PMID 27440856.
  10. ↑ Ogunjimi MA, Adetayo FO, Tijani KH, Jeje EA, Ogo CN, Osegbe DN (March 2011). "Gross haematuria among adult Nigerians: current trend". Niger Postgrad Med J. 18 (1): 30–3. PMID 21445110.

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Hematuria_causes&oldid=1707979"