Toxic shock syndrome history and symptoms: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(14 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
 
{{Toxic shock syndrome}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{MIR}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{MIR}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
A positive [[History and Physical examination|history]] of tampon usage is suggestive of [[Staphylococcus|staphylococcal]] [[toxic shock syndrome]](TSS) and a positive history of recent [[Extremities|extremity]] trauma is suggestive of [[Streptococcus|Streptococcal]] TSS (the most common causes of disease). The most common symptoms of TSS include fever, [[erythroderma]], and general viral infection symptoms like [[myalgia]].
A positive [[History and Physical examination|history]] of tampon usage is suggestive of [[Staphylococcus|staphylococcal]] [[toxic shock syndrome]](TSS) and a positive history of recent [[Extremities|extremity]] trauma is suggestive of [[Streptococcus|Streptococcal]] TSS (the most common causes of disease). The most common symptoms of TSS include fever, [[erythroderma]], and general viral infection symptoms like [[myalgia]]. Less common symptom of TSS include [[desquamation]] (which occur after 1-3 weeks of disease onset).
 
Less common symptom of TSS include [[desquamation]] (which occur after 1-3 weeks of disease onset).


==History==
==History==
Line 15: Line 13:
*Recent [[trauma]] history
*Recent [[trauma]] history
*Generalized associated [[Symptom|symptoms]] like [[Myalgia|myalgias]] and [[weakness]]
*Generalized associated [[Symptom|symptoms]] like [[Myalgia|myalgias]] and [[weakness]]
*Flu like history
*Recent history of [[surgery]]
*Recent [[surgery]] history
 
==General symptoms==
==General symptoms==
These [[symptoms]] are common and can be found in all different causes of [[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]]. These are usually related to the [[shock]] itself and the [[hypersensitivity]] reaction which is related to bacterial [[antigen]]:
These [[symptoms]] are common and can be found in all different causes of [[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]]. These are usually related to the [[shock]] itself and the [[hypersensitivity]] reaction which is related to bacterial [[antigen]]:


=== Common Symptoms ===
=== Common Symptoms ===
*[[fever]]
*[[Fever]]
*Non-specific signs:
*Non-specific signs:
**[[chills]]
**[[Chills]]
**[[malaise]]
**[[Malaise]]
**[[Sore Throat|Sore throat]]
**[[Sore Throat|Sore throat]]
**[[fatigue]]
**[[Fatigue]]
**[[Myalgia|Myalgias]]
**[[Myalgia|Myalgias]]
**[[headache]]
**[[Headache]]
**[[abdominal pain]], severe watery [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]]
**[[Abdominal pain]], severe watery [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]]
**[[dizziness]] or [[syncope]]
**[[Dizziness]] or [[syncope]]
*Diffuse [[erythroderma]]
*Diffuse [[erythroderma]]
*[[edema]] of the extremities
*[[Edema]] of the extremities
*[[Shortness of breath]] and [[orthopnea]] (as a result of pulmonary edema and pleural effusion secondary to the sock complication)
*[[Headaches]] (as a result of [[diarrhea]] and [[renal failure]])


=== Less common symptoms ===
=== Less common symptoms ===
*[[desquamation]] of [[Palms of the hands|palms]] and [[Sole (foot)|soles]] which particularly begins 1-3 weeks after disease beginning<ref name="urlTintinallis Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 8th edition - Judith Tintinalli, J. Stapczynski, O. John Ma, David M. Cline, Garth Meckler - Google Books">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNKLCgAAQBAJ&q=It%27s+main+characteristics+involve+diffuse,+red,+macular+rash+resembling+sunburn+that+can+also+involve+the+palms+and+soles.&dq=It%27s+main+characteristics+involve+diffuse,+red,+macular+rash+resembling+sunburn+that+can+also+involve+the+palms+and+soles.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlq-LXoODTAhVF7CYKHQ3aDkoQ6AEIJzAA |title=Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 8th edition - Judith Tintinalli, J. Stapczynski, O. John Ma, David M. Cline, Garth Meckler - Google Books |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>  
*[[Desquamation]] of [[Palms of the hands|palms]] and [[Sole (foot)|soles]] which particularly begins 1-3 weeks after disease beginning<ref name="urlTintinallis Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 8th edition - Judith Tintinalli, J. Stapczynski, O. John Ma, David M. Cline, Garth Meckler - Google Books">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNKLCgAAQBAJ&q=It%27s+main+characteristics+involve+diffuse,+red,+macular+rash+resembling+sunburn+that+can+also+involve+the+palms+and+soles.&dq=It%27s+main+characteristics+involve+diffuse,+red,+macular+rash+resembling+sunburn+that+can+also+involve+the+palms+and+soles.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlq-LXoODTAhVF7CYKHQ3aDkoQ6AEIJzAA |title=Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 8th edition - Judith Tintinalli, J. Stapczynski, O. John Ma, David M. Cline, Garth Meckler - Google Books |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>  
*[[Confusion]] or [[agitation]] (as a result of [[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]] complications e.g. [[encephalopathy]])<ref name="pmid2928649">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olson RD, Stevens DL, Melish ME |title=Direct effects of purified staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 on myocardial function of isolated rabbit atria |journal=Rev. Infect. Dis. |volume=11 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S313–5 |year=1989 |pmid=2928649 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Neuropsychologic symptoms:
**[[Confusion]]
**[[Agitation]]
**[[Memory loss]]
**[[Disorientation]]
**Poor [[concentration]] (as a result of [[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]] complications e.g. [[encephalopathy]])<ref name="pmid2928649">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olson RD, Stevens DL, Melish ME |title=Direct effects of purified staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 on myocardial function of isolated rabbit atria |journal=Rev. Infect. Dis. |volume=11 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S313–5 |year=1989 |pmid=2928649 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**[[Somnolence]]
**[[Irritability]]
**[[Agitation]]
**[[Hallucination|Hallucinations]]
*[[Stupor]] or [[coma]] <ref name="pmid7091958">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosene KA, Copass MK, Kastner LS, Nolan CM, Eschenbach DA |title=Persistent neuropsychological sequelae of toxic shock syndrome |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=96 |issue=6 Pt 2 |pages=865–70 |year=1982 |pmid=7091958 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Stupor]] or [[coma]] <ref name="pmid7091958">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosene KA, Copass MK, Kastner LS, Nolan CM, Eschenbach DA |title=Persistent neuropsychological sequelae of toxic shock syndrome |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=96 |issue=6 Pt 2 |pages=865–70 |year=1982 |pmid=7091958 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Dyspnea]] (as a result of [[pulmonary edema]] and [[pleural effusion]])
*[[Dyspnea]] (as a result of [[pulmonary edema]] and [[pleural effusion]])
*[[Muscle cramps]] (as a result of [[metabolic disorders]] due to [[renal]] failure)<ref name="pmid7282746">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chesney RW, Chesney PJ, Davis JP, Segar WE |title=Renal manifestations of the staphylococcal toxic-shock syndrome |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=583–8 |year=1981 |pmid=7282746 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Muscle cramps]] (as a result of [[metabolic disorders]] due to [[renal failure]])<ref name="pmid7282746">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chesney RW, Chesney PJ, Davis JP, Segar WE |title=Renal manifestations of the staphylococcal toxic-shock syndrome |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=583–8 |year=1981 |pmid=7282746 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
==Specific associated History and symptoms==
==Specific history and symptoms==


=== Staphylococcal TSS ===
=== Staphylococcal TSS ===
Line 48: Line 57:
* History of [[Skin lesions|cutaneous lesion]], specially with local [[blunt trauma]] injury and [[Penetrating wound|penetrating tissue]] trauma<ref name="pmid2659990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, Swarts R, Ries KM, Schlievert PM, Kaplan E |title=Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=321 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |year=1989 |pmid=2659990 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198907063210101 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3890787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adams EM, Gudmundsson S, Yocum DE, Haselby RC, Craig WA, Sundstrom WR |title=Streptococcal myositis |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=145 |issue=6 |pages=1020–3 |year=1985 |pmid=3890787 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* History of [[Skin lesions|cutaneous lesion]], specially with local [[blunt trauma]] injury and [[Penetrating wound|penetrating tissue]] trauma<ref name="pmid2659990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, Swarts R, Ries KM, Schlievert PM, Kaplan E |title=Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=321 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |year=1989 |pmid=2659990 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198907063210101 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3890787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adams EM, Gudmundsson S, Yocum DE, Haselby RC, Craig WA, Sundstrom WR |title=Streptococcal myositis |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=145 |issue=6 |pages=1020–3 |year=1985 |pmid=3890787 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


* [[Cyanosis]] and bullae in [[extremities]] with a history of trauma<ref name="pmid17697787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nuwayhid ZB, Aronoff DM, Mulla ZD |title=Blunt trauma as a risk factor for group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis |journal=Ann Epidemiol |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=878–81 |year=2007 |pmid=17697787 |pmc=4029051 |doi=10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.05.011 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Cyanosis]]
* Bullae in [[extremities]] with a history of trauma<ref name="pmid17697787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nuwayhid ZB, Aronoff DM, Mulla ZD |title=Blunt trauma as a risk factor for group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis |journal=Ann Epidemiol |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=878–81 |year=2007 |pmid=17697787 |pmc=4029051 |doi=10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.05.011 |url=}}</ref>


=== Clostridium sordellii TSS ===
=== Clostridium sordellii TSS ===
* Flu like symptoms and a history of [[pneumonia]]<ref name="pmid17083018">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aldape MJ, Bryant AE, Stevens DL |title=Clostridium sordellii infection: epidemiology, clinical findings, and current perspectives on diagnosis and treatment |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=43 |issue=11 |pages=1436–46 |year=2006 |pmid=17083018 |doi=10.1086/508866 |url=}}</ref>
* Flu like symptoms
* History of surgery and [[surgical site infection]]<ref name="pmid17577829">{{cite journal |vauthors=Foroulis CN, Gerogianni I, Kouritas VK, Karestsi E, Klapsa D, Gourgoulianis K, Petinaki E |title=Direct detection of Clostridium sordellii in pleural fluid of a patient with pneumonic empyema by a broad-range 16S rRNA PCR |journal=Scand. J. Infect. Dis. |volume=39 |issue=6-7 |pages=617–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17577829 |doi=10.1080/00365540601105798 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1457666">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spera RV, Kaplan MH, Allen SL |title=Clostridium sordellii bacteremia: case report and review |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=950–4 |year=1992 |pmid=1457666 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* History of [[pneumonia]]<ref name="pmid17083018">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aldape MJ, Bryant AE, Stevens DL |title=Clostridium sordellii infection: epidemiology, clinical findings, and current perspectives on diagnosis and treatment |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=43 |issue=11 |pages=1436–46 |year=2006 |pmid=17083018 |doi=10.1086/508866 |url=}}</ref>
* History of surgery
* [[Surgical site infection]]<ref name="pmid17577829">{{cite journal |vauthors=Foroulis CN, Gerogianni I, Kouritas VK, Karestsi E, Klapsa D, Gourgoulianis K, Petinaki E |title=Direct detection of Clostridium sordellii in pleural fluid of a patient with pneumonic empyema by a broad-range 16S rRNA PCR |journal=Scand. J. Infect. Dis. |volume=39 |issue=6-7 |pages=617–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17577829 |doi=10.1080/00365540601105798 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1457666">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spera RV, Kaplan MH, Allen SL |title=Clostridium sordellii bacteremia: case report and review |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=950–4 |year=1992 |pmid=1457666 |doi= |url=}}</ref>




TSS different causes and their symptoms
===Various Causes of TSS and their Symptoms===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |
!type
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Type
!symptoms
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Symptoms
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Staphylococcus|Staphylococcal]] [[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]]
| rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|[[Staphylococcus|Staphylococcal]] [[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]]
|menstural
|Menstural
 
| rowspan="2" |[[Skin Changes|Skin manifestations]]: [[Erythroderma]]


| rowspan="2" |[[Skin Changes|Skin manifestations]]: [[erythroderma]]
Conjunctival-scleral hemorrhage


Conjunctival-scleral hemorrhage and hyperemia of the vaginal and oropharyngeal mucosa
Hyperemia of the vaginal
 
Hyperemia of oropharyngeal mucosa
|-
|-
|non-menstural
|Non-menstural
|-
|-
|[[Streptococcus|Streptococcal]] [[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]]
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|[[Streptococcus|Streptococcal]] [[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]]
|[[Necrotizing Fasciitis|GAS-related NF]]
|[[Necrotizing Fasciitis|GAS-related NF]]
|skin and [[Skin lesions|cutaneous lesion]]<nowiki/>s:
|
* [[Necrotizing Fasciitis|necrotizing fasciitis]] (NF)
* Skin and [[Skin lesions|cutaneous lesion]]<nowiki/>s:
* [[Edema|tense edema]] and bluish bullae with disease progression
** [[Necrotizing Fasciitis|Necrotizing fasciitis]] (NF)
General Shock Signs: [[fever]], [[hypotension]], [[chills]], [[malaise]], [[Sore Throat|sore throat]], [[fatigue]], [[Myalgia|myalgias]], [[headache]], [[abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]] and [[Orthostatic hypotension|orthostatic]] [[hypotension]] with [[dizziness]] or [[syncope]]  
** [[Edema|Tense edema]]
** Bluish bullae with disease progression
 
* General Shock Signs:  
** [[Fever]]
** [[Hypotension]]
** [[Chills]]
** [[Malaise]]
** [[Sore Throat|Sore throat]]
** [[Fatigue]]
** [[Myalgia|Myalgias]]
** [[Headache]]
** [[Abdominal pain]]
** [[Diarrhea]]
** [[Vomiting]]
** [[Orthostatic hypotension|Orthostatic]] [[hypotension]]
** [[Dizziness]] or [[syncope]]
|-
|-
|[[Clostridium|Clostridium sordellii]] [[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]]
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|[[Clostridium|Clostridium sordellii]] [[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]]
| -
| -
|nonspecific primary symptoms that may be misdiagnosed with [[viral infections]] like [[flu]] ([[Nausea and vomiting|nausea]], [[Nausea and vomiting|vomiting]], [[lethargy]], [[influenza-like symptoms]], and [[abdominal tenderness]])
|
* Nonspecific primary symptoms that may be misdiagnosed with [[viral infections]] like [[flu]]:
** [[Nausea and vomiting|Nausea]]
** [[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]]
** [[Lethargy]]
** [[Influenza-like symptoms]]
** [[Abdominal tenderness]])


[[skin infection]], [[bacteremia]], and organ specific infections such as [[pneumonia]], [[empyema]], [[endocarditis]], [[septic arthritis]], and [[surgical site infection]]
* [[Skin infection]], [[bacteremia]], and organ specific infections:
** [[Pneumonia]]
** [[Empyema]]
** [[Endocarditis]]
** [[Septic arthritis]]
** [[Surgical site infection]]
|}
|}


Line 92: Line 135:
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Syndromes]]
[[Category:Syndromes]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Latest revision as of 00:27, 30 July 2020

Toxic shock syndrome Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Toxic Shock Syndrome from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

X Ray

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Toxic shock syndrome history and symptoms On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Toxic shock syndrome history and symptoms

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Toxic shock syndrome history and symptoms

CDC on Toxic shock syndrome history and symptoms

Toxic shock syndrome history and symptoms in the news

Blogs on Toxic shock syndrome history and symptoms

Directions to Hospitals Treating Toxic shock syndrome

Risk calculators and risk factors for Toxic shock syndrome history and symptoms

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]

Overview

A positive history of tampon usage is suggestive of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome(TSS) and a positive history of recent extremity trauma is suggestive of Streptococcal TSS (the most common causes of disease). The most common symptoms of TSS include fever, erythroderma, and general viral infection symptoms like myalgia. Less common symptom of TSS include desquamation (which occur after 1-3 weeks of disease onset).

History

It is necessary to obtain a detailed and thorough history from the patient to diagnose the type of TSS and determine its severeness. It provides insight into cause, precipitating factors and associated comorbid conditions. Complete history will help determine the correct therapy and helps in determining the prognosis. TSS patients may be disoriented due to encephalopathy complication therefore the patient interview may be difficult. In such cases history from the care givers or the family members may need to be obtained. Specific histories about the symptoms (duration, onset, progression), associated symptoms, and past medical history have to be obtained.

Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include:

General symptoms

These symptoms are common and can be found in all different causes of TSS. These are usually related to the shock itself and the hypersensitivity reaction which is related to bacterial antigen:

Common Symptoms

Less common symptoms

Specific history and symptoms

Staphylococcal TSS

  • Tampon usage

Streptococcal TSS

Clostridium sordellii TSS


Various Causes of TSS and their Symptoms

Type Symptoms
Staphylococcal TSS Menstural Skin manifestations: Erythroderma

Conjunctival-scleral hemorrhage

Hyperemia of the vaginal

Hyperemia of oropharyngeal mucosa

Non-menstural
Streptococcal TSS GAS-related NF
Clostridium sordellii TSS -

References

  1. ↑ Wharton M, Chorba TL, Vogt RL, Morse DL, Buehler JW (1990). "Case definitions for public health surveillance". MMWR Recomm Rep. 39 (RR-13): 1–43. PMID 2122225.
  2. ↑ "Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 8th edition - Judith Tintinalli, J. Stapczynski, O. John Ma, David M. Cline, Garth Meckler - Google Books".
  3. ↑ Olson RD, Stevens DL, Melish ME (1989). "Direct effects of purified staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 on myocardial function of isolated rabbit atria". Rev. Infect. Dis. 11 Suppl 1: S313–5. PMID 2928649.
  4. ↑ Rosene KA, Copass MK, Kastner LS, Nolan CM, Eschenbach DA (1982). "Persistent neuropsychological sequelae of toxic shock syndrome". Ann. Intern. Med. 96 (6 Pt 2): 865–70. PMID 7091958.
  5. ↑ Chesney RW, Chesney PJ, Davis JP, Segar WE (1981). "Renal manifestations of the staphylococcal toxic-shock syndrome". Am. J. Med. 71 (4): 583–8. PMID 7282746.
  6. ↑ Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, Swarts R, Ries KM, Schlievert PM, Kaplan E (1989). "Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A". N. Engl. J. Med. 321 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM198907063210101. PMID 2659990.
  7. ↑ Adams EM, Gudmundsson S, Yocum DE, Haselby RC, Craig WA, Sundstrom WR (1985). "Streptococcal myositis". Arch. Intern. Med. 145 (6): 1020–3. PMID 3890787.
  8. ↑ Nuwayhid ZB, Aronoff DM, Mulla ZD (2007). "Blunt trauma as a risk factor for group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis". Ann Epidemiol. 17 (11): 878–81. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.05.011. PMC 4029051. PMID 17697787.
  9. ↑ Aldape MJ, Bryant AE, Stevens DL (2006). "Clostridium sordellii infection: epidemiology, clinical findings, and current perspectives on diagnosis and treatment". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (11): 1436–46. doi:10.1086/508866. PMID 17083018.
  10. ↑ Foroulis CN, Gerogianni I, Kouritas VK, Karestsi E, Klapsa D, Gourgoulianis K, Petinaki E (2007). "Direct detection of Clostridium sordellii in pleural fluid of a patient with pneumonic empyema by a broad-range 16S rRNA PCR". Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 39 (6–7): 617–9. doi:10.1080/00365540601105798. PMID 17577829.
  11. ↑ Spera RV, Kaplan MH, Allen SL (1992). "Clostridium sordellii bacteremia: case report and review". Clin. Infect. Dis. 15 (6): 950–4. PMID 1457666.


Template:WikiDoc Sources

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Toxic_shock_syndrome_history_and_symptoms&oldid=1643962"