Mastoiditis causes: Difference between revisions

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{{Mastoiditis}}
{{Mastoiditis}}


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==Overview==
==Overview==
The most common bacteria that cause acute mastoiditis are [[Streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[Streptococcus pyogenes]], and [[Staphylococcus aureus]]<ref name="pmid183046562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Geva A, Oestreicher-Kedem Y, Fishman G, Landsberg R, DeRowe A |title=Conservative management of acute mastoiditis in children |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=629–34 |year=2008 |pmid=18304656 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.01.013 |url=}}</ref>. [[Staphylococci]], [[Pseudomonas]] species and polymicrobials present predominantly seen in non-acute [[mastoiditis]]. [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]] may be find in children with acute [[mastoiditis]] as a consequence of recurrent [[acute otitis media]] and antibiotic use<ref name="pmid225786472">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chien JH, Chen YS, Hung IF, Hsieh KS, Wu KS, Cheng MF |title=Mastoiditis diagnosed by clinical symptoms and imaging studies in children: disease spectrum and evolving diagnostic challenges |journal=J Microbiol Immunol Infect |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=377–81 |year=2012 |pmid=22578647 |doi=10.1016/j.jmii.2011.12.008 |url=}}</ref>
Mastoiditis results from [[middle ear infection]]. The most common bacteria that cause acute mastoiditis are [[Streptococcus pneumoniae|''Streptococcus pneumoniae'']], [[Streptococcus pyogenes|''Streptococcus pyogenes'']], and [[Staphylococcus aureus|''Staphylococcus aureus'']].<ref name="pmid183046562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Geva A, Oestreicher-Kedem Y, Fishman G, Landsberg R, DeRowe A |title=Conservative management of acute mastoiditis in children |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=629–34 |year=2008 |pmid=18304656 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.01.013 |url=}}</ref> [[Staphylococci|''Staphylococci'']], [[Pseudomonas|''Pseudomonas'']] species, and polymicrobials are predominantly seen in non-acute [[mastoiditis]]. [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'']] may be found in children with acute [[mastoiditis]] as a consequence of recurrent [[acute otitis media]] and antibiotic use.<ref name="pmid225786472">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chien JH, Chen YS, Hung IF, Hsieh KS, Wu KS, Cheng MF |title=Mastoiditis diagnosed by clinical symptoms and imaging studies in children: disease spectrum and evolving diagnostic challenges |journal=J Microbiol Immunol Infect |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=377–81 |year=2012 |pmid=22578647 |doi=10.1016/j.jmii.2011.12.008 |url=}}</ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==
=== Life-threatening causes ===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of mastoiditis, though complications resulting from untreated mastoiditis are common.
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
Mastoiditis is caused by untreated acute otitis media (middle ear infection).Therefore the bacterial pathogens that cause mastoiditis are similar to the pathogens that causing infectious otitis media. Most common causes are <ref name="pmid18304656">{{cite journal |vauthors=Geva A, Oestreicher-Kedem Y, Fishman G, Landsberg R, DeRowe A |title=Conservative management of acute mastoiditis in children |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=629–34 |year=2008 |pmid=18304656 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.01.013 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22578647">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chien JH, Chen YS, Hung IF, Hsieh KS, Wu KS, Cheng MF |title=Mastoiditis diagnosed by clinical symptoms and imaging studies in children: disease spectrum and evolving diagnostic challenges |journal=J Microbiol Immunol Infect |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=377–81 |year=2012 |pmid=22578647 |doi=10.1016/j.jmii.2011.12.008 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22832239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Groth A, Enoksson F, Hultcrantz M, Stalfors J, Stenfeldt K, Hermansson A |title=Acute mastoiditis in children aged 0-16 years--a national study of 678 cases in Sweden comparing different age groups |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=76 |issue=10 |pages=1494–500 |year=2012 |pmid=22832239 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.002 |url=}}</ref>
Mastoiditis is caused by untreated [[acute otitis media]] ([[middle ear]] infection). Accordingly, the [[bacterial]] pathogens that cause mastoiditis are similar to the pathogens that cause infectious [[otitis media]]. The most common causes are:<ref name="pmid18304656">{{cite journal |vauthors=Geva A, Oestreicher-Kedem Y, Fishman G, Landsberg R, DeRowe A |title=Conservative management of acute mastoiditis in children |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=629–34 |year=2008 |pmid=18304656 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.01.013 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22578647">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chien JH, Chen YS, Hung IF, Hsieh KS, Wu KS, Cheng MF |title=Mastoiditis diagnosed by clinical symptoms and imaging studies in children: disease spectrum and evolving diagnostic challenges |journal=J Microbiol Immunol Infect |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=377–81 |year=2012 |pmid=22578647 |doi=10.1016/j.jmii.2011.12.008 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22832239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Groth A, Enoksson F, Hultcrantz M, Stalfors J, Stenfeldt K, Hermansson A |title=Acute mastoiditis in children aged 0-16 years--a national study of 678 cases in Sweden comparing different age groups |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=76 |issue=10 |pages=1494–500 |year=2012 |pmid=22832239 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.002 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Streptococcus pneumoniae|Streptococcus pneumonia]],
* [[Streptococcus pneumoniae|''Streptococcus pneumonia'']]
* [[Streptococcus pyogenes]],
* [[Streptococcus pyogenes|''Streptococcus pyogenes'']]
* [[Staphylococcus aureus]] (including [[Methicillin-resistant S. aureus|methicillin-resistant S. aureus]]),
* [[Staphylococcus aureus|''Staphylococcus aureus'']] (including [[Methicillin-resistant S. aureus|methicillin-resistant ''S. aureus'']])


* [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
* [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'']]


=== Rare causes ===
=== Rare causes ===


==== Bacterial ====
==== Bacterial ====
* [[Haemophilus influenzae]] is rare in [[mastoiditis]] of childhood despite being the second most frequent cause of [[acute otitis media]]<ref name="pmid17493691">{{cite journal |vauthors=Benito MB, Gorricho BP |title=Acute mastoiditis: increase in the incidence and complications |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=1007–11 |year=2007 |pmid=17493691 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.02.014 |url=}}</ref>.
* [[Haemophilus influenzae|''Haemophilus influenzae'']] is rare in [[mastoiditis]] during childhood despite being the second most frequent cause of [[acute otitis media]].<ref name="pmid17493691">{{cite journal |vauthors=Benito MB, Gorricho BP |title=Acute mastoiditis: increase in the incidence and complications |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=1007–11 |year=2007 |pmid=17493691 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.02.014 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Cochlear implant]] infections<ref name="pmid53466142">{{cite journal|year=1969|title=Royal occasion at Nocton Hall|url=|journal=Nurs Times|volume=65|issue=44|pages=1389|doi=|pmid=5346614|vauthors=McCarrick H}}</ref>


==== Non-bacterial ====
==== Non-bacterial ====
* [[Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis]]<ref name="pmid23841005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bozdemir K, Tarlak B, Cakar H, Doblan A, Kutluhan A, Dilek I, Adıyaman Süngü N |title=Langerhans cell histiocytosis in bilateral mastoid cavity |journal=Case Rep Otolaryngol |volume=2013 |issue= |pages=957926 |year=2013 |pmid=23841005 |pmc=3691895 |doi=10.1155/2013/957926 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis]]<ref name="pmid23841005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bozdemir K, Tarlak B, Cakar H, Doblan A, Kutluhan A, Dilek I, Adıyaman Süngü N |title=Langerhans cell histiocytosis in bilateral mastoid cavity |journal=Case Rep Otolaryngol |volume=2013 |issue= |pages=957926 |year=2013 |pmid=23841005 |pmc=3691895 |doi=10.1155/2013/957926 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Cholesteatoma]]
* [[Cholesteatoma]]
* [[Cochlear implant|Cochlear implant infections]]<ref name="pmid5346614">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCarrick H |title=Royal occasion at Nocton Hall |journal=Nurs Times |volume=65 |issue=44 |pages=1389 |year=1969 |pmid=5346614 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
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|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Cholesteatoma]], [[cochlear implant|cochlear implant infections]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Cholesteatoma]], [[Cochlear implant|cochlear implant infections]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
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|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Anaerobic bacteria]], [[bacteroides]], [[blastomycosis]], [[enterobacteriaceae]], [[fusobacterium]], [[haemophilus influenzae]], [[moraxella catarrhalis]], [[MRSA]], [[mycobacterium bovis]], [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[pasteurella multocida]], [[peptostreptococcus]], [[porphyromonas]], [[prevotella]], [[pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[staphylococcus aureus]], [[stenotrophomonas maltophilia]], [[streptococcus Group A]], [[streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[streptococcus pyogenes]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Anaerobic bacteria]], [[Bacteroides|''Bacteroides'']], [[Blastomycosis|''Blastomycosis'']], [[Enterobacteriaceae]], ''[[Fusobacterium]], [[Haemophilus influenzae]], [[Moraxella catarrhalis]]'', [[MRSA]], ''[[Mycobacterium bovis]], [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[Pasteurella multocida]], [[Peptostreptococcus]], [[Porphyromonas]]'', ''[[Prevotella]], [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Staphylococcus aureus]], [[Stenotrophomonas maltophilia]], [[Streptococcus Group A|Streptococcus]]'' [[Streptococcus Group A|Group A]]'', [[Streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[Streptococcus pyogenes]]''
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
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|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
| bgcolor="beige" |[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
| bgcolor="beige" |''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
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===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|3|
{{columns-list|
*[[Anaerobic bacteria]]  
*[[Anaerobic bacteria]]  
*[[Bacteroides]]
*''[[Bacteroides]]''
*[[Blastomycosis]]
*''[[Blastomycosis]]''
*[[Cholesteatoma]]
*[[Cholesteatoma]]
*[[cochlear implant|Cochlear implant infections]]
*[[cochlear implant|Cochlear implant infections]]
*[[Enterobacteriaceae]]  
*''[[Enterobacteriaceae]] ''
*[[Fusobacterium]]
*''[[Fusobacterium]]''
*[[Haemophilus influenzae]]  
*''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''
*[[Histiocytosis X]]
*[[Histiocytosis X]]
*[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]  
*''[[Moraxella catarrhalis]] ''
*[[MRSA]]  
*[[MRSA]]  
*[[Mycobacterium bovis]]
*''[[Mycobacterium bovis]]''
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
*''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''
*[[CEBPE|Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency]]  
*[[CEBPE|Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency]]  
*[[Nijmegen breakage syndrome]]
*[[Nijmegen breakage syndrome]]
*[[Pasteurella multocida]]
*''[[Pasteurella multocida]]''
*[[Peptostreptococcus]]  
*''[[Peptostreptococcus]] ''
*[[Porphyromonas]]
*''[[Porphyromonas]]''
*[[Prevotella]]
*''[[Prevotella]]''
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
*''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''
*[[Stenotrophomonas maltophilia]]
*''[[Stenotrophomonas maltophilia]]''
*[[Streptococcus Group A]]
*''[[Streptococcus Group A]]''
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
*''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]''
*[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]
*''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]''
}}
}}


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{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]

Latest revision as of 22:39, 29 July 2020

Mastoiditis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Mastoiditis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

X Ray

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [2]

Overview

Mastoiditis results from middle ear infection. The most common bacteria that cause acute mastoiditis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus.[1] Staphylococci, Pseudomonas species, and polymicrobials are predominantly seen in non-acute mastoiditis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa may be found in children with acute mastoiditis as a consequence of recurrent acute otitis media and antibiotic use.[2]

Causes

Life-threatening causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of mastoiditis, though complications resulting from untreated mastoiditis are common.

Common Causes

Mastoiditis is caused by untreated acute otitis media (middle ear infection). Accordingly, the bacterial pathogens that cause mastoiditis are similar to the pathogens that cause infectious otitis media. The most common causes are:[3][4][5]

Rare causes

Bacterial

Non-bacterial

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat Cholesteatoma, cochlear implant infections
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency, Nijmegen breakage syndrome
Hematologic Histiocytosis X
Iatrogenic Cochlear implant infections
Infectious Disease Anaerobic bacteria, Bacteroides, Blastomycosis, Enterobacteriaceae, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, MRSA, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pasteurella multocida, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus Group A, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Histiocytosis X
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Histiocytosis X
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Geva A, Oestreicher-Kedem Y, Fishman G, Landsberg R, DeRowe A (2008). "Conservative management of acute mastoiditis in children". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 72 (5): 629–34. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.01.013. PMID 18304656.
  2. ↑ Chien JH, Chen YS, Hung IF, Hsieh KS, Wu KS, Cheng MF (2012). "Mastoiditis diagnosed by clinical symptoms and imaging studies in children: disease spectrum and evolving diagnostic challenges". J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 45 (5): 377–81. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2011.12.008. PMID 22578647.
  3. ↑ Geva A, Oestreicher-Kedem Y, Fishman G, Landsberg R, DeRowe A (2008). "Conservative management of acute mastoiditis in children". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 72 (5): 629–34. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.01.013. PMID 18304656.
  4. ↑ Chien JH, Chen YS, Hung IF, Hsieh KS, Wu KS, Cheng MF (2012). "Mastoiditis diagnosed by clinical symptoms and imaging studies in children: disease spectrum and evolving diagnostic challenges". J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 45 (5): 377–81. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2011.12.008. PMID 22578647.
  5. ↑ Groth A, Enoksson F, Hultcrantz M, Stalfors J, Stenfeldt K, Hermansson A (2012). "Acute mastoiditis in children aged 0-16 years--a national study of 678 cases in Sweden comparing different age groups". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 76 (10): 1494–500. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.002. PMID 22832239.
  6. ↑ Benito MB, Gorricho BP (2007). "Acute mastoiditis: increase in the incidence and complications". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 71 (7): 1007–11. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.02.014. PMID 17493691.
  7. ↑ McCarrick H (1969). "Royal occasion at Nocton Hall". Nurs Times. 65 (44): 1389. PMID 5346614.
  8. ↑ Bozdemir K, Tarlak B, Cakar H, Doblan A, Kutluhan A, Dilek I, Adıyaman Süngü N (2013). "Langerhans cell histiocytosis in bilateral mastoid cavity". Case Rep Otolaryngol. 2013: 957926. doi:10.1155/2013/957926. PMC 3691895. PMID 23841005.

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