Systemic lupus erythematosus electrocardiogram: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
(10 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Systemic lupus erythematosus}}
{{Systemic lupus erythematosus}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{MIR}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
The most important and prevalent [[ECG]] findings associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) include [[sinus tachycardia]], [[ST segment changes]], and [[Ventricular arrhythmias|ventricular conduction disturbances]]. Other [[ECG]] findings are related to late complications of SLE and may range based on the complication.  
The most common and important [[ECG]] findings associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) include [[sinus tachycardia]], [[ST segment changes]], and [[Ventricular arrhythmias|ventricular conduction disturbances]]. Other [[ECG]] findings are related to late complications of SLE and may range based on the complication.  


==Electrocardiogram==
==Electrocardiogram==
The most important and prevalent [[ECG]] findings associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) include [[sinus tachycardia]], [[ST segment changes]], and [[Ventricular arrhythmias|ventricular conduction disturbances]]. SLE can affect [[cardiopulmonary]] system in different ways including [[Pulmonary embolism|pulmonary emboli development]], [[Libman-Sacks disease|Libman sacks endocarditis]], and conduction problems. <ref name="pmid24838943">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bourré-Tessier J, Urowitz MB, Clarke AE, Bernatsky S, Krantz MJ, Huynh T, Joseph L, Belisle P, Bae SC, Hanly JG, Wallace DJ, Gordon C, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Gladman DD, Fortin PR, Merrill JT, Romero-Diaz J, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Fessler B, Alarcón GS, Steinsson K, Bruce IN, Ginzler E, Dooley MA, Nived O, Sturfelt G, Kalunian K, Ramos-Casals M, Petri M, Zoma A, Pineau CA |title=Electrocardiographic findings in systemic lupus erythematosus: data from an international inception cohort |journal=Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=128–35 |year=2015 |pmid=24838943 |doi=10.1002/acr.22370 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8331790">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tsunakawa H, Miyamoto N, Kawabata M, Mashima S |title=[Electrocardiogram in heart failure] |language=Japanese |journal=Nippon Rinsho |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=1222–32 |year=1993 |pmid=8331790 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20435842">{{cite journal| author=Maganti K, Rigolin VH, Sarano ME, Bonow RO| title=Valvular heart disease: diagnosis and management. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2010 | volume= 85 | issue= 5 | pages= 483-500 | pmid=20435842 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2009.0706 | pmc=2861980 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20435842  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14916061">{{cite journal| author=TROUNCE JR| title=The electrocardiogram in mitral stenosis. | journal=Br Heart J | year= 1952 | volume= 14 | issue= 2 | pages= 185-92 | pmid=14916061 | doi= | pmc=479442 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14916061  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7849377">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nakashima H, Honda Y, Katayama T |title=Serial electrocardiographic findings in acute myocarditis |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=659–66 |year=1994 |pmid=7849377 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid110701052">{{cite journal| author=Feldman AM, McNamara D|title=Myocarditis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2000 | volume= 343 | issue= 19 | pages= 1388-98 | pmid=11070105 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200011093431908 | pmc= | url= }}</ref><ref name="troughton">{{cite journal | author=    Troughton RW, Asher CR, Klein AL | title=    Pericarditis | journal=  Lancet| year=2004| pages=717–27 | volume=363 | issue=9410 | pmid=15001332 | doi=    10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15648-1}}</ref><ref name="spodick">{{cite journal | author=  Spodick DH | title= Acute pericarditis: current concepts and practice | journal= JAMA | year=2003 | pages=1150–3 | volume=289 | issue=9 | pmid=12622586 | doi= 10.1001/jama.289.9.1150}}</ref>
The most common and important [[ECG]] findings associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) include [[sinus tachycardia]], [[ST segment changes]], and [[Ventricular arrhythmias|ventricular conduction disturbances]]. SLE can affect [[cardiopulmonary]] system in different ways including [[Pulmonary embolism|pulmonary emboli development]], [[Libman-Sacks disease|Libman sacks endocarditis]], and conduction problems.<ref name="pmid24838943">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bourré-Tessier J, Urowitz MB, Clarke AE, Bernatsky S, Krantz MJ, Huynh T, Joseph L, Belisle P, Bae SC, Hanly JG, Wallace DJ, Gordon C, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Gladman DD, Fortin PR, Merrill JT, Romero-Diaz J, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Fessler B, Alarcón GS, Steinsson K, Bruce IN, Ginzler E, Dooley MA, Nived O, Sturfelt G, Kalunian K, Ramos-Casals M, Petri M, Zoma A, Pineau CA |title=Electrocardiographic findings in systemic lupus erythematosus: data from an international inception cohort |journal=Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=128–35 |year=2015 |pmid=24838943 |doi=10.1002/acr.22370 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8331790">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tsunakawa H, Miyamoto N, Kawabata M, Mashima S |title=[Electrocardiogram in heart failure] |language=Japanese |journal=Nippon Rinsho |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=1222–32 |year=1993 |pmid=8331790 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20435842">{{cite journal| author=Maganti K, Rigolin VH, Sarano ME, Bonow RO| title=Valvular heart disease: diagnosis and management. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2010 | volume= 85 | issue= 5 | pages= 483-500 | pmid=20435842 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2009.0706 | pmc=2861980 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20435842  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14916061">{{cite journal| author=TROUNCE JR| title=The electrocardiogram in mitral stenosis. | journal=Br Heart J | year= 1952 | volume= 14 | issue= 2 | pages= 185-92 | pmid=14916061 | doi= | pmc=479442 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14916061  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7849377">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nakashima H, Honda Y, Katayama T |title=Serial electrocardiographic findings in acute myocarditis |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=659–66 |year=1994 |pmid=7849377 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid110701052">{{cite journal| author=Feldman AM, McNamara D|title=Myocarditis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2000 | volume= 343 | issue= 19 | pages= 1388-98 | pmid=11070105 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200011093431908 | pmc= | url= }}</ref><ref name="troughton">{{cite journal | author=    Troughton RW, Asher CR, Klein AL | title=    Pericarditis | journal=  Lancet| year=2004| pages=717–27 | volume=363 | issue=9410 | pmid=15001332 | doi=    10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15648-1}}</ref><ref name="spodick">{{cite journal | author=  Spodick DH | title= Acute pericarditis: current concepts and practice | journal= JAMA | year=2003 | pages=1150–3 | volume=289 | issue=9 | pmid=12622586 | doi= 10.1001/jama.289.9.1150}}</ref>


=== Important ECG findings in SLE patients based on cardiac complication: ===
=== Important ECG findings in SLE patients based on cardiac complication: ===
Line 13: Line 13:
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |Cardiac complication
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |Cardiac complication
| align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |ECG findings
| align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |ECG findings
| align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |ECG examples
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Cardiomegaly]]
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Cardiomegaly]]
|
|
* ≥ [[QRS complex|QRS]] amplitude
* Increase in [[QRS complex|QRS]] amplitude
* Widened [[QRS]]/T angle
* Widened [[QRS]]/T angle
* [[Left Atrial Enlargement]] in V1
* [[Left Atrial Enlargement|Left atrial enlargement]]  
* [[Left axis deviation]]
* [[Left axis deviation]]
|[[File:LA.gif|200px|thumb|'''http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index''' Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Libman-Sacks endocarditis|Libman sacks endocarditis]]
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Libman-Sacks endocarditis|Libman sacks endocarditis]]
Line 28: Line 30:
** Primary increase
** Primary increase
** Decrease after progression
** Decrease after progression
|[[File:Jjj.gif|200px|thumb|'''http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index''' Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Myocardial infarction]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Myocardial infarction]]
|
|
* Due to [[emboli]]
* Due to [[emboli]]
**[[ST elevation]] in at least 2 contiguous leads of 2 mm (0.2 mV) in men or 1.5 mm (0.15 mV) in women in leads V2–V3 and/or of 1 mm (0.1mV) in other contiguous chest leads or the limb leads
**[[ST elevation]] of 2 mm (0.2 mV) in men or 1.5 mm (0.15 mV) in women in V2–V3 and/or of 1 mm (0.1mV) in 2 contiguous chest leads or limb leads
**[[ST depression]] in at least two [[precordial leads]] V1-V4 (suggestive of [[posterior MI]])
**[[ST depression]] in at least two [[precordial leads]] V1-V4 (suggestive of [[posterior MI]])
**[[ST depression]] in several leads plus [[ST elevation]] in lead aVR (suggestive of occlusion of the left main or proximal [[LAD artery]])
**[[ST depression]] in several leads plus [[ST elevation]] in lead aVR (suggestive of occlusion of the left main or proximal [[LAD artery]])
**New [[left bundle branch block]] ([[LBBB]])
**New [[left bundle branch block]] ([[LBBB]])
|[[File:84 Acute inf STEMI.jpg|200px|thumb|'''http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index''' Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Valvular Diseases|Valvular involvement]]
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Valvular Diseases|Valvular involvement]]
Line 41: Line 45:
|
|
* [[ECG]] findings suggestive of [[left atrial enlargement]] include:
* [[ECG]] findings suggestive of [[left atrial enlargement]] include:
**Broad, bifasic [[P wave]] in lead II ([[P mitrale]])
**Broad and biphasic [[P wave]] in lead II ([[P mitrale]])
**Enlargement of the terminal negative portion of the [[P wave]] in VI
**Enlargement of the terminal negative portion of the [[P wave]] in VI
**[[P wave]] amplitude >2.5mm in inferior leads (II, III, AVF) or >1.5mm in V1/V2 ([[P pulmonale]])
**[[P wave]] amplitude >2.5 mm in inferior leads (II, III, AVF) or >1.5 mm in V1/V2 ([[P pulmonale]])
|[[File:LA.gif|200px|thumb|'''http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index''' Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Mitral regurgitation]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Mitral regurgitation]]
|
|
* [[ECG]] findings suggestive of [[left atrial enlargement]] include:
* [[ECG]] findings suggestive of [[left atrial enlargement]] include:
**Broad, bifasic [[P wave]] in lead II [[P mitrale|(P mitrale)]]
**Broad and biphasic [[P wave]] in lead II [[P mitrale|(P mitrale)]]
**Enlargement of the terminal negative portion of the [[P wave]] in V1
**Enlargement of the terminal negative portion of the [[P wave]] in V1
**[[P wave]] amplitude >2.5mm in inferior leads (II, III, AVF) or >1.5mm in V1/V2 (P pulmonale)
**[[P wave]] amplitude >2.5 mm in inferior leads (II, III, AVF) or >1.5 mm in V1/V2 (P pulmonale)
*[[ECG]] findings suggestive of [[left ventricular enlargement]] include:
*[[ECG]] findings suggestive of [[left ventricular enlargement]] include:
**Increased [[QRS]] voltage on [[ECG]]
**Increased [[QRS]] voltage on [[ECG]]
**Strain pattern
**Strain pattern
**Inverted check mark pattern to the [[T wave]] in the lateral leads
**Inverted check mark pattern to the [[T wave]] in the lateral leads
|[[File:80 RVH and LAE in mitral stenosis.jpg|200px|thumb|'''http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index''' Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Arrythmias|Arrythmias]]
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Arrythmias|Arrhythmias]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Cardiac arrhythmia|Ventricular arryhthmias]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Atrioventricular block|AV Blocks]]
|
|
* Incomplete [[bundle branch block]]
* Incomplete [[bundle branch block]]
Line 64: Line 70:
* [[Left anterior fascicular block]]
* [[Left anterior fascicular block]]
* [[Left posterior fascicular block]]
* [[Left posterior fascicular block]]
|[[File:Ggddh.gif|200px|thumb|'''http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index''' Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu]]<br>
[[File:80 RVH and LAcxE in mitral stenosis.jpg|200px|thumb|'''http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index''' Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Supraventricular arrhythmias]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Supraventricular arrhythmias]]
|
|
* [[Premature atrial contraction|Premature atrial complexes]]
* [[Premature atrial contraction|Premature atrial complexes]] (PAC)
* [[Atrial fibrillation]]
* [[Atrial fibrillation]]
* [[Atrial flutter]]
* [[Atrial flutter]]
|[[File:Pac.jpg|200px|thumb|'''http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index''' Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Pericardial disease]]
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Pericardial disease]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Acute pericarditis]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Acute pericarditis]]
|
|
*Typical lead involvement: I, II, aVL, aVF, and V3-V6
*[[ST segment]] depression:
*The [[ST segment]] depression:
**Always in [[aVR]]
**Always in [[aVR]]
**Frequently in V1
**Frequently in V1
**Occasionally in V2
**Occasionally in V2
*[[J point]] in V6 > 25% of the height of the [[T waves|T wave apex]]  
*[[J point]] in V6 > 25% of the height of the [[T waves|T wave apex]]  
*Reduce voltage with quasi-specific ST-T waves due to increase in [[scar tissue]], fluid and [[fibrin]]
*Reduced voltage with quasi-specific ST-T waves due to increase in [[scar tissue]], fluid and [[fibrin]]
*The [[EKG]] abnormalities vary depending on the stage/severity of the [[pericarditis]]
*The [[EKG]] abnormalities vary depending on the stage/severity of the [[pericarditis]]
|[[File:Ecg 12lead006z.gif|200px|thumb|'''http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index''' Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Pericardial effusion]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Pericardial effusion]]
Line 87: Line 96:
* [[Electrical alternans]]
* [[Electrical alternans]]
** An [[Electrocardiogram|electrocardiographic]] phenomenon of alternation of [[QRS complex]] amplitude or [[axis]] between beats
** An [[Electrocardiogram|electrocardiographic]] phenomenon of alternation of [[QRS complex]] amplitude or [[axis]] between beats
|[[File:Electrical Alternans.jpg|200px|thumb|'''https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_effusion''' Courtesy dedicated to wikipedia]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Myocarditis]]
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Myocarditis]]
|
|
The [[Electrocardiogram|ECG]] findings most commonly seen in [[myocarditis]] are:
The [[Electrocardiogram|ECG]] findings most commonly seen in [[myocarditis]] are:
Line 96: Line 105:
*[[ST segment elevation]] without reciprocal depression
*[[ST segment elevation]] without reciprocal depression
*Low voltage of the [[QRS]] complexes
*Low voltage of the [[QRS]] complexes
*[[Arrhythmias]] such as [[atrial]] and [[ventricular]] ectopic beats, [[atrial]] and [[Ventricular Tachycardia|ventricular tachycardias]] and [[atrial fibrillation]]
*[[Arrhythmias]] such as [[atrial]] or [[ventricular]] ectopic beats, [[atrial]] or [[Ventricular Tachycardia|ventricular tachycardias]], and [[atrial fibrillation]]
|[[File:PericarditisMyocarditis.jpg|200px|thumb|'''https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocarditis''' Courtesy dedicated to wikipedia]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Coronary heart disease|Coronary artery disease]]
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; " |[[Coronary heart disease|Coronary artery disease]]
|
|
* Exercise tolerance test:
* Exercise tolerance test findings include:
** [[ST segment changes]] considering duration and number of leads affected
** [[ST segment changes]]
** Occurrence exercise induced [[ventricular arrhythmia]]
** Exercise induced [[ventricular arrhythmia]]
** [[Hemodynamics|Hemodynamic]] changes during test
** [[Hemodynamics|Hemodynamic]] changes during the test
|[[File:Jkhhk.jpg|200px|thumb|'''http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index''' Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu]]
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 16:23, 1 February 2018

Systemic lupus erythematosus Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Systemic lupus erythematosus from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X Ray

CT

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Lupus and Quality of Life

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Systemic lupus erythematosus electrocardiogram On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Systemic lupus erythematosus electrocardiogram

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Systemic lupus erythematosus electrocardiogram

on Systemic lupus erythematosus electrocardiogram

Systemic lupus erythematosus electrocardiogram in the news

Blogs onSystemic lupus erythematosus electrocardiogram

Directions to Hospitals Treating Systemic lupus erythematosus

Risk calculators and risk factors for Systemic lupus erythematosus electrocardiogram

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]

Overview

The most common and important ECG findings associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) include sinus tachycardia, ST segment changes, and ventricular conduction disturbances. Other ECG findings are related to late complications of SLE and may range based on the complication.

Electrocardiogram

The most common and important ECG findings associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) include sinus tachycardia, ST segment changes, and ventricular conduction disturbances. SLE can affect cardiopulmonary system in different ways including pulmonary emboli development, Libman sacks endocarditis, and conduction problems.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

Important ECG findings in SLE patients based on cardiac complication:

Cardiac complication ECG findings ECG examples
Cardiomegaly
http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu
Libman sacks endocarditis Heart failure
  • P wave changes
  • R wave height changes
    • Primary increase
    • Decrease after progression
http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu
Myocardial infarction
http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu
Valvular involvement Mitral valve stenosis
http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu
Mitral regurgitation
http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu
Arrhythmias AV Blocks
http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu

http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu
Supraventricular arrhythmias
http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu
Pericardial disease Acute pericarditis
http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu
Pericardial effusion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_effusion Courtesy dedicated to wikipedia
Myocarditis

The ECG findings most commonly seen in myocarditis are:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocarditis Courtesy dedicated to wikipedia
Coronary artery disease
http://ecg.utah.edu/img_index Courtesy dedicated to ecg.utah.edu

References

  1. ↑ Bourré-Tessier J, Urowitz MB, Clarke AE, Bernatsky S, Krantz MJ, Huynh T, Joseph L, Belisle P, Bae SC, Hanly JG, Wallace DJ, Gordon C, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Gladman DD, Fortin PR, Merrill JT, Romero-Diaz J, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Fessler B, Alarcón GS, Steinsson K, Bruce IN, Ginzler E, Dooley MA, Nived O, Sturfelt G, Kalunian K, Ramos-Casals M, Petri M, Zoma A, Pineau CA (2015). "Electrocardiographic findings in systemic lupus erythematosus: data from an international inception cohort". Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 67 (1): 128–35. doi:10.1002/acr.22370. PMID 24838943.
  2. ↑ Tsunakawa H, Miyamoto N, Kawabata M, Mashima S (1993). "[Electrocardiogram in heart failure]". Nippon Rinsho (in Japanese). 51 (5): 1222–32. PMID 8331790.
  3. ↑ Maganti K, Rigolin VH, Sarano ME, Bonow RO (2010). "Valvular heart disease: diagnosis and management". Mayo Clin Proc. 85 (5): 483–500. doi:10.4065/mcp.2009.0706. PMC 2861980. PMID 20435842.
  4. ↑ TROUNCE JR (1952). "The electrocardiogram in mitral stenosis". Br Heart J. 14 (2): 185–92. PMC 479442. PMID 14916061.
  5. ↑ Nakashima H, Honda Y, Katayama T (1994). "Serial electrocardiographic findings in acute myocarditis". Intern. Med. 33 (11): 659–66. PMID 7849377.
  6. ↑ Feldman AM, McNamara D (2000). "Myocarditis". N Engl J Med. 343 (19): 1388–98. doi:10.1056/NEJM200011093431908. PMID 11070105.
  7. ↑ Troughton RW, Asher CR, Klein AL (2004). "Pericarditis". Lancet. 363 (9410): 717–27. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15648-1. PMID 15001332.
  8. ↑ Spodick DH (2003). "Acute pericarditis: current concepts and practice". JAMA. 289 (9): 1150–3. doi:10.1001/jama.289.9.1150. PMID 12622586.

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus_electrocardiogram&oldid=1436381"