Vitamin D deficiency risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Important risk factors for [[vitamin D]] deficiency that can not be changed are non-western ethnicity, older age and colder seasons. | Important risk factors for [[vitamin D]] deficiency that can not be changed are non-western ethnicity, older age and colder seasons. Sedentary lifestyle and less sun exposure play a significant role in increasing [[vitamin D]] deficiency. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
The risk factors of [[vitamin D]] deficiency can be categorized into three main groups; non-modifiable risk factors, modifiable risk factors, and also factors that are related to mothers' conditions. | The risk factors of [[vitamin D]] deficiency can be categorized into three main groups; non-modifiable risk factors, modifiable risk factors, and also factors that are related to mothers' conditions.<ref name="pmid23790560">{{cite journal| author=Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF| title=Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 7 | pages= 720-55 | pmid=23790560 | doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011 | pmc=3761874 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23790560 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14985208">{{cite journal| author=Holick MF| title=Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. | journal=Am J Clin Nutr | year= 2004 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 362-71 | pmid=14985208 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14985208 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2997282">{{cite journal| author=MacLaughlin J, Holick MF| title=Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 1985 | volume= 76 | issue= 4 | pages= 1536-8 | pmid=2997282 | doi=10.1172/JCI112134 | pmc=424123 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2997282 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25833782">{{cite journal| author=Voortman T, van den Hooven EH, Heijboer AC, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW, Franco OH| title=Vitamin D deficiency in school-age children is associated with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. | journal=J Nutr | year= 2015 | volume= 145 | issue= 4 | pages= 791-8 | pmid=25833782 | doi=10.3945/jn.114.208280 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25833782 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10566638">{{cite journal| author=Kyriakidou-Himonas M, Aloia JF, Yeh JK| title=Vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal black women. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1999 | volume= 84 | issue= 11 | pages= 3988-90 | pmid=10566638 | doi=10.1210/jcem.84.11.6132 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10566638 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2839537">{{cite journal| author=Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF| title=Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1988 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 373-8 | pmid=2839537 | doi=10.1210/jcem-67-2-373 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2839537 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10966885">{{cite journal| author=Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF| title=Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. | journal=Am J Clin Nutr | year= 2000 | volume= 72 | issue= 3 | pages= 690-3 | pmid=10966885 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10966885 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19180066">{{cite journal| author=Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Navia B, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM| title=Vitamin D in overweight/obese women and its relationship with dietetic and anthropometric variables. | journal=Obesity (Silver Spring) | year= 2009 | volume= 17 | issue= 4 | pages= 778-82 | pmid=19180066 | doi=10.1038/oby.2008.649 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19180066 }} </ref> | ||
===Non-modifiable risk factors=== | ===Non-modifiable risk factors=== | ||
* Age | * Age | ||
* Ethnicity: non-western ethnicity like African, Asian, Turkish, and Moroccan children are at greater risks than children of western ethnic background. | * Ethnicity: non-western ethnicity like African, Asian, Turkish, and Moroccan children are at greater risks than children of western ethnic background. | ||
* Dark skin color | * Dark skin color | ||
* Season: late fall, winter, and spring | * Season: late fall, winter, and spring | ||
* Geography: higher latitude, lower altitude, cloudy weather | * Geography: higher latitude, lower altitude, cloudy weather | ||
===Modifiable risk factors=== | ===Modifiable risk factors=== | ||
* Life style including sedentary behavior, high child television watching, and less outdoor activities | * Life style including sedentary behavior, high child television watching, and less outdoor activities | ||
* Less sun exposure including use of sunscreen or clothing | * Less sun exposure including use of sunscreen or clothing | ||
* [[Obesity]] | * [[Obesity]] | ||
* Being underweight | * Being underweight | ||
* Less milk drinking | * Less milk drinking | ||
* Not taking [[vitamin D]] supplements | * Not taking [[vitamin D]] supplements | ||
| Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
* Lower maternal age | * Lower maternal age | ||
* Lower household income | * Lower household income | ||
* | * Multiparity | ||
* Higher maternal [[BMI]] | * Higher maternal [[BMI]] | ||
Latest revision as of 01:40, 21 November 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]
Overview
Important risk factors for vitamin D deficiency that can not be changed are non-western ethnicity, older age and colder seasons. Sedentary lifestyle and less sun exposure play a significant role in increasing vitamin D deficiency.
Risk Factors
The risk factors of vitamin D deficiency can be categorized into three main groups; non-modifiable risk factors, modifiable risk factors, and also factors that are related to mothers' conditions.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Non-modifiable risk factors
- Age
- Ethnicity: non-western ethnicity like African, Asian, Turkish, and Moroccan children are at greater risks than children of western ethnic background.
- Dark skin color
- Season: late fall, winter, and spring
- Geography: higher latitude, lower altitude, cloudy weather
Modifiable risk factors
- Life style including sedentary behavior, high child television watching, and less outdoor activities
- Less sun exposure including use of sunscreen or clothing
- Obesity
- Being underweight
- Less milk drinking
- Not taking vitamin D supplements
- Exclusive breastfeeding
Maternal risk factors
- Lower maternal age
- Lower household income
- Multiparity
- Higher maternal BMI
References
- ↑ Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF (2013). "Vitamin D for health: a global perspective". Mayo Clin Proc. 88 (7): 720–55. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011. PMC 3761874. PMID 23790560.
- ↑ Holick MF (2004). "Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis". Am J Clin Nutr. 79 (3): 362–71. PMID 14985208.
- ↑ MacLaughlin J, Holick MF (1985). "Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3". J Clin Invest. 76 (4): 1536–8. doi:10.1172/JCI112134. PMC 424123. PMID 2997282.
- ↑ Voortman T, van den Hooven EH, Heijboer AC, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW, Franco OH (2015). "Vitamin D deficiency in school-age children is associated with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors". J Nutr. 145 (4): 791–8. doi:10.3945/jn.114.208280. PMID 25833782.
- ↑ Kyriakidou-Himonas M, Aloia JF, Yeh JK (1999). "Vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal black women". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 84 (11): 3988–90. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.11.6132. PMID 10566638.
- ↑ Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF (1988). "Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 67 (2): 373–8. doi:10.1210/jcem-67-2-373. PMID 2839537.
- ↑ Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF (2000). "Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity". Am J Clin Nutr. 72 (3): 690–3. PMID 10966885.
- ↑ Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Navia B, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM (2009). "Vitamin D in overweight/obese women and its relationship with dietetic and anthropometric variables". Obesity (Silver Spring). 17 (4): 778–82. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.649. PMID 19180066.