Acute liver failure risk factors: Difference between revisions
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{{Acute liver failure}} | {{Acute liver failure}} | ||
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The risk factors in the development of acute liver failure can be categorized into [[viral]], [[drugs]] and [[toxins]], [[vascular]], [[metabolic]] and systemic illnesses. Common risk factors of acute liver failure include [[acetaminophen toxicity]], [[viral hepatitis]] (most commonly [[hepatitis A]], [[hepatitis B]] and [[hepatitis E]]), [[alcoholic hepatitis]], [[autoimmune hepatitis]], [[sepsis]], [[heart failure]], [[renal failure]], [[Immunocompromised|immunocompromised state]], older age and [[malnourishment]]. [[Acetaminophen toxicity]] is the most common risk factor of acute liver failure in the developed world and [[viral hepatitis]] (most commonly [[hepatitis A]], [[hepatitis B]] and [[hepatitis E]]) is most common in the developing world. | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Risk factors in the development of acute liver failure include: | Risk factors in the development of acute liver failure include:<ref name="pmid18825677">{{cite journal| author=Ichai P, Samuel D| title=Etiology and prognosis of fulminant hepatitis in adults. | journal=Liver Transpl | year= 2008 | volume= 14 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= S67-79 | pmid=18825677 | doi=10.1002/lt.21612 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18825677 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12484709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiødt FV, Larson A, Davern TJ, Han SH, McCashland TM, Shakil AO, Hay JE, Hynan L, Crippin JS, Blei AT, Samuel G, Reisch J, Lee WM |title=Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=137 |issue=12 |pages=947–54 |year=2002 |pmid=12484709 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23013075">{{cite journal| author=Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH| title=Hepatitis E. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 367 | issue= 13 | pages= 1237-44 | pmid=23013075 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1204512 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013075 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16775039">{{cite journal| author=Wasley A, Fiore A, Bell BP| title=Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination. | journal=Epidemiol Rev | year= 2006 | volume= 28 | issue= | pages= 101-11 | pmid=16775039 | doi=10.1093/epirev/mxj012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16775039 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12484709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiødt FV, Larson A, Davern TJ, Han SH, McCashland TM, Shakil AO, Hay JE, Hynan L, Crippin JS, Blei AT, Samuel G, Reisch J, Lee WM |title=Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=137 |issue=12 |pages=947–54 |year=2002 |pmid=12484709 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16025496">{{cite journal| author=Björnsson E, Olsson R| title=Outcome and prognostic markers in severe drug-induced liver disease. | journal=Hepatology | year= 2005 | volume= 42 | issue= 2 | pages= 481-9 | pmid=16025496 | doi=10.1002/hep.20800 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16025496 }} </ref> | ||
*Drug-related [[hepatotoxicity]] and [[idiosyncratic]] | *Drug-related [[hepatotoxicity]] and [[idiosyncratic drug reactions]] are the most common risk factor in the developed world. The most common drug causing [[hepatotoxicity]] is [[acetaminophen]]. | ||
*[[Viral hepatitis]] is the most common risk factor of acute liver failure in the developing world. | *[[Viral hepatitis]] is the most common risk factor of acute liver failure in the developing world. | ||
**[[Hepatitis A virus]], [[Hepatitis B virus]], [[Hepatitis D virus]], or [[Hepatitis E virus]]. | |||
**Other [[atypical viruses]] causing [[viral hepatitis]] and [[fulminant hepatic failure]] include [[cytomegalovirus]], [[hemorrhagic fever virus]]es, [[herpes simplex virus]], [[paramyxovirus]] and [[Epstein-Barr virus]]. | |||
*Old age | *Old age | ||
*[[Malnourishment]] | *[[Malnourishment]] | ||
*[[Vascular diseases]] | *[[Vascular diseases]] | ||
**[[Ischemic hepatitis]] | |||
**[[Hepatic vein thrombosis]] ([[Budd-Chiari syndrome]]) | |||
**Hepatic [[veno-occlusive disease]] | |||
**[[Portal vein thrombosis]] | |||
*[[Autoimmune disease]] | *[[Autoimmune disease]] | ||
**[[Autoimmune hepatitis]] | |||
*[[Metabolic diseases]] | *[[Metabolic diseases]] | ||
**[[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]] | |||
**[[Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency]] | |||
**[[Reye syndrome]] | |||
**[[Tyrosinemia]] | |||
**[[HELLP syndrome]] | |||
*[[Malignancy]] | *[[Malignancy]] | ||
**[[Primary liver tumor]]: [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]] | |||
**[[Secondary liver tumor]]: Extensive hepatic [[metastases]] or infiltration from [[breast cancer]], [[lung cancer]], [[melanoma]], [[lymphoma]], [[leukemia]]. | |||
*Long-term | *[[Long-term effects of alcohol|Long-term alcohol consumption]] | ||
*[[Immunocompromised state]] | *[[Immunocompromised host|Immunocompromised state]] | ||
* | *Other systemic diseases | ||
**[[Sepsis]] | **[[Sepsis]] | ||
**[[Cardiac failure]] | **[[Cardiac failure]] | ||
**[[Respiratory failure]] | **[[Respiratory failure]] | ||
**[[Renal failure]] | **[[Renal failure]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Hepatology]] | [[Category:Hepatology]] | ||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:41, 18 December 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D [2]
Overview
The risk factors in the development of acute liver failure can be categorized into viral, drugs and toxins, vascular, metabolic and systemic illnesses. Common risk factors of acute liver failure include acetaminophen toxicity, viral hepatitis (most commonly hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis E), alcoholic hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, sepsis, heart failure, renal failure, immunocompromised state, older age and malnourishment. Acetaminophen toxicity is the most common risk factor of acute liver failure in the developed world and viral hepatitis (most commonly hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis E) is most common in the developing world.
Risk Factors
Risk factors in the development of acute liver failure include:[1][2][3][4][2][5]
- Drug-related hepatotoxicity and idiosyncratic drug reactions are the most common risk factor in the developed world. The most common drug causing hepatotoxicity is acetaminophen.
- Viral hepatitis is the most common risk factor of acute liver failure in the developing world.
- Old age
- Malnourishment
- Vascular diseases
- Autoimmune disease
- Metabolic diseases
- Malignancy
- Primary liver tumor: Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Secondary liver tumor: Extensive hepatic metastases or infiltration from breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia.
- Long-term alcohol consumption
- Immunocompromised state
- Other systemic diseases
References
- ↑ Ichai P, Samuel D (2008). "Etiology and prognosis of fulminant hepatitis in adults". Liver Transpl. 14 Suppl 2: S67–79. doi:10.1002/lt.21612. PMID 18825677.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiødt FV, Larson A, Davern TJ, Han SH, McCashland TM, Shakil AO, Hay JE, Hynan L, Crippin JS, Blei AT, Samuel G, Reisch J, Lee WM (2002). "Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States". Ann. Intern. Med. 137 (12): 947–54. PMID 12484709.
- ↑ Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH (2012). "Hepatitis E." N Engl J Med. 367 (13): 1237–44. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1204512. PMID 23013075.
- ↑ Wasley A, Fiore A, Bell BP (2006). "Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination". Epidemiol Rev. 28: 101–11. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxj012. PMID 16775039.
- ↑ Björnsson E, Olsson R (2005). "Outcome and prognostic markers in severe drug-induced liver disease". Hepatology. 42 (2): 481–9. doi:10.1002/hep.20800. PMID 16025496.