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{{Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease}}
{{Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease}}
{{CMG}}; [[Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H.]] [mailto:pmarcus192@aol.com]; {{AE}} {{CZ}}
{{CMG}}; [[Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H.]] [mailto:pmarcus192@aol.com]; {{AE}} {{CZ}} Kosar Doraghi, M.D. [mailto:k.doraghi@yahoo.com]
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a group of diseases that can present with symptoms such as [[Shortness of breath|dyspnea (shortness of breath)]], [[wheezing]], persistent [[cough]] and [[sputum]] production. Some clinical differences can help distinguish between the types of COPD. While [[chronic bronchitis]] patient present with productive [[cough]] with gradual progression to intermittent [[Shortness of breath|dyspnea (shortness of breath)]], recurrent pulmonary infections, and in later stage progressive [[Cardiac failure|cardiac]]/[[respiratory failure]] presenting with [[edema]] and [[weight gain]]. Classic findings for patients with [[emphysema]] include a long history of progressive [[Shortness of breath|dyspnea (shortness of breath)]] with late onset of [[productive cough]], usually [[mucopurulent]], and eventual decrease in appetite and [[respiratory failure]].
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a group of diseases (bronchitis and emphysema) that can present with symptoms such as [[Shortness of breath|dyspnea (shortness of breath)]], [[wheezing]], persistent [[cough]], and [[sputum]] production. Some clinical features can help distinguish between the types of COPD. Patients with [[chronic bronchitis]] present with productive [[cough]] with gradual progression to intermittent [[Shortness of breath|dyspnea (shortness of breath)]], recurrent pulmonary infections, and in later stage progressive [[Cardiac failure|cardiac]] or [[respiratory failure]] presenting with [[edema]] and [[weight gain]]. Classic findings in patients with [[emphysema]] include a long history of progressive [[Shortness of breath|dyspnea (shortness of breath)]] with late onset of [[productive cough]], usually [[mucopurulent]], and eventual decrease in appetite and [[respiratory failure]].


==History==
==History==
The patient may present with a chronic history (lasting for years) of progressive [[Shortness of breath|dyspnea (shortness of breath)]] [mainly due to [[emphysema]]], or [[productive cough]] ([[chronic bronchitis]]). Significant history of life style modifications to deal with the [[Shortness of breath|dyspnea (shortness of breath)]] may be found. History of being chronic smoker (usually more than 40 pack year) is also commonly found.
The patient may present with a chronic history (spanning over years) of progressive [[Shortness of breath|dyspnea (shortness of breath)]] mainly due to [[emphysema]], or [[productive cough]] ([[chronic bronchitis]]). Significant history of life style modifications to deal with the [[Shortness of breath|dyspnea (shortness of breath)]] may be found. History of chronic smoking (usually more than 40 pack years) is also commonly found.
 
The following aspects are very helpful in the diagnosis of COPD:<ref name="pmid21810710" />
* Self-reported smoking history of more than 55 pack-year
 
* [[Wheezing]] on auscultation
 
* Self-reported [[wheezing]]


==Symptoms==
==Symptoms==
COPD is the umbrella term for chronic [[bronchitis]], [[emphysema]] and a range of other pulmonary disorders. This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs, causing [[Shortness of breath|dyspnea (shortness of breath)]]. In clinical practice, COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow on [[lung function tests]].<ref name="Nathell">{{cite doi|10.1186/1465-9921-8-89}} [http://respiratory-research.com/content/8/1/89]</ref> In contrast to [[asthma]], this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time.
COPD includes [[bronchitis|chronic bronchitis]], [[emphysema]], and a range of other pulmonary disorders. This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs, causing [[Shortness of breath|dyspnea (shortness of breath)]]. In clinical practice, COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow on [[lung function tests]].<ref name="Nathell">{{cite doi|10.1186/1465-9921-8-89}} [http://respiratory-research.com/content/8/1/89]</ref> In contrast to [[asthma]], this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time.
* Advanced COPD can lead to complications beyond the lungs, such as weight loss ([[cachexia]]), [[pulmonary hypertension]] and right-sided heart failure ([[cor pulmonale]]). [[Osteoporosis]], [[heart disease]], [[muscle wasting]] and [[Major depressive disorder|depression]] are all more common in people with COPD.<ref name="pmid17507545">{{cite journal |author=Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J |title=Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary |journal=[[American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine]] |volume=176 |issue=6 |pages=532–55 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17507545 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO |url=http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17507545 |accessdate=2012-03-02}}</ref>
* Advanced COPD can lead to complications beyond the lungs, such as [[weight loss]] ([[cachexia]]), [[pulmonary hypertension]] and [[right-sided heart failure]] ([[cor pulmonale]]). [[Osteoporosis]], [[heart disease]], [[muscle wasting]] and [[Major depressive disorder|depression]] are all more common in people with COPD.<ref name="pmid17507545">{{cite journal |author=Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J |title=Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary |journal=[[American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine]] |volume=176 |issue=6 |pages=532–55 |pmid=17507545 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO |url=http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17507545 |accessdate=2012-03-02}}</ref>
===Acute Exacerbations of COPD===
An acute exacerbation of COPD is a sudden worsening of COPD symptoms (shortness of breath, quantity and color of phlegm) that typically lasts for several days. It may be triggered by an infection with bacteria or viruses or by environmental pollutants. Typically, infections cause 75% or more of the exacerbations; bacteria can be found in roughly 25% of cases, viruses in another 25%, and both viruses and bacteria in another 25%. [[Pulmonary Embolism|Pulmonary emboli]] can also cause exacerbations of COPD. Airway inflammation is increased during the exacerbation, resulting in increased hyperinflation, reduced expiratory air flow and worsening of gas transfer. This can also lead to hypoventilation and eventually hypoxia, insufficient tissue perfusion, and then cell necrosis.<ref name="pmid17507545" />
 
===Chronic Bronchitis===
===Chronic Bronchitis===
The hallmark of chronic bronchitis is [[dyspnea]]. A positive history of chronic productive [[cough]] and [[dyspnea|shortness of breath]] is suggestive of chronic bronchitis. Some patients describe the dyspnea as air hunger because of sensation of gasping for air.<ref name="pmid24485129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Festic E, Bansal V, Gajic O, Lee AS |title=Prehospital use of inhaled corticosteroids and point prevalence of pneumonia at the time of hospital admission: secondary analysis of a multicenter cohort study |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=154–62 |year=2014 |pmid=24485129 |pmc=3989069 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.10.028 |url=}}</ref>  
The hallmark of [[chronic bronchitis]] is [[dyspnea]]. A positive history of chronic productive [[cough]] and [[dyspnea|shortness of breath]] is suggestive of [[chronic bronchitis]]. Some patients describe the dyspnea as air hunger because of sensation of gasping for air.<ref name="pmid24485129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Festic E, Bansal V, Gajic O, Lee AS |title=Prehospital use of inhaled corticosteroids and point prevalence of pneumonia at the time of hospital admission: secondary analysis of a multicenter cohort study |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=154–62 |year=2014 |pmid=24485129 |pmc=3989069 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.10.028 |url=}}</ref>  
* Productive cough with gradual progression to intermittent shortness of breath. <ref>[http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Copd/Copd_SignsAndSymptoms.html U.S. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute - Signs and Symptoms]</ref> It is possible the sputum may contain blood ([[hemoptysis]]), usually due to damage of the blood vessels of the airways. An acute exacerbation may present as productive cough or an acute chest illness. The cough usually is worse in the mornings and produces a small amount of colorless sputum. The frequency and severity of acute exacerbation usually increases as the disease progresses.
* Productive cough with gradual progression to intermittent shortness of breath. <ref>[http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Copd/Copd_SignsAndSymptoms.html U.S. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute - Signs and Symptoms]</ref> It is possible the sputum may contain blood ([[hemoptysis]]), usually due to damage of the blood vessels of the airways. An acute exacerbation may present as productive cough or an acute chest illness. The cough usually is worse in the mornings and produces a small amount of colorless sputum. The frequency and severity of acute exacerbation usually increases as the disease progresses.
* In later stages progressive cardiac/respiratory failure may present with [[edema]] and weight gain.
* In later stages progressive cardiac/respiratory failure may present with [[edema]] and weight gain.


Line 45: Line 48:
* Decreased fat-free mass
* Decreased fat-free mass
* Impaired systemic muscle function (systemic manifestation)
* Impaired systemic muscle function (systemic manifestation)
===COPD Patient with suspected Exacerbation(New GOLD 2024 Recommendation)===
*Confirm ECOPD Diagnosis and Episode Severity:
Consider differential diagnosis including [[heart failure]], [[pneumonia]], and [[pulmonary embolism]].
Appropriate testing and treatment based on severity.
Severity categorized into mild, moderate, and severe with variable thresholds.
Mild severity:
*Dyspnea VAS < 5
*RR < 24 breaths/min
*HR < 95 bpm
*Resting SaO2 ≥92% breathing ambient air (or patient’s usual oxygen prescription) AND/OR change ≤3% (when known)
*CRP < 10 mg/L (if obtained)
Moderate severity (requires at least three of the following):
*Dyspnea VAS ≥5
*RR ≥24 breaths/min
*HR ≥95 bpm
*Resting SaO2 <92% breathing ambient air (or patient’s usual oxygen prescription) AND/OR change >3% (when known)
*CRP ≥10 mg/L
Severe severity (indicated when ABG shows new onset/worsening hypercapnia and acidosis):
*Dyspnea, RR, HR, SaO2, and CRP same as moderate
*ABG: PaCO2 >45 mmHg and pH <7.35
Determine etiology through viral testing or sputum culture.
==Environmental Risk Factors for COPD Patient(New GOLD 2024 Recommendation)(DO NOT EDIT)==
*Cigarette Smoking: A major environmental risk factor for COPD, with smokers showing higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms, lung function abnormalities, and greater annual FEV1 decline and mortality rates compared to nonsmokers. However, less than 50% of heavy smokers develop COPD.
*Secondhand Smoke and Other Tobacco Products: Passive cigarette smoke exposure, as well as smoke from pipes, cigars, water pipes, and marijuana, also increases COPD risk. Smoking during pregnancy can harm fetal lung development and potentially prime the immune system for abnormal responses.
*Nonsmoking Risk Factors in LMICs: In low- and middle-income countries, nonsmoking causes account for 60-70% of COPD cases. LMICs, contributing to over 85% of global COPD cases, show that nonsmoking risk factors are responsible for more than 50% of the global COPD burden.
*Household Air Pollution: Use of biomass fuels like wood, animal dung, crop residues, and coal in poorly ventilated stoves leads to high levels of household air pollution, significantly increasing COPD risk. The specific contribution of household air pollution versus other poverty-related exposures is not entirely clear.
*Demographics and Characteristics: COPD in nonsmokers is more prevalent among younger females, presenting with similar or milder respiratory symptoms and quality of life impairment compared to smokers. These individuals often show greater small airways obstruction, less emphysema, and slower lung function decline, with a distinct profile of lower sputum neutrophil count, higher eosinophil numbers, and similar defects in macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria.


===Emphysema===
===Emphysema===
Line 66: Line 97:
* Decreased fat-free mass, impaired systemic muscle function (systemic manifestation)
* Decreased fat-free mass, impaired systemic muscle function (systemic manifestation)


'''The most helpful information in diagnosis of COPD is provided by a combination of the following 3 signs:''' <ref name="pmid21810710">{{cite journal |author=Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Weinberger SE, Hanania NA, Criner G, van der Molen T, Marciniuk DD, Denberg T, Schünemann H, Wedzicha W, MacDonald R, Shekelle P |title=Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society |journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]] |volume=155 |issue=3 |pages=179–91 |year=2011 |month=August |pmid=21810710 |doi=10.1059/0003-4819-155-3-201108020-00008 |url= |accessdate=2012-03-02}}</ref>
'''The most helpful information in diagnosis of COPD is provided by a combination of the following 3 signs:''' <ref name="pmid21810710">{{cite journal |author=Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Weinberger SE, Hanania NA, Criner G, van der Molen T, Marciniuk DD, Denberg T, Schünemann H, Wedzicha W, MacDonald R, Shekelle P |title=Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society |journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]] |volume=155 |issue=3 |pages=179–91 |pmid=21810710 |doi=10.1059/0003-4819-155-3-201108020-00008 |url= |accessdate=2012-03-02}}</ref>
* Self-reported smoking history of more than 55 pack-year
* Self-reported smoking history of more than 55 pack-year
* Wheezing on auscultation
* Wheezing on auscultation
* Self-reported wheezing
* Self-reported wheezing
====AAT Deficient Patients====
* Present earlier than other COPD patients.
* Mainly affects the lungs and the liver.
* Liver abnormalities can be seen in the first decade of life.
* Patients who are homozygous (PIZZ) have following feature:
** Early presentation (< 50 yrs)
** Commonly involve the lung bases
** Panacinar emphysema.


===Severe COPD===
===Severe COPD===
* In extreme cases it could lead to [[cor pulmonale]] due the extra work required by the heart to get blood to flow through the lungs which may present as
* In extreme cases it could lead to [[cor pulmonale]] due the extra work required by the heart to get blood to flow through the lungs which may present as:
** [[Chest discomfort]], usually in the front of the chest
** [[Chest discomfort]], usually in the front of the chest
** [[Exercise intolerance]]
** [[Exercise intolerance]]
Line 88: Line 110:
** Symptoms of underlying disorders ([[wheezing]], [[coughing]])
** Symptoms of underlying disorders ([[wheezing]], [[coughing]])
*  [[Cyanosis]] (bluish decolorization usually in the lips and fingers) caused by a lack of [[oxygen]] in the blood
*  [[Cyanosis]] (bluish decolorization usually in the lips and fingers) caused by a lack of [[oxygen]] in the blood
* Patient may have confusion indicating an alteration of mental status.
* May present with [[confusion]] indicating an alteration of mental status
* Depression may be seen
* [[Depression]] may be seen
* Decreased fat-free mass, impaired systemic muscle function (systemic manifestation)
* Decreased fat-free mass, impaired systemic muscle function (systemic manifestation)
===Acute Exacerbations of COPD===
An acute exacerbation of COPD is a sudden worsening of COPD symptoms ([[Shortness of breath|dyspnea [shortness of breath]]], quantity and color of phlegm) that typically lasts for several days. It may be triggered by an infection with [[bacteria]] or [[viruses]] or by environmental pollutants. Typically, infections cause 75% or more of the exacerbations; [[bacteria]] can be found in roughly 25% of cases, [[viruses]] in another 25%, and both [[viruses]] and [[bacteria]] in another 25%. [[Pulmonary Embolism|Pulmonary emboli]] can also cause exacerbations of COPD. Airway inflammation is increased during the exacerbation, resulting in increased hyperinflation, reduced expiratory air flow and worsening of gas transfer. This can also lead to [[hypoventilation]] and eventually [[hypoxia]], insufficient tissue perfusion, and then cell necrosis.<ref name="pmid17507545" />


===Symptoms for Admission to Emergency Department===
===Symptoms for Admission to Emergency Department===
Line 103: Line 127:
* Worsening [[respiratory acidosis]] (pH < 7.30)
* Worsening [[respiratory acidosis]] (pH < 7.30)


The most helpful information in diagnosis of COPD is provided by a combination of the following 3 signs <ref name="pmid21810710">{{cite journal |author=Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Weinberger SE, Hanania NA, Criner G, van der Molen T, Marciniuk DD, Denberg T, Schünemann H, Wedzicha W, MacDonald R, Shekelle P |title=Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society |journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]] |volume=155 |issue=3 |pages=179–91 |year=2011 |month=August |pmid=21810710 |doi=10.1059/0003-4819-155-3-201108020-00008 |url= |accessdate=2012-03-02}}</ref>
===New GOLD 2024 Recommendation for Vaccination of COPD Patients===


* Self-reported smoking history of more than 55 pack-year
Immunosenescence refers to the gradual decline of the immune system with age, reducing the body’s ability to fight infections and form long-term immunity, particularly impacting elderly individuals and those with conditions like COPD. Lifestyle choices such as not smoking, moderate alcohol intake, regular exercise, a balanced diet, and vaccination can help slow down this process. Updated recommendations include vaccinating COPD patients with new [[respiratory syncytial virus]] (RSV) vaccines, in addition to existing vaccines like [[flu]], [[pneumococcus]], [[COVID-19]], [[pertussis]], and [[shingles]], as per GOLD 2024 guidelines aligned with the CDC.
*Vaccination for Stable COPD
*[[Influenza Vaccination]]:
Recommended for people with COPD (Evidence B).
*SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccination:
Recommended by the WHO and CDC for individuals with COPD (Evidence B).
*Pneumococcal Vaccination:
Options:
One dose of 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20).
Or, one dose of 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15) followed by 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23).
Benefits:
Reduces the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia and exacerbations in people with COPD (Evidence B).
*[[Respiratory Syncytial Virus]] (RSV) Vaccine:
Recommended for individuals over 60 years and/or with chronic heart or lung disease (Evidence B).
*Tdap (TdaP/dTPa) Vaccination:
Protects against pertussis (whooping cough) for people with COPD who were not vaccinated in adolescence (Evidence B).
*Zoster Vaccine:
Recommended for people with COPD over 50 years to protect against shingles (Evidence B).


* Wheezing on auscultation
==Sources==
 
* 2024 GOLD REPORT
* Self-reported wheezing.
GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF COPD: 2024 Report.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}


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Latest revision as of 03:54, 19 May 2024

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H. [3]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [4] Kosar Doraghi, M.D. [5]

Overview

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a group of diseases (bronchitis and emphysema) that can present with symptoms such as dyspnea (shortness of breath), wheezing, persistent cough, and sputum production. Some clinical features can help distinguish between the types of COPD. Patients with chronic bronchitis present with productive cough with gradual progression to intermittent dyspnea (shortness of breath), recurrent pulmonary infections, and in later stage progressive cardiac or respiratory failure presenting with edema and weight gain. Classic findings in patients with emphysema include a long history of progressive dyspnea (shortness of breath) with late onset of productive cough, usually mucopurulent, and eventual decrease in appetite and respiratory failure.

History

The patient may present with a chronic history (spanning over years) of progressive dyspnea (shortness of breath) mainly due to emphysema, or productive cough (chronic bronchitis). Significant history of life style modifications to deal with the dyspnea (shortness of breath) may be found. History of chronic smoking (usually more than 40 pack years) is also commonly found.

The following aspects are very helpful in the diagnosis of COPD:[1]

  • Self-reported smoking history of more than 55 pack-year

Symptoms

COPD includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and a range of other pulmonary disorders. This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs, causing dyspnea (shortness of breath). In clinical practice, COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow on lung function tests.[2] In contrast to asthma, this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time.

Chronic Bronchitis

The hallmark of chronic bronchitis is dyspnea. A positive history of chronic productive cough and shortness of breath is suggestive of chronic bronchitis. Some patients describe the dyspnea as air hunger because of sensation of gasping for air.[4]

  • Productive cough with gradual progression to intermittent shortness of breath. [5] It is possible the sputum may contain blood (hemoptysis), usually due to damage of the blood vessels of the airways. An acute exacerbation may present as productive cough or an acute chest illness. The cough usually is worse in the mornings and produces a small amount of colorless sputum. The frequency and severity of acute exacerbation usually increases as the disease progresses.
  • In later stages progressive cardiac/respiratory failure may present with edema and weight gain.
Common Symptoms
  • Productive cough with gradual progression to intermittent shortness of breath.[6]
  • Sputum may contain blood (hemoptysis), usually due to damage of the blood vessels of the airways.
  • An acute exacerbation may present as productive cough or an acute chest illness.
  • The cough typically is worse in the mornings and produces a small amount of colorless sputum.
  • The frequency and severity of acute exacerbation usually increases as the disease progresses.
  • In later stages progressive cardiac/respiratory failure may present with edema and weight gain.
Other Symptoms

Severe Bronchitis

In extreme cases it could lead to cor pulmonale due the extra work required by the heart to get blood to flow through the lungs which may present as:

  • Cyanosis (typically in the lips and fingers) caused by hypoxemia
  • Patient may have confusion indicating an alteration of mental status
  • Depression may be seen
  • Decreased fat-free mass
  • Impaired systemic muscle function (systemic manifestation)

COPD Patient with suspected Exacerbation(New GOLD 2024 Recommendation)

  • Confirm ECOPD Diagnosis and Episode Severity:

Consider differential diagnosis including heart failure, pneumonia, and pulmonary embolism. Appropriate testing and treatment based on severity. Severity categorized into mild, moderate, and severe with variable thresholds. Mild severity:

  • Dyspnea VAS < 5
  • RR < 24 breaths/min
  • HR < 95 bpm
  • Resting SaO2 ≥92% breathing ambient air (or patient’s usual oxygen prescription) AND/OR change ≤3% (when known)
  • CRP < 10 mg/L (if obtained)

Moderate severity (requires at least three of the following):

  • Dyspnea VAS ≥5
  • RR ≥24 breaths/min
  • HR ≥95 bpm
  • Resting SaO2 <92% breathing ambient air (or patient’s usual oxygen prescription) AND/OR change >3% (when known)
  • CRP ≥10 mg/L

Severe severity (indicated when ABG shows new onset/worsening hypercapnia and acidosis):

  • Dyspnea, RR, HR, SaO2, and CRP same as moderate
  • ABG: PaCO2 >45 mmHg and pH <7.35

Determine etiology through viral testing or sputum culture.

Environmental Risk Factors for COPD Patient(New GOLD 2024 Recommendation)(DO NOT EDIT)

  • Cigarette Smoking: A major environmental risk factor for COPD, with smokers showing higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms, lung function abnormalities, and greater annual FEV1 decline and mortality rates compared to nonsmokers. However, less than 50% of heavy smokers develop COPD.
  • Secondhand Smoke and Other Tobacco Products: Passive cigarette smoke exposure, as well as smoke from pipes, cigars, water pipes, and marijuana, also increases COPD risk. Smoking during pregnancy can harm fetal lung development and potentially prime the immune system for abnormal responses.
  • Nonsmoking Risk Factors in LMICs: In low- and middle-income countries, nonsmoking causes account for 60-70% of COPD cases. LMICs, contributing to over 85% of global COPD cases, show that nonsmoking risk factors are responsible for more than 50% of the global COPD burden.
  • Household Air Pollution: Use of biomass fuels like wood, animal dung, crop residues, and coal in poorly ventilated stoves leads to high levels of household air pollution, significantly increasing COPD risk. The specific contribution of household air pollution versus other poverty-related exposures is not entirely clear.
  • Demographics and Characteristics: COPD in nonsmokers is more prevalent among younger females, presenting with similar or milder respiratory symptoms and quality of life impairment compared to smokers. These individuals often show greater small airways obstruction, less emphysema, and slower lung function decline, with a distinct profile of lower sputum neutrophil count, higher eosinophil numbers, and similar defects in macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria.

Emphysema

Most patients seek medical attention late in the course of their disease as the disease is gradual in onset and progressive.

  • The most important aspects of history taking in patients suspected for emphysema include:
    • A long history of progressive shortness of breath with late onset of nonproductive cough
    • Cough is mainly mucopurulent
    • The cough usually is worse in the morning
    • Cough is accompanied by eventual decrease in appetite (mainly due to respiratory failure)
    • Dyspnea start to manifest mostly around 60 years of age

Symptoms of Severe Emphysema

In extreme cases it could lead to cor pulmonale due the extra work required by the heart to get blood to flow through the lungs which may present as:

The most helpful information in diagnosis of COPD is provided by a combination of the following 3 signs: [1]

  • Self-reported smoking history of more than 55 pack-year
  • Wheezing on auscultation
  • Self-reported wheezing

Severe COPD

Acute Exacerbations of COPD

An acute exacerbation of COPD is a sudden worsening of COPD symptoms (dyspnea [shortness of breath], quantity and color of phlegm) that typically lasts for several days. It may be triggered by an infection with bacteria or viruses or by environmental pollutants. Typically, infections cause 75% or more of the exacerbations; bacteria can be found in roughly 25% of cases, viruses in another 25%, and both viruses and bacteria in another 25%. Pulmonary emboli can also cause exacerbations of COPD. Airway inflammation is increased during the exacerbation, resulting in increased hyperinflation, reduced expiratory air flow and worsening of gas transfer. This can also lead to hypoventilation and eventually hypoxia, insufficient tissue perfusion, and then cell necrosis.[3]

Symptoms for Admission to Emergency Department

  • Labored breathing (respiratory muscle fatigue)

New GOLD 2024 Recommendation for Vaccination of COPD Patients

Immunosenescence refers to the gradual decline of the immune system with age, reducing the body’s ability to fight infections and form long-term immunity, particularly impacting elderly individuals and those with conditions like COPD. Lifestyle choices such as not smoking, moderate alcohol intake, regular exercise, a balanced diet, and vaccination can help slow down this process. Updated recommendations include vaccinating COPD patients with new respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines, in addition to existing vaccines like flu, pneumococcus, COVID-19, pertussis, and shingles, as per GOLD 2024 guidelines aligned with the CDC.

Recommended for people with COPD (Evidence B).

  • SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccination:

Recommended by the WHO and CDC for individuals with COPD (Evidence B).

  • Pneumococcal Vaccination:

Options: One dose of 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20). Or, one dose of 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15) followed by 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23). Benefits: Reduces the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia and exacerbations in people with COPD (Evidence B).

Recommended for individuals over 60 years and/or with chronic heart or lung disease (Evidence B).

  • Tdap (TdaP/dTPa) Vaccination:

Protects against pertussis (whooping cough) for people with COPD who were not vaccinated in adolescence (Evidence B).

  • Zoster Vaccine:

Recommended for people with COPD over 50 years to protect against shingles (Evidence B).

Sources

  • 2024 GOLD REPORT

GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF COPD: 2024 Report.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Weinberger SE, Hanania NA, Criner G, van der Molen T, Marciniuk DD, Denberg T, Schünemann H, Wedzicha W, MacDonald R, Shekelle P. "Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society". Annals of Internal Medicine. 155 (3): 179–91. doi:10.1059/0003-4819-155-3-201108020-00008. PMID 21810710. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  2. ↑ Template:Cite doi [1]
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J. "Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 176 (6): 532–55. doi:10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO. PMID 17507545. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
  4. ↑ Festic E, Bansal V, Gajic O, Lee AS (2014). "Prehospital use of inhaled corticosteroids and point prevalence of pneumonia at the time of hospital admission: secondary analysis of a multicenter cohort study". Mayo Clin. Proc. 89 (2): 154–62. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.10.028. PMC 3989069. PMID 24485129.
  5. ↑ U.S. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute - Signs and Symptoms
  6. ↑ U.S. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute - Signs and Symptoms

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