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==Overveiw==
==Overveiw==
Pancoast tumor is the type of lung cancer that is associated with invasion of the apical chest wall. The location of Pancoast tumor in the superior sulcus results in an invasion of adjacent structures and in its characteristic clinical presentation. The progression of Pancoast tumor usually involves spread across the pleural apex to invade the following structures by direct extension into lymphatic vessels in the endothoracic fascia, intercoastal nerves, lower roots of brachial plexus, stellate ganglion, sympathetic chain, adjacent ribs, adjacent vertebra bodies, extension to the spinal cord can result in cord compression, subclavian artery or subclavian vein. The development of Pancoast syndrome is the result of tumors in the superior pulmonary sulcus is characterized by pain along ulnar nerve distribution and Horner syndrome.
Pancoast tumor is the type of [[lung cancer]] that is associated with [[invasion]] of the [[apical]] [[chest wall]]. The location of Pancoast tumor in the superior sulcus results in an [[invasion]] of adjacent structures and in its characteristic [[Clinical|clinical presentation]]. The progression of Pancoast tumor usually involves spread across the [[Pleural|pleural apex]] to invade the following structures by direct [[extension]] into [[lymphatic vessels]] in the [[Fascia|endothoracic fascia]], [[intercostal nerves]], [[Brachial plexus|lower roots of brachial plexus]], [[stellate ganglion]], [[sympathetic chain]], [[Ribs|adjacent ribs]], adjacent [[Vertebrae|vertebra bodies]], [[extension]] to the [[spinal cord]] can result in [[cord compression]], [[subclavian artery]] or [[subclavian vein]]. The [[development]] of Pancoast syndrome is the result of [[tumors]] in the superior pulmonary sulcus is characterized by [[pain]] along [[ulnar nerve]] distribution and [[Horner's syndrome]].
==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
*Pancoast tumor is the type of lung cancer that is associated with invasion of the apical chest wall. The location of Pancoast tumor in the superior sulcus results in an invasion of adjacent structures and in its characteristic clinical presentation.<ref name="pmid1186286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Paulson DL |title=Carcinomas in the superior pulmonary sulcus |journal=J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=1095–104 |year=1975 |pmid=1186286 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15201002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pitz CC, de la Rivière AB, van Swieten HA, Duurkens VA, Lammers JW, van den Bosch JM |title=Surgical treatment of Pancoast tumours |journal=Eur J Cardiothorac Surg |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=202–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15201002 |doi=10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.02.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23702478">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glassman LR, Hyman K |title=Pancoast tumor: a modern perspective on an old problem |journal=Curr Opin Pulm Med |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=340–3 |year=2013 |pmid=23702478 |doi=10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283621b31 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24672686">{{cite journal |vauthors=Panagopoulos N, Leivaditis V, Koletsis E, Prokakis C, Alexopoulos P, Baltayiannis N, Hatzimichalis A, Tsakiridis K, Zarogoulidis P, Zarogoulidis K, Katsikogiannis N, Kougioumtzi I, Machairiotis N, Tsiouda T, Kesisis G, Siminelakis S, Madesis A, Dougenis D |title=Pancoast tumors: characteristics and preoperative assessment |journal=J Thorac Dis |volume=6 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S108–15 |year=2014 |pmid=24672686 |pmc=3966151 |doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.29 |url=}}</ref>
*Pancoast tumor is the [[Lung cancer|type of lung cancer]] that is associated with [[invasion]] of the [[apical]] [[chest wall]]. The location of Pancoast tumor in the superior sulcus results in an [[invasion]] of adjacent structures and in its characteristic [[Clinical|clinical presentation]].<ref name="pmid1186286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Paulson DL |title=Carcinomas in the superior pulmonary sulcus |journal=J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=1095–104 |year=1975 |pmid=1186286 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15201002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pitz CC, de la Rivière AB, van Swieten HA, Duurkens VA, Lammers JW, van den Bosch JM |title=Surgical treatment of Pancoast tumours |journal=Eur J Cardiothorac Surg |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=202–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15201002 |doi=10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.02.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23702478">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glassman LR, Hyman K |title=Pancoast tumor: a modern perspective on an old problem |journal=Curr Opin Pulm Med |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=340–3 |year=2013 |pmid=23702478 |doi=10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283621b31 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24672686">{{cite journal |vauthors=Panagopoulos N, Leivaditis V, Koletsis E, Prokakis C, Alexopoulos P, Baltayiannis N, Hatzimichalis A, Tsakiridis K, Zarogoulidis P, Zarogoulidis K, Katsikogiannis N, Kougioumtzi I, Machairiotis N, Tsiouda T, Kesisis G, Siminelakis S, Madesis A, Dougenis D |title=Pancoast tumors: characteristics and preoperative assessment |journal=J Thorac Dis |volume=6 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S108–15 |year=2014 |pmid=24672686 |pmc=3966151 |doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.29 |url=}}</ref>
*The progression of Pancoast tumor usually involves spread across the pleural apex to invade the following structures by direct extension:
*The progression of Pancoast tumor usually involves spread across the [[Pleural|pleural apex]] to invade the following structures by direct [[extension]]:
**Lymphatic vessels in the endothoracic fascia
**[[Lymphatic vessels]] in the [[Fascia|endothoracic fascia]]
**Intercoastal nerves
**[[Intercostal nerves]]
**Lower roots of brachial plexus
**[[Brachial plexus|Lower roots of brachial plexus]]
**Stellate ganglion
**[[Stellate ganglion]]
**Sympathetic chain
**[[Sympathetic chain]]
**The first, second, or third rib  
**The [[Rib|first, second, or third rib]]
**First or second thoracic vertebra bodies or intervertebral foramina
**[[Vertebral|First or second thoracic vertebra bodies]] or [[intervertebral foramina]]
**Extension to the spinal cord can result in cord compression
**[[Extension]] to the [[spinal cord]] can result in [[Spinal cord compression|cord compression]]
**Subclavian artery
**[[Subclavian artery]]
**Subclavian vein
**[[Subclavian vein]]
*The development of Pancoast syndrome is the result of tumors in the superior pulmonary sulcus is characterized by pain along ulnar nerve distribution and Horner syndrome.
*The [[development]] of Pancoast syndrome is the result of [[tumors]] in the superior pulmonary sulcus is characterized by [[pain]] along [[Ulnar nerve|ulnar nerve distribution]] and [[Horner's syndrome]].
==Gross Pathology==
 
*On gross pathology, findings will depend on the histological subtype of Pancoast tumor.
*Lung adenocarcinoma gross pathology findings, include:<ref name="pathology">Non small cell lung cancer. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/Non-small_cell_lung_carcinoma Accessed on February 22, 2016 </ref>
:*Spherical tumor with well-defined borders
:*Homogeneous gray-white cut surface
:*Involvement of the [[thoracic wall]]
:*Usually found in the peripheral lung
*Large cell lung cancer gross pathology findings, include:<ref name="pathology">Non small cell lung cancer. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/Non-small_cell_lung_carcinoma Accessed on February 22, 2016 </ref>
:*Well-defined borders
:*Resemblance to gross findings in adenocarcinoma
:*No signs of [[anthracosis]]
:*Involvement of the thoracic wall
*Squamous cell lung cancer gross pathology findings, include:<ref name="pathology">Non small cell lung cancer. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/Non-small_cell_lung_carcinoma Accessed on February 22, 2016 </ref>
:*Lung mass
:*Usually centrally located
:*Associated with a large airway
:*Usually have a [[Cavitation|central cavitation]]
 
==Microscopic Pathology==
On microscopic pathology, findings will depend on the histological type of Pancoast tumor.<ref name="pathology">Non small cell lung cancer. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/Non-small_cell_lung_carcinoma Accessed on February 22, 2016 </ref>
 
*Lung adenocarcinoma microscopic pathology findings, include:
:*Nuclear atypia
:*Eccentrically placed nuclei
:*Abundant cytoplasm with mucin vacuoles
:*Often conspicuous [[nucleoli]]
:*Lack of intercellular bridges.
:*Different patterns, include: acinar, lepidic, micropapillary, papillary, and solid.
 
*Large cell lung cancer microscopic pathology findings, include:
:*Large polygonal cells and anaplastic cells
:*No squamous or glandular differentiation
:*Moderately abundant cytoplasm
:*Vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli
 
*Squamous cell lung cancer microscopic pathology findings include:
:*Central nucleus
:*Dense appearing cytoplasm, usually eosinophilic
:*Small nucleolus
:*Intracellular bridges (classic feature)
 
On immunohistochemistry, the findings depend on the histological type of Pancoast tumor.<ref name="pmid19466276">{{cite journal |vauthors=Capelozzi VL |title=Role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of lung cancer |journal=J Bras Pneumol |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=375–82 |year=2009 |pmid=19466276 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pathology">Non small cell lung cancer. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/Non-small_cell_lung_carcinoma Accessed on February 22, 2016 </ref>
*Common immunohistochemistry markers used for Pancoast tumor subtyping, include:
:*TTF-1 for adenocarcinoma
:*p63 and high-molecular-weight keratins for squamous cell carcinoma
:*Lack of staining with neuroendocrine markers ([[chromogranin A]], synaptophysin, and [[CD56]])


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 20:14, 27 March 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mazia Fatima, MBBS [2]

Overveiw

Pancoast tumor is the type of lung cancer that is associated with invasion of the apical chest wall. The location of Pancoast tumor in the superior sulcus results in an invasion of adjacent structures and in its characteristic clinical presentation. The progression of Pancoast tumor usually involves spread across the pleural apex to invade the following structures by direct extension into lymphatic vessels in the endothoracic fascia, intercostal nerves, lower roots of brachial plexus, stellate ganglion, sympathetic chain, adjacent ribs, adjacent vertebra bodies, extension to the spinal cord can result in cord compression, subclavian artery or subclavian vein. The development of Pancoast syndrome is the result of tumors in the superior pulmonary sulcus is characterized by pain along ulnar nerve distribution and Horner's syndrome.

Pathophysiology

Gross Pathology

  • On gross pathology, findings will depend on the histological subtype of Pancoast tumor.
  • Lung adenocarcinoma gross pathology findings, include:[5]
  • Spherical tumor with well-defined borders
  • Homogeneous gray-white cut surface
  • Involvement of the thoracic wall
  • Usually found in the peripheral lung
  • Large cell lung cancer gross pathology findings, include:[5]
  • Well-defined borders
  • Resemblance to gross findings in adenocarcinoma
  • No signs of anthracosis
  • Involvement of the thoracic wall
  • Squamous cell lung cancer gross pathology findings, include:[5]
  • Lung mass
  • Usually centrally located
  • Associated with a large airway
  • Usually have a central cavitation

Microscopic Pathology

On microscopic pathology, findings will depend on the histological type of Pancoast tumor.[5]

  • Lung adenocarcinoma microscopic pathology findings, include:
  • Nuclear atypia
  • Eccentrically placed nuclei
  • Abundant cytoplasm with mucin vacuoles
  • Often conspicuous nucleoli
  • Lack of intercellular bridges.
  • Different patterns, include: acinar, lepidic, micropapillary, papillary, and solid.
  • Large cell lung cancer microscopic pathology findings, include:
  • Large polygonal cells and anaplastic cells
  • No squamous or glandular differentiation
  • Moderately abundant cytoplasm
  • Vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli
  • Squamous cell lung cancer microscopic pathology findings include:
  • Central nucleus
  • Dense appearing cytoplasm, usually eosinophilic
  • Small nucleolus
  • Intracellular bridges (classic feature)

On immunohistochemistry, the findings depend on the histological type of Pancoast tumor.[6][5]

  • Common immunohistochemistry markers used for Pancoast tumor subtyping, include:
  • TTF-1 for adenocarcinoma
  • p63 and high-molecular-weight keratins for squamous cell carcinoma
  • Lack of staining with neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and CD56)

References

  1. ↑ Paulson DL (1975). "Carcinomas in the superior pulmonary sulcus". J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 70 (6): 1095–104. PMID 1186286.
  2. ↑ Pitz CC, de la Rivière AB, van Swieten HA, Duurkens VA, Lammers JW, van den Bosch JM (2004). "Surgical treatment of Pancoast tumours". Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 26 (1): 202–8. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.02.016. PMID 15201002.
  3. ↑ Glassman LR, Hyman K (2013). "Pancoast tumor: a modern perspective on an old problem". Curr Opin Pulm Med. 19 (4): 340–3. doi:10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283621b31. PMID 23702478.
  4. ↑ Panagopoulos N, Leivaditis V, Koletsis E, Prokakis C, Alexopoulos P, Baltayiannis N, Hatzimichalis A, Tsakiridis K, Zarogoulidis P, Zarogoulidis K, Katsikogiannis N, Kougioumtzi I, Machairiotis N, Tsiouda T, Kesisis G, Siminelakis S, Madesis A, Dougenis D (2014). "Pancoast tumors: characteristics and preoperative assessment". J Thorac Dis. 6 Suppl 1: S108–15. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.29. PMC 3966151. PMID 24672686.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Non small cell lung cancer. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/Non-small_cell_lung_carcinoma Accessed on February 22, 2016
  6. ↑ Capelozzi VL (2009). "Role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of lung cancer". J Bras Pneumol. 35 (4): 375–82. PMID 19466276.

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