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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Pancoast tumor}} | {{Pancoast tumor}} | ||
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Mazia}} | {{CMG}};{{AE}} {{Mazia}} | ||
==Overveiw== | ==Overveiw== | ||
Pancoast tumor is a subtype of lung cancer localized to the lung apex. Effective measures for the primary prevention of lung cancer include [[smoking cessation]] and avoidance of second-hand smoking. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet rich with fruits and vegetables and regular exercise, might decrease the risk of developing cancer in general. | Pancoast tumor is a subtype of [[lung cancer]] localized to the [[lung]] [[apex]]. Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of [[lung cancer]] include [[smoking cessation]] and avoidance of [[Smoking|second-hand smoking]]. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet rich with fruits and vegetables and regular [[exercise]], might decrease the risk of developing [[cancer]] in general. | ||
==Primary Prevention== | ==Primary Prevention== | ||
*Pancoast tumor is a subtype of lung cancer localized to the lung apex. | *Pancoast tumor is a subtype of [[lung cancer]] localized to the [[lung]] [[apex]]. | ||
*Effective measures for the primary prevention of lung cancer include:<ref name="pmid12610194">{{cite journal| author=Ebbert JO, Yang P, Vachon CM, Vierkant RA, Cerhan JR, Folsom AR et al.| title=Lung cancer risk reduction after smoking cessation: observations from a prospective cohort of women. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2003 | volume= 21 | issue= 5 | pages= 921-6 | pmid=12610194 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12610194 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21747301">{{cite journal| author=Tse LA, Yu IT, Qiu H, Au JS, Wang XR, Tam W et al.| title=Lung cancer decreased sharply in first 5 years after smoking cessation in Chinese men. | journal=J Thorac Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 6 | issue= 10 | pages= 1670-6 | pmid=21747301 | doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182217bd4 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21747301 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23940744">{{cite journal| author=Villanti AC, Jiang Y, Abrams DB, Pyenson BS| title=A cost-utility analysis of lung cancer screening and the additional benefits of incorporating smoking cessation interventions. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2013 | volume= 8 | issue= 8 | pages= e71379 | pmid=23940744 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0071379 | pmc=PMC3737088 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23940744 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15841256">{{cite journal| author=Barnard RJ| title=Prevention of Cancer Through Lifestyle Changes. | journal=Evid Based Complement Alternat Med | year= 2004 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 233-239 | pmid=15841256 | doi=10.1093/ecam/neh036 | pmc=PMC538507 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15841256 }} </ref><ref name="Vineis">{{cite journal | last =Vineis | first =P | coauthors =Hoek G, Krzyzanowski M et al. | title =Lung cancers attributable to environmental tobacco smoke and air pollution in non-smokers in different European countries: a prospective study | journal =Environmental Health | volume =6 | issue = | pages =7 | publisher =BioMed Central | date =Feb 2007 | url =http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17302981 | doi =10.1186/1476-069X-6-7 | pmid =17302981 | accessdate =2007-08-11 }}</ref><ref name="Bhutan">{{cite web | last =Pandey | first =G | title =Bhutan's smokers face public ban | publisher =BBC | date =Feb 2005 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4305715.stm | accessdate =2007-09-07 }}</ref><ref name="Gray">{{cite journal | last =Gray | first =N | title =A global approach to tobacco policy | journal =Lung Cancer | volume =39 | issue =2 | pages =113–117 | publisher =BioMed Central | date =Feb 2003 | pmid =12581561 }}</ref> | *Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of [[lung cancer]] include:<ref name="pmid12610194">{{cite journal| author=Ebbert JO, Yang P, Vachon CM, Vierkant RA, Cerhan JR, Folsom AR et al.| title=Lung cancer risk reduction after smoking cessation: observations from a prospective cohort of women. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2003 | volume= 21 | issue= 5 | pages= 921-6 | pmid=12610194 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12610194 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21747301">{{cite journal| author=Tse LA, Yu IT, Qiu H, Au JS, Wang XR, Tam W et al.| title=Lung cancer decreased sharply in first 5 years after smoking cessation in Chinese men. | journal=J Thorac Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 6 | issue= 10 | pages= 1670-6 | pmid=21747301 | doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182217bd4 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21747301 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23940744">{{cite journal| author=Villanti AC, Jiang Y, Abrams DB, Pyenson BS| title=A cost-utility analysis of lung cancer screening and the additional benefits of incorporating smoking cessation interventions. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2013 | volume= 8 | issue= 8 | pages= e71379 | pmid=23940744 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0071379 | pmc=PMC3737088 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23940744 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15841256">{{cite journal| author=Barnard RJ| title=Prevention of Cancer Through Lifestyle Changes. | journal=Evid Based Complement Alternat Med | year= 2004 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 233-239 | pmid=15841256 | doi=10.1093/ecam/neh036 | pmc=PMC538507 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15841256 }} </ref><ref name="Vineis">{{cite journal | last =Vineis | first =P | coauthors =Hoek G, Krzyzanowski M et al. | title =Lung cancers attributable to environmental tobacco smoke and air pollution in non-smokers in different European countries: a prospective study | journal =Environmental Health | volume =6 | issue = | pages =7 | publisher =BioMed Central | date =Feb 2007 | url =http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17302981 | doi =10.1186/1476-069X-6-7 | pmid =17302981 | accessdate =2007-08-11 }}</ref><ref name="Bhutan">{{cite web | last =Pandey | first =G | title =Bhutan's smokers face public ban | publisher =BBC | date =Feb 2005 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4305715.stm | accessdate =2007-09-07 }}</ref><ref name="Gray">{{cite journal | last =Gray | first =N | title =A global approach to tobacco policy | journal =Lung Cancer | volume =39 | issue =2 | pages =113–117 | publisher =BioMed Central | date =Feb 2003 | pmid =12581561 }}</ref> | ||
**[[Smoking cessation]] | **[[Smoking cessation]] | ||
**[[Passive smoking]] | **[[Passive smoking]] | ||
*Prevention is the most cost-effective means of fighting lung cancer. | *[[Prevention]] is the most cost-effective means of fighting [[lung cancer]]. | ||
*In most countries industrial and domestic carcinogens have been identified and banned, [[tobacco]] smoking is still widespread. | *In most countries industrial and domestic [[carcinogens]] have been identified and banned, [[tobacco]] [[smoking]] is still widespread. | ||
*Eliminating tobacco smoking is a primary goal in the prevention of lung cancer, and [[smoking cessation]] is an important preventative tool in this process. | *Eliminating [[tobacco smoking]] is a primary goal in the [[prevention]] of [[lung cancer]], and [[smoking cessation]] is an important preventative tool in this process. | ||
*Policy interventions to decrease [[passive smoking]] in public areas such as restaurants and workplaces have become more common in many Western countries. *California has taken a lead in banning smoking in public establishments in 1998. | *Policy interventions to decrease [[passive smoking]] in public areas such as restaurants and workplaces have become more common in many Western countries. | ||
*California has taken a lead in banning smoking in public establishments in 1998. | |||
*Ireland played a similar role in Europe in 2004, followed by Italy and Norway in 2005, Scotland as well as several others in 2006, and England in 2007. | *Ireland played a similar role in Europe in 2004, followed by Italy and Norway in 2005, Scotland as well as several others in 2006, and England in 2007. | ||
*New Zealand has also banned smoking in public places as of 2004. | *New Zealand has also banned [[smoking]] in public places as of 2004. | ||
*The state of Bhutan has had a complete smoking ban since 2005. | *The state of Bhutan has had a complete [[smoking]] ban since 2005. | ||
*In many countries, pressure groups are campaigning for similar bans. Arguments cited against such bans are criminalization of smoking, increased risk of smuggling and the risk that such a ban cannot be enforced. | *In many countries, pressure groups are campaigning for similar bans. Arguments cited against such bans are criminalization of [[smoking]], increased risk of smuggling and the risk that such a ban cannot be enforced. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Latest revision as of 18:36, 20 March 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mazia Fatima, MBBS [2]
Overveiw
Pancoast tumor is a subtype of lung cancer localized to the lung apex. Effective measures for the primary prevention of lung cancer include smoking cessation and avoidance of second-hand smoking. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet rich with fruits and vegetables and regular exercise, might decrease the risk of developing cancer in general.
Primary Prevention
- Pancoast tumor is a subtype of lung cancer localized to the lung apex.
- Effective measures for the primary prevention of lung cancer include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
- Prevention is the most cost-effective means of fighting lung cancer.
- In most countries industrial and domestic carcinogens have been identified and banned, tobacco smoking is still widespread.
- Eliminating tobacco smoking is a primary goal in the prevention of lung cancer, and smoking cessation is an important preventative tool in this process.
- Policy interventions to decrease passive smoking in public areas such as restaurants and workplaces have become more common in many Western countries.
- California has taken a lead in banning smoking in public establishments in 1998.
- Ireland played a similar role in Europe in 2004, followed by Italy and Norway in 2005, Scotland as well as several others in 2006, and England in 2007.
- New Zealand has also banned smoking in public places as of 2004.
- The state of Bhutan has had a complete smoking ban since 2005.
- In many countries, pressure groups are campaigning for similar bans. Arguments cited against such bans are criminalization of smoking, increased risk of smuggling and the risk that such a ban cannot be enforced.
References
- ↑ Ebbert JO, Yang P, Vachon CM, Vierkant RA, Cerhan JR, Folsom AR; et al. (2003). "Lung cancer risk reduction after smoking cessation: observations from a prospective cohort of women". J Clin Oncol. 21 (5): 921–6. PMID 12610194.
- ↑ Tse LA, Yu IT, Qiu H, Au JS, Wang XR, Tam W; et al. (2011). "Lung cancer decreased sharply in first 5 years after smoking cessation in Chinese men". J Thorac Oncol. 6 (10): 1670–6. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182217bd4. PMID 21747301.
- ↑ Villanti AC, Jiang Y, Abrams DB, Pyenson BS (2013). "A cost-utility analysis of lung cancer screening and the additional benefits of incorporating smoking cessation interventions". PLoS One. 8 (8): e71379. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071379. PMC 3737088. PMID 23940744.
- ↑ Barnard RJ (2004). "Prevention of Cancer Through Lifestyle Changes". Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 1 (3): 233–239. doi:10.1093/ecam/neh036. PMC 538507. PMID 15841256.
- ↑ Vineis, P (Feb 2007). "Lung cancers attributable to environmental tobacco smoke and air pollution in non-smokers in different European countries: a prospective study". Environmental Health. BioMed Central. 6: 7. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-6-7. PMID 17302981. Retrieved 2007-08-11. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Pandey, G (Feb 2005). "Bhutan's smokers face public ban". BBC. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
- ↑ Gray, N (Feb 2003). "A global approach to tobacco policy". Lung Cancer. BioMed Central. 39 (2): 113&ndash, 117. PMID 12581561.