Vasculitis: Difference between revisions

	Vasculitis
Overview
Classification Large-sized vessel vasculitis Takayasu's Arteritis Temporal Arteritis Medium-sized vessel vasculitis Kawasaki's Disease Polyarteritis Nodosa Small-sized vessel vasculitis Churg-Strauss Syndrome Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis Essential cryoglobulinemic vasculitis Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Microscopic polyangiitis Wegener's Granulomatosis Variable-sized vessel vasculitis Sjogren syndrome Cogan syndrome Single organ vasculitis Primary central nervous system angiitis
Causes
Differential Diagnosis

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Latest revision as of 15:10, 21 May 2021

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Overview

Vasculitis means inflammation of a blood vessel. Vasculitis is classified based on the size of vessels which are involved. Large sized-vessel vasculitis mostly happens in major vessels of the body, such as Takayasu's Arteritis and temporal Arteritis. Medium sized-vessel vasculitis includes Kawasaki's Disease and Polyarteritis Nodosa. Small sized-vessel vasculitis commonly manifests as skin lesions and includes Churg-Strauss Syndrome, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, Henoch-Schonlein Purpura, and Wegener's Granulomatosis. Variable sized-vessel vasculitis are Sjogren syndrome and Cogan syndrome. Single organ vasculitis is basically primary central nervous system angiitis. As the affected vessels are vary in size, the affected organs could be different among patients which leads to different disease presentation and severities. This spectrum of diseases could be primary or secondary to another conditions like sepsis. A high degree of level of suspicious is necessary when encounter a patients with appropriate clinical manifestation to lead to final diagnosis. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical scenario, lab findings, and imaging findings. Although the definite diagnostic modality is tissue biopsy and microscopic findings. The diseases course could be acute although they usually presents with constitutional symptoms and chronic progression. Treatment of vasculitis depends on the disease severity consists of applying immunosuppressant agents to induce the remission and maintain the the disease course under control.

Classification

Large-sized vessel vasculitis

Medium-sized vessel vasculitis

Small-sized vessel vasculitis

Variable-sized vessel vasculitis

Single organ vasculitis

Primary central nervous system angiitis

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Vasculitis could be a primary disorder or secondary to an underlying condition. Following is a list of common causes of underlying diseases or drugs that may lead to vasculitis syndrome:

Differentiating Vasculitis from Other Diseases

As vasculitis manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype.
- Large-sized vessel vasculitis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause major vessels inflammation, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and fibromuscular dysplasia.
- Medium-sized vessel vasculitis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause visceral vessels vasculitis, such as segmental arterial mediolysis and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
- Small-sized vessel vasculitis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause capillary inflammation and skin lesions, such as diffuse intravascular coagulation and immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
- Single organ vasculitis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause neurovascular disorder, such as eclampsia and histoplasmosis.

To review the differential diagnosis of large-sized vessel vasculitis, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of large-sized vessel vasculitis with weight loss, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of large-sized vessel vasculitis with arthralgia, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of large-sized vessel vasculitis with claudication, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of large-sized vessel vasculitis with hypertension, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis with headache, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis with fever, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis with weight loss, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis with arthralgia, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis with claudication, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis with bruit, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis with hypertension, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis with focal neurological sign, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis with headache, fever, and focal neurological sign, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis with headache, fever, weight loss, and arthralgia, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis with headache, fever, weight loss, arthralgia, claudication, bruit, and hypertension, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with headache, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with fever, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with weight loss, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with arthralgia, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with claudication, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with hypertension, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with focal neurological sign, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with fever and headache, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with fever and weight loss, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with fever and arthralgia, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with fever and claudication, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with fever and focal neurological sign, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with fever, weight loss, and arthralgia, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with fever, weight loss, and focal neurological sign, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with fever, headache, weight loss, arthralgia, and claudication, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with fever, headache,weight loss, arthralgia, claudication, hypertension, and focal neurological sign, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of variable-sized vessel vasculitis, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of single organ vasculitis, click here.

Abbreviations: ABG= Arterial blood gas, ANA= Antinuclear antibody, ANP= Atrial natriuretic peptide, ASO= Antistreptolysin O antibody, BNP= Brain natriuretic peptide, CBC= Complete blood count, COPD= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP= C-reactive protein, CT= Computed tomography, CXR= Chest X-ray, DVT= Deep vein thrombosis, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HRCT= High Resolution CT, IgE= Immunoglobulin E, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, PCWP= Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, PCR= Polymerase chain reaction, PFT= Pulmonary function test.

			Symptoms					Physical examination			Lab Findings				Imaging				Histopathology
Diseases			Clinical manifestations								Para-clinical findings									Gold standard	Additional findings
			Symptoms					Physical examination			Para-clinical findings
			Headache	Fever	Weight loss	Arthralgia	Claudication	Bruit	HTN	Focal neurological disorder	Biomarker	CBC	ESR	Other	CT scan	Angiography	Ultrasound/ Echocardiography	Other	Histopathology
Large-Vessel Vasculitis	Takayasu arteritis^[1]		+	+/-	+	-	+	+	+/-	+/-	MMP-3 and MMP-9	Leukocytosis, Anemia	↑	↑CRP	Aneurysmal dilatation of the aorta	Blood vessel stenosis	Circumferential thickening of the arterial wall (Macaroni sign)	PET-scan, Cardiac CT	Granulomatous inflammation of arteries	Arteriography	Coronary aneurysm
	Giant cell arteritis^[2]		+	-	+	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	Pentraxin 3 (PTX3)	Normal	↑	↑CRP	Stenosis, Occlusion, Dilatation	Aneurysm	-	Mural inflammation in MRA	Granulomatous inflammation of arteries	Biopsy	Jaw pain and claudication
	Neurological disease	Cerebral aneurysm^[3]	+	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+	-	Normal	Normal	-	Well-defined round, slightly hyperattenuating lesion	Bulging out of the main lumen	-	Heterogeneous signal intensity in MRA	Layers of smooth muscle cells, Intact endothelium	Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)	Nausea, Vomiting
		Neurofibromatosis type 1^[4]	+/-	-	+/-	-	-	-	+	+	NF1 mutated gene	Normal	Normal	Neurofibromin gene	Bone abnormalities	Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)	-	Optic nerve gliomas in MRI	Elongated spindle-shaped cells in neurofibromas	NIH diagnostic criteria	Cafe au Lait spot
		Neurofibromatosis type 2^[5]	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	-	-	+	NF2 mutated gene	Normal	Normal	Schwannomin	Meningioma, Schwannoma, Ependymoma	Fluorescein angiography showed retinal hamartoma	Localized schwannomas in nerve ultrasound	Schwannoma in MRI	Encapsulated biphasic nerve sheath tumor	NIH diagnostic criteria	Hearing loss, Vision loss
	Systemic disease	Fibromuscular dysplasia^[6]	+	-	+/-	+	+	+	+	+/-	Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)	Normal	↑	↑ Cr or BUN	Alternating stenosis and dilatations in CT angiography	Stenosis in the renal arteries	Luminal narrowing alternating with dilatation (Beads sign)	Focal concentric, long-segment tubular stenosis or outpouching in MRA	Fibrodysplastic changes, Collagen deposition	Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)	Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)
		Ehlers-Danlos syndrome^[7]	-	-	-	+	+/-	+/-	-	+/-	TGF-β	Normal	Normal	Cultured skin fibroblasts	Multiple vascular segments with aneurysms and dissections	Dissection of the posterolateral branch of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx)	Visceral arteries abnormality	Vascular abnormalities in MRA	Thin and rare collagen bundles in the dermis	History and physical examination	Bleeding, Bruisability, Heart murmur
		Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)^[8]	+	-	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	Plasma fibrinogen	Normocytic, normochromic anemia	↑	CRP	Periodontoid localization of calcification	Vessel wall thickening, Increased mural contrast enhancement	Subacromial or subdeltoid bursitis	High F-FDG accumulation around the joints in FDG PET-CT	Small angular fibers, Pyknotic nuclear clumps, or target-targetoid fibers	-	Joint stiffness, Fatigue
		Amyloidosis^[9]	+/-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	+	+	Immunoglobulin light chain (Amyloid)	Anemia	Normal	↑ Cr or BUN, ↑ ALT or AST	Diffusely hypoattenuating and enlarged liver	Amyloid deposition in the media and adventitia of small arteries	Solid organs increased echogenicity	Tc-DPD for cardiac amyloid deposits	Extracellular deposition of fibrillar proteins	Biopsy	Cardiomegaly, Dyspnea
Diseases			Headache	Fever	Weight loss	Arthralgia	Claudication	Bruit	HTN	Focal neurological disorder	Biomarker	CBC	ESR	Other	CT scan	Angiography	Ultrasound/ Echocardiography	Other	Histopathology	Gold standard	Additional findings
Medium-Vessel Vasculitis	Polyarteritis nodosa^[10]		+	+	+	+	+	+	+/-	+/-	LAMP-2 protein autoantibodies	Leukocytosis, Normochromic anemia, Thrombocytosis	↑	↑ Cr or BUN, ↑ ALT or AST, Proteinuria	Focal regions of infarction or hemorrhage	Multiple microaneurysms, Hemorrhage due to focal rupture, Occlusion	Aneurysms and renal arteriovenous fistula in color Doppler sonography	-	Necrotizing inflammatory lesions	Angiography	Sudden weight loss, Abdominal pain
	Hepatitis B virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa^[11]		+/-	+/-	+	+	+/-	+/-	+	-	HBsAg	Leukocytosis, Normochromic anemia, Thrombocytosis	↑	↑ ALT or AST	Focal regions of infarction or hemorrhage	Microaneurysms in mesenteric artery	Aneurysms and renal arteriovenous fistula in color Doppler sonography	-	Necrotizing inflammatory lesions	Angiography	Peripheral neuropathy, Livedo reticularis
	Kawasaki disease^[12]		-	+	+/-	+	+	-	+/-	-	NT-proBNP, Meprin A, Filamin C	Normochromic anemia, ↑WBC with a left shift, Thrombocytosis	↑	Acute-phase reactants, ↓Cholesterol, ↓HDL, ↓ApolipoA	Coronary artery calcifications	Coronary artery aneurysms, stenosis or occlusion	Coronary artery anomaly in echocardiography	Electron beam CT (EBCT)	Acute destruction of the media by neutrophils, with loss of elastic fibers	History and physical examination	Diarrhea, Vomiting
	Infectious disease	Parvovirus B19 infection^[13]	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	+/-	B19 DNA, ↓Reticulocyte count	Anemia	↑	anti–parvovirus B19 IgM	-	-	Hydrops in fetal ultrasonography	-	-	B19 DNA	Purpuric rash, Erythema multiforme
		Scarlet fever^[14]	+	+	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	Antistreptolysin-O (ASO) titers	Leukocytosis	↑	↑CRP	Thickened pulmonary markings if pneumonia	-	-	-	Sparse neutrophilic perivascular infiltrate	History and physical examination	Sand-paper rashes, Sore throat
		Toxic shock syndrome^[15]	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	+/-	Procalcitonin	Leukocytosis with left shift	↑	Myoglobinuria, Sterile pyuria	Acute respiratory distress syndrome	-	-	-	Necrolysis of keratinocytes in epidermis, Perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate	Clinical criteria	Peeling or rashes, Organ dysfunction
		Mononucleosis^[16]	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	EBV DNA	Atypical lymphocyte	↑	Heterophile antibodies	CNS involvement	-	Splenomegaly	Encephalitis in MRI	Lymphoproliferative response in oropharynx, Lymphocytic infiltration in spleen	Heterophile antibody test	Splenomegaly, Palatal petechiae
		Leptospirosis^[17]	+	+	+	+	+/-	-	-	-	IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10	Anemia	-	↑Cr or BUN, ↑ALT or AST, Proteinuria	Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage	-	-	-	Toxin-mediated break down of endothelial cell membranes of capillaries	Culture and the microscopic agglutination test	Red eyes, Skin rash
		Lyme Disease^[18]	+/-	+	+/-	+	+/-	-	-	-	CXCL9 (MIG), CXCL10 (IP-10) and CCL19 (MIP3B)	Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia	-	Microscopic hematuria, Proteinuria, ↑ALT or AST	Punctate lesions in periventricular white matter in brain SPECT	-	-	-	Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans	Serologic tests	Erythema migrans
		Measles^[19]	+/-	+	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	Measles IgM	Leukopenia, Lymphocytosis, Thrombocytopenia	-	↑ALT or AST	Pneumonia	-	-	CXR	Spongiosis and vesiculation in the epidermis with scattered dyskeratotic keratinocytes	PCR	Generalized rash, Cough, Coryza, or Conjunctivitis
		Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever^[20]	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	R rickettsii serology	Thrombocytopenia, Anemia	-	↑ALT or AST, Hyponatremia	Infarction, edema, and meningeal enhancement	-	Myocardial or conduction abnormalities in echocardiography	-	Immunofluorescent or immunoperoxidase staining of R rickettsii	Clinical criteria and tick exposure	Rash on the palms and soles
		Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome^[21]	+	+	+	+	-	-	+/-	+/-	Anti exfoliatin and anti alpha-toxin antibodies	Leukocytosis with left shift	↑	Blood culture	Pneumonia	-	-	-	Intraepidermal blister, dense superficial perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate	Blood culture and clinical findings	Widespread skin erythema, fluid-filled blisters
		Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis^[22]	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	+/-	MicroRNA-124	Normochromic normocytic anemia, Eosinophilia	↑	Fluid loss and electrolyte abnormalities	Tracheobronchial inflammation	-	-	-	Necrotic keratinocytes with full-thickness epithelial necrosis	Histopathology and clinical findings	Erythematous macular rash with purpuric centers
	Cardiovascular disease	Atrial Myxoma^[23]	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	+/-	Calretinin	Mild anemia, Leukocytosis	↑	↑IL-6	Atrial filling defect larger than a thrombus	-	Tumor location, size, attachment, and mobility in echocardiography	Size, shape, and surface characteristics in MRI	Lipidic cells embedded in a vascular myxoid stroma	Echocardiography	Dyspnea on exertion, Syncope
		Cholesterol Embolism^[24]	+/-	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	+	IL-5	Eosinophilia, Leukocytosis	↑	Eosinophiluria	Thoracic and abdominal aortic sources of embolism	Atheroembolism in abdominal aorta and the lower extremity arteries	Excluding an intracardiac source of embolism with echocardiography	-	Birefringent crystals or biconvex needle-shaped ghostly clefts within the arterial lumen	Angiography	Livedo reticularis, Ischemic patches
		Segmental arterial mediolysis^[25]	+	-	-	-	+	+	+	+/-	-	Leukocytosis	-	-	Visceral artery aneurysm in CT angiography	Alternating aneurysms and stenoses (beading)	Retroperitoneal hematoma	-	Disruption of the smooth muscle in the media	Angiography	Hematuria, Ischemic colitis
	Systemic disease	Antiphospholipid Syndrome^[26]	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	Antiphospholipid antibodies	Thrombocytopenia, Hemolytic anemia	-	Lupus anticoagulant (LA)	Stroke, Pulmonary embolism, Budd-Chiari syndrome	Thrombus in major vessels	Valve thickening, vegetations, or insufficiency in echocardiography	-	Noninflammatory bland thrombosis without perivascular inflammation	Hx of thrombosis and antiphospholipid antibodies	Miscarriage, Pulmonary hypertension
	Systemic disease	Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis^[27]	-	-	-	+	+/-	-	-	-	Rheumatoid factor (RF), S100A12	Lymphocytosis, Thrombocytopenia	↑	Myeloid-related proteins 8/14 (MRP8/14)	Synovial hypertrophy, Joint effusions	Cerebral vasculitis	Inflamed synovium	Bone scanning	Vascular congestion, RBC extravasation, Venular lumen occlusion	Conventional radiography	Evanescent rash, Dactylitis
Diseases			Headache	Fever	Weight loss	Arthralgia	Claudication	Bruit	HTN	Focal neurological disorder	Biomarker	CBC	ESR	Other	CT scan	Angiography	Ultrasound/ Echocardiography	Other	Histopathology	Gold standard	Additional findings
Small-Vessel Vasculitis	ANCA-associated vasculitis	Microscopic polyangiitis^[28]	+	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	+	Anti-PR3 antibody (C-ANCA) (40%), Anti-MPO antibody (P-ANCA) (60%)	Leukocytosis, Normocytic anemia	↑	Proteinuria, Erythrocyte casts	Suspected pancreatitis	Mesenteric angiography for differentiating from polyarteritis nodosa	-	Bilateral nodular, and patchy opacities in CXR	Glomerulonephritis with focal necrosis, crescent formation, and lack or paucity of immunoglobulin deposits	Histological confirmation	Rash, Hemoptysis
		Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s)^[29]	+	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	-	+	Anti-PR3 antibody (C-ANCA) (90%), Anti-MPO antibody (P-ANCA) (10%)	Leukocytosis, Normochromic normocytic anemia	↑	↑Cr or BUN, Hypoalbuminemia	Consolidation, Patchy or diffuse ground-glass opacities	Occlusion or stenosis of LAD and RCA in coronary angiography	-	Single or multiple nodules and masses with cavitation in CXR	Parenchymal necrosis, Granulomatous inflammation	Histological confirmation	Conjunctivitis, Episcleritis, Uveitis, Optic nerve vasculitis
		Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)^[30]	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	-	+	Anti-MPO antibody (P-ANCA) (40%), Eotaxin-3	Eosinophilia, Anemia	↑	↑Cr or BUN, Proteinuria, Erythrocyte casts, ↑IgE levels	Significant enlargement of peripheral pulmonary arteries	Myocardial ischemia and infarction in coronary angiography	Congestive heart failure (CHF) in echocardiography	Extensive air-space opacities in CXR	Small necrotizing granulomas with eosinophilic core surrounded by macrophages and epithelioid giant cells	Histological confirmation	Allergic rhinitis, Asthma, Urticarial rash
		Hydralazine-associated ANCA-associated vasculitis^[31]	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	+/-	Anti-MPO antibody (P-ANCA), Anti-histone antibodies	Anemia	-	↑Cr or BUN, Hypoalbuminemia	Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates	Aneurysms or occlusions of the visceral arteries	-	-	Pauci-immune necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis	Histological confirmation	Sinusitis, Hemoptysis
	Immune complex small-vessel vasculitis	Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease^[32]	+	+/-	-	-	-	-	+	-	Anti-GBM antibodies	Hypochromic microcytic anemia, Thrombocytopenia	-	↓C3 level	Pulmonary hemorrhage	-	Normal kidneys	Alveolar infiltrates spreading from the hilum in CXR	Cellular crescents in the glomeruli, Intra-alveolar hemorrhages	Anti-GBM antibodies	Hemoptysis, Hematuria
		Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis^[33]	+/-	+/-	-	+	+/-	-	-	-	C4 component	Leukocytosis, Anemia	↑	ANA, hypocomplementemia	R/O underlying malignancy	Stenosis or occlusions of the visceral arteries	Bacterial endocarditis in echocardiography	Interstitial involvement or pleural effusions in CXR	HCV-associated proteins in vasculitic skin, Intraluminal cryoglobulin deposits	Histological confirmation	Acrocyanosis, Retinal hemorrhage, Purpura
		Hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis^[34]	+/-	+/-	+	+	-	-	+	+/-	HCV RNA, Cryoglobulins	Leukocytosis, Anemia	↑	↓Serum C4, Positive RF	Increased hepatic echogenicity	-	Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly	Increased hepatic echogenicity in MRI	Vasculitic skin, Antigen infilteration in lesions	HCV RNA, Histological confirmation	Palpable purpura, Microscopic hematuria
		IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura)^[35]	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	IgA	Normochromic anemia, Leukocytosis	↑	Stool OB, ↓C3, ↓C4	-	-	Increased bowel wall thickness, hematomas, peritoneal fluid, and intussusception	Dilated loops of bowel consistent in abdominal X-ray	Leukocytoclastic vasculitis in postcapillary venules with IgA deposition	History and physical examination	Hematuria, Palpable purpura
		Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis (anti-C1q vasculitis)^[36]	-	-	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	C1q	Mild anemia	↑	ANA, ↓C1q, ↓C3, ↓C4	-	-	Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly	-	Deposits of immunoglobulins, complement, or fibrin around blood vessels	Urticaria, Histological confirmation	Urticaria, Hematuria
	Gastrointestinal disease	Acute mesenteric ischemia^[37]	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	I-FABP, Alpha-GST, Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA)	Leukocytosis, ↑HCT	-	↑Amylase	Bowel wall thickening, Intestinal pneumatosis, Portomesenteric thrombosis	Mesenteric venous thrombosis	Arterial stenosis or occlusion of the celiac or superior mesenteric arteries in duplex ultrasound	Ileus with distended loops of bowel, Bowel wall thickening in abdominal X-ray	Superficial mucosal hemorrhage, edema and necrosis	History and physical examination	Abdominal pain, Distension, Absent bowel sounds
	Cardiovascular disease	Infective Endocarditis^[38]	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	NT-proBNP	Normochromic-normocytic anemia	↑	Hyperglobulinemia, Cryoglobulinemia	Metastatic infections, such as splenic infarct, renal infarcts, or psoas abscess	-	Vegetation, abscess, or new dehiscence of a prosthetic valvein echocardiography	Vertebral osteomyelitis in MRI	Vegetation or intracardiac abscess demonstrating active endocarditis	Echocardiography (TTE)	Janeway lesions, Osler nodes, Roth spots, Vertebral osteomyelitis
	Cardiovascular disease	Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis^[39]	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	+	IgM, IgA, IgG	Leukocytosis, Anemia	↑	Hypocomplementemia	-	Vascular stenosis and obstruction in visceral angiography	-	-	Perivascular inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils with leukocytoclasia (releasing nuclear debris)	Histological confirmation	Palpable purpura, Petechiae
	Pulmonary disease	Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis^[40]	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	CD1a, CD207,BRAF-V600E	Anemia	↑	Hypercalcemia	Pulmonary cysts and nodules, Bone lytic lesions	-	Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly	Cerebellum and pons hyperintensity in MRI	Birbeck granules by electron microscopy	Histological confirmation	Brown to purplish papules, Eczematous rash
		Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer^[41]	-	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	+/-	EGFR, ROS1, EML4-ALK, PD-L1	Leukocytosis, Anemia	↑	Hypercalcemia, Hyponatremia	Pulmonary lesion or mass	-	Pulmonary marginal lesions	Staging and response to treatment in PET-CT	Adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma	High resolution CT-scan	Cough, Hemoptysis
		Small Cell Lung Cancer^[42]	-	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	+/-	p53, Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF1)	Anemia	↑	Hyponatremia	Large hilar mass with bulky mediastinal adenopathy	-	Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)	Standard staging	Spindled cells with dark nuclei, scant cytoplasm, and fine, granular nuclear chromatin	High resolution CT-scan	Cough, Hemoptysis
		Pulmonary Infarction^[43]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	D-dimer	Mild leukocytosis, Mild anemia	-	Hypoxemia, Hypocarbia or Hypercarbia, Respiratory alkalosis	Pulmonary embolism	Low-density filling defect within the pulmonary artery	Pericardial effusion in echocardiography	Pulmonary infiltrates, atelectasis, and pleural effusions in CXR	Infarct induced apoptosis	Pulmonary artery angiography	Cough, Hemoptysis
	Renal disease	Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis^[44]	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+/-	Antistreptolysin-O (ASO) titers	Leukocytosis	↑	Hypocomplementemia	-	-	Normal to slightly enlarged kidneys	Central venous congestion in a hilar pattern in CXR	Hypercellularity of endothelial and mesangial cells, Infiltration of the glomerular tuft with polymorphonuclear cells	Histological confirmation	Hematuria
	Hematologic disease	Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome^[45]	+	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	C5b-9, ADAMTS13	Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Reticulocytosis	↑	↑Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Hypercalcemia	Thalami, brainstem, or cerebellum abnormality	Cerebral microangiopathy or hypertension	Hypoechoic kidney	Abnormal hyperintensity in the brain cisterns in MRI	Microthromboses include fibrin thrombi that may occlude the glomerular tuft	Clinical findings coupled with laboratory abnormalities	Hematuria, Proteinuria
		Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)^[46]	+	+	+	+	+/-	-	-	+/-	CD5, CD19, CD20, IgV_H	Absolute lymphocytosis, Smudge cells	↑	Flow cytometry	Staging	-	-	-	Large atypical cells, cleaved cells, and prolymphocytes	Chromosomal and genetic testing	Easy bruising
		Multiple Myeloma^[47]	+	-	+	+	+	+	+/-	+/-	Ig light chain	Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Leukopenia	↑	Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, ↑Cr	Osseous involvement and lytic lesions	Peripheral zone of increased vascularity in lesions	-	Punched-out lesion in skull X-ray	Clonal proliferation of plasma cells	Protein electrophoresis plus conventional X-rays	Constipation
		Hypereosinophilic Syndrome^[48]	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	IgE, CD117 with CD2	Eosinophilia	-	↑Serum tryptase	Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly	-	Intracardiac thrombi in echocardiography	-	Reticulin stain for myelofibrosis and tryptase staining for mast cells	Clinical findings coupled with laboratory abnormalities	Splinter hemorrhages, Raynaud phenomenon
		Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma^[49]	+	+	+	+	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	MYC, BCL2, BCL6, and TP53	Lymphocytosis, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia	↑	↑Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Hypercalcemia	Enlarged lymph nodes, Hepatosplenomegaly, Filling defects in the liver and spleen	-	Hepatosplenomegaly	Mediastinal lymphadenopathy	Small cleaved or noncleaved, intermediate, or large cell with a follicular or diffuse pattern	Surgically excised tissue biopsy	Easy bruising, Testicular mass, Skin lesion
		Serum Sickness^[50]	+	+	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	IL-1, IL-6, TNF	Leukopenia	↑	Polyclonal gammopathy, ↑Cr, Cryoglobulinemia	-	-	-	-	Arteritic lesions are focal, necrotizing, and inflammatory involving all layers of the artery	Clinical findings coupled with laboratory abnormalities	Hematuria, Skin rash
		Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation^[51]	+/-	+	-	+/-	-	-	+	+	Fibrin degradation product (FDP)	Thrombocytopenia, Schistocytes	↑	↑D-dimer, aPTT and PT	Intracranial hemorrhage	-	-	-	Ischemia and necrosis due to fibrin deposition in small and medium-sized vessels	Clinical findings coupled with laboratory abnormalities	Acral cyanosis, Hemorrhagic skin infarctions
		Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura^[52]	+	+/-	-	+	-	-	-	+	FC gamma receptors (FCGR) IIb	Anemia, Thrombocytopenia	-	HIV, ANA	R/O other causes	-	R/O splenomegaly	-	Increased number of normal morphologic megakaryocytes	Clinical findings coupled with thrombocytopenia	Easy bruising, Purpura
	Systemic disease	Sarcoidosis^[53]	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	+/-	IL-2 and IFN-γ	Mild anemia	↑	↑ACE, ↑1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D	Active alveolitis or fibrosis	-	Hepatosplenomegaly	Bilateral hilar adenopathy	Noncaseating granulomas (NCGs)	Histological confirmation	Heart block, Ocular lesion
		Legionella Infection^[54]	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	+/-	Inflammatory cytokines	Leukocytosis with left shift, Thrombocytosis	↑	↑D-dimer, FDP, Hyponatremia	Pleural effusion	-	-	Nonspecific and indistinguishable CXR	Intra-alveolar inflammation, Microabscesses in the parenchyma	Sputum culture	Cough, Diarrhea
		Systemic lupus erythematosus^[55]	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	Anti dsDNA, ANA	Leukopenia, Lymphopenia, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia	↑	↑Cr or BUN, ↑ALT or AST, Proteinuria	Interstitial lung disease, Pneumonitis, Pulmonary emboli, Alveolar hemorrhage	Aneurysms	Pericardial effusion, pulmonary hypertension, or verrucous Libman-Sacks endocarditis in echocardiography	Central nervous system (CNS) lupus white-matter changes in MRI	Staging lupus nephritis	Anti-dsDNA antibody test	Skin rashes or photosensitivity
		Rheumatoid arthritis^[56]	-	-	+	+	+	+	-	-	RF, Anti-CCP antibody	Anemia	↑	↑Cr or BUN, ↑ALT or AST, ANA	Microfractures	Aneurysms	Effusions in joints	Basilar invagination with cranial migration of an eroded odontoid peg in MRI	Influx of inflammatory cells into the synovial membrane, with angiogenesis, proliferation of chronic inflammatory cells	Clinical findings coupled anti-CCP antibody	Rheumatoid nodules
		Relapsing polychondritis^[57]	-	+/-	+/-	+	+	-	-	-	-	Leukocytosis, Anemia	-	Cryoglobulins, ANA, C-ANCA	Calcification of cartilaginous structures	Aortic root dilatation	Aortic root dilatation and degree of aortic regurgitation in echocardiography	Tracheal stenosis in CXR	Chondrolysis, Chondritis, Perichondritis	Clinical findings coupled with imaging	Ear pain and redness, Polyarthritis
Diseases			Headache	Fever	Weight loss	Arthralgia	Claudication	Bruit	HTN	Focal neurological disorder	Biomarker	CBC	ESR	Other	CT scan	Angiography	Ultrasound/ Echocardiography	Other	Histopathology	Gold standard	Additional findings
Variable-vessel vasculitis	Behçet’s syndrome^[58]		-	-	-	+	-	-	+/-	-	CXCL1	Mild anemia, Neutrophilia	↑	Factor V Leiden	Focal CNS lesions	Aneurysm formation and thrombosis areas	Valve vegetations and ventricular thrombi in echocardiography	Meningoencephalitis in MRI	Lymphocytic and plasma cell invasion in the prickle cell layer of the epidermis	Clinical criteria	Genital ulcerations, Oral ulceration
	Cogan's syndrome^[59]		+/-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	+	Anti-Hsp70 antibodies	Anemia, Thrombocytosis	↑	RF, ANA	Thickening and enhancement of both posterior sclera	Stenosis, thrombosis or more lesions in aortic root	Aortic insufficiency in echocardiography	Early interstitial keratitis by slit lamp	Muscle necrosis and atrophy resembling myositis	-	Red eye, Hearing loss, Vertigo
	Gastrointestinal disease	Inflammatory Bowel Disease^[60]	+/-	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA), P-ANCA	Leukocytosis, Anemia	↑	Iron or vitamin deficiency, Stool OB	Mesenteric fat stranding, bowel wall enhancement, increased vascularity (comb sign)	-	Fistulas, Abscesses, Stenosis	Grossly denuded mucosa with active bleeding in colonoscopy	Crypt abscesses and mucosal ulceration, Granulomas	Endoscopy	GI bleeding
		Whipple's disease^[61]	+	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	+	CCR6, Gut-homing marker integrin β7-chain, T whippelii DNA	Mild anemia, Neutrophilia	↑	72-hour fecal fat determination	Nonspecific malabsorption	-	Hepatosplenomegaly	-	Periodic acid-Schiff–positive macrophages infiltration in lamina propria of the small bowel	Broad-spectrum PCR amplifications	Cachexia, Glossitis
		Sjögren's syndrome^[62]	-	-	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	Anti-Ro and Anti-La, Anti-alpha-fodrin antibody	Anemia, Leukopenia, Eosinophilia	↑	Hypergammaglobulinemia, Low bicarbonate level, Hypokalemia	Salt and pepper or honeycomb appearance in parotid glands	-	Multicystic or reticular pattern in atrophic salivary gland	R/O obstructions or strictures with Sialography	Focal aggregates of lymphocytes	Schirmer test	Keratoconjunctivitis, Gingival inflammation
Single-organ vasculitis	Primary central nervous system vasculitis^[63]		+	+	+	-	+	-	+	+	von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF)	Normal	-	CSF pleocytosis, predominantly lymphocytes	Cerebral infarcts or hemorrhages with mass effect, or hydrocephalus	Aneurysm in circle of Willis	-	Progression of the disease or response to therapy in MRI	Chronic granulomatous inflammation and giant cells	Histological confirmation	Skin rash, Purpura
	Infectious disease	Aspergillosis^[64]	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	Aspergillus nucleic acid in blood, Galactomannan	Eosinophilia	↑	↑Serum IgE	Aspergilloma mass within a cavity	Mass effect stenosis	-	Aspergilloma mass within the brain in MRI	Septate hyphae, branching at acute angles, and tissue necrosis with granulomata and blood vessel invasion	Histological confirmation	Hemoptysis, Aspergilloma
		Histoplasmosis^[65]	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	-	Mild anemia	↑	↑ALP, ↑LDH	Cerebral histoplasmosis	-	Valvular involvement in echocardiography	PFT	Presence of yeast forms in tissue through hematoxylin and eosin staining	Sputum cultures	Pneumonia, Mediastinitis
		Herpes Simplex Encephalitis^[66]	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	HSV DNA	Mild lymphocytosis	↑	CSF pleocytosis	Low-density lesions in the temporal and/or frontal lobe	-	-	Hemorrhagic lesion in white matter	Multinuclear giant cells	PCR or brain biopsy	Seizures, Vomiting
	Systemic disease	Eclampsia^[67]	+	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	VEGF, PlGF, Soluble FLT-1	Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Schistocytes	-	↑Bilirubin, ↓Haptoglobin, ↑LDH, ↑Cr	Cortical hypodense areas in the occipital lobes, Diffuse cerebral edema	-	Poor fetal growth, Oligohydramnios, Abnormal umbilical artery	Increased signal at the gray-white matter junction in MRI	-	24-hour urine study	Seizure, Edema
	Systemic disease	Fibromuscular dysplasia^[6]	+	-	+/-	+	+	+	+	+/-	Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)	Normal	↑	↑ Cr or BUN	Alternating stenosis and dilatations in CT angiography	Stenosis in the renal arteries	Luminal narrowing alternating with dilatation (Beads sign)	Focal concentric, long-segment tubular stenosis or outpouching in MRA	Fibrodysplastic changes, Collagen deposition	Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)	Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)

References

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Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid23626437-1] Vaideeswar P, Deshpande JR (2013). "Pathology of Takayasu arteritis: A brief review". Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 6 (1): 52–8. doi:10.4103/0974-2069.107235. PMC 3634248. PMID 23626437.

[pmid13679546-2] Calvo-Romero JM (2003). "Giant cell arteritis". Postgrad Med J. 79 (935): 511–5. PMC 1742823. PMID 13679546.

[pmid20557771-3] Stafa A, Leonardi M (2008). "Role of neuroradiology in evaluating cerebral aneurysms". Interv Neuroradiol. 14 Suppl 1: 23–37. doi:10.1177/15910199080140S106. PMC 3328052. PMID 20557771.

[pmid28512424-4] Cassiman C, Casteels I, Stalmans P, Legius E, Jacob J (2017). "Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Retinal Microvascular Changes Overlying Choroidal Nodules in Neurofibromatosis Type 1". Case Rep Ophthalmol. 8 (1): 214–220. doi:10.1159/000469702. PMC 5422752. PMID 28512424.

[Evans2000-5] Evans, D G. R (2000). "Neurofibromatosis type 2". Journal of Medical Genetics. 37 (12): 897–904. doi:10.1136/jmg.37.12.897. ISSN 1468-6244.

[pmid17555581-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Plouin PF, Perdu J, La Batide-Alanore A, Boutouyrie P, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Jeunemaitre X (2007). "Fibromuscular dysplasia". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2: 28. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-2-28. PMC 1899482. PMID 17555581.

[pmid27824552-7] Gazit Y, Jacob G, Grahame R (2016). "Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome-Hypermobility Type: A Much Neglected Multisystemic Disorder". Rambam Maimonides Med J. 7 (4). doi:10.5041/RMMJ.10261. PMC 5101008. PMID 27824552.

[pmid18390527-8] Michet CJ, Matteson EL (2008). "Polymyalgia rheumatica". BMJ. 336 (7647): 765–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.39514.653588.80. PMC 2287267. PMID 18390527.

[pmid23227278-9] Baker KR, Rice L (2012). "The amyloidoses: clinical features, diagnosis and treatment". Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 8 (3): 3–7. PMC 3487569. PMID 23227278.

[pmid25770638-10] Howard T, Ahmad K, Swanson JA, Misra S (2014). "Polyarteritis nodosa". Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 17 (4): 247–51. doi:10.1053/j.tvir.2014.11.005. PMC 4363102. PMID 25770638.

[pmid25755502-11] Sharma A, Sharma K (September 2013). "Hepatotropic viral infection associated systemic vasculitides-hepatitis B virus associated polyarteritis nodosa and hepatitis C virus associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis". J Clin Exp Hepatol. 3 (3): 204–12. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2013.06.001. PMC 4216827. PMID 25755502.

[pmid21447126-12] Takahashi K, Oharaseki T, Yokouchi Y (2011). "Pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease". Clin Exp Immunol. 164 Suppl 1: 20–2. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04361.x. PMC 3095860. PMID 21447126.

[pmid12097253-13] Heegaard ED, Brown KE (2002). "Human parvovirus B19". Clin Microbiol Rev. 15 (3): 485–505. PMC 118081. PMID 12097253.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
+{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
+|-
+| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Vasculitis resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
+| [[Vasculitis resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
+|}
 {{Vasculitis}}
 {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{EG}}
 ==Overview==
-Vasculitis means [[inflammation]] of a [[blood vessel]]. Vasculitis is classified based on the size of vessel which is inflamed. Large sized-vessel vasculitis mostly happens in major vessels of the body, such as [[Takayasu's Arteritis]] and [[Temporal arteritis|temporal Arteritis]]. Medium sized-vessel vasculitis includes [[Kawasaki's Disease]] and [[Polyarteritis Nodosa]]. Small sized-vessel vasculitis commonly manifests as skin lesions and includes [[Churg-Strauss Syndrome]], [[leukocytoclastic vasculitis]], [[Henoch-Schonlein Purpura]], and [[Wegener's Granulomatosis]]. Variable sized-vessel vasculitis are [[Sjogren syndrome]] and [[Cogan syndrome]]. Single organ vasculitis is basically primary [[central nervous system]] angiitis.
+Vasculitis means [[inflammation]] of a [[blood vessel]]. Vasculitis is classified based on the size of vessels which are involved. Large sized-vessel vasculitis mostly happens in major vessels of the body, such as [[Takayasu's Arteritis]] and [[Temporal arteritis|temporal Arteritis]]. Medium sized-vessel vasculitis includes [[Kawasaki's Disease]] and [[Polyarteritis Nodosa]]. Small sized-vessel vasculitis commonly manifests as skin lesions and includes [[Churg-Strauss Syndrome]], [[leukocytoclastic vasculitis]], [[Henoch-Schonlein Purpura]], and [[Wegener's Granulomatosis]]. Variable sized-vessel vasculitis are [[Sjogren syndrome]] and [[Cogan syndrome]]. Single organ vasculitis is basically primary [[central nervous system]] angiitis. As the affected vessels are vary in size, the affected organs could be different among patients which leads to different disease presentation and severities. This spectrum of diseases could be primary or secondary to another conditions like [[sepsis]]. A high degree of level of suspicious is necessary when encounter a patients with appropriate clinical manifestation to lead to final diagnosis. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical scenario, lab findings, and imaging findings. Although the definite diagnostic modality is tissue biopsy and microscopic findings. The diseases course could be acute although they usually presents with constitutional symptoms and chronic progression. Treatment of vasculitis depends on the disease severity consists of applying immunosuppressant agents to induce the remission and maintain the the disease course under control.
 == Classification ==
@@ Line 32: / Line 36: @@
 == Causes in Alphabetical Order ==
-{{columns-list|3|
+Vasculitis could be a primary disorder or secondary to an underlying condition. Following is a list of common causes of underlying diseases or drugs that may lead to vasculitis syndrome:
 * [[Allopurinol]]
 * [[Amantadine]]
@@ Line 41: / Line 45: @@
 * [[Benzylthiouracil]]
 * [[Buerger's disease]]
-* C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency
+* [[Acquired C1-esterase inhibitor deficiency|C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency]]
 * [[Cefaclor]]
 * [[Cholesterol embolism]]
@@ Line 47: / Line 51: @@
 * [[Cryoglobulinemia]]
 * [[Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita]]
-*[[Cytarabine]]
+* [[Cytarabine]]
-* Degos' disease
+* [[Degos disease]]
-* Diptheria & tetanus vaccine
+* [[Tetanus and Diphtheria Vaccine|Diptheria & tetanus vaccine]]
 * [[Familial Mediterranean fever]]
 * [[Golfer's vasculitis]]
 * [[Hepatitis C]]
-* Hughes-Stovin syndrome
+* [[Hughes-Stovin syndrome]]
 * [[Hydralazine]]
 * [[Hypersensitivity vasculitis]]
-*[[Indinavir]]
+* [[Indinavir]]
 * [[Isoniazid]]
 * [[Isotretinoin]]
@@ Line 70: / Line 74: @@
 * [[Necrobiosis lipoidica]]
 * [[Neisseria meningiditis]]
-*[[Oxaprozin]]
+* [[Oxaprozin]]
 * [[Pancreatic cancer]]
 * [[Pancreatitis]]
-* Parvovirus B19 infection
+* [[Parvovirus B19 infection]]
 * [[Penicillamine]]
-*[[Pergolide]]
+* [[Pergolide]]
 * [[Phenytoin]]
 * [[Polychondritis]]
@@ Line 86: / Line 90: @@
 * [[Smoking]]
 * [[Sneddon syndrome]]
-* Streptococcus Group A
+* [[Streptococcus Group A]]
 * [[Sweet's syndrome]]
 * [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
@@ Line 94: / Line 98: @@
 * [[Trovafloxacin mesylate]]
 * [[Tuberculosis]]
-}}
 ==Differentiating Vasculitis from Other Diseases ==
 * As vasculitis manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype.
@@ Line 122: / Line 126: @@
 '''''To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis with claudication, [[Medium-sized vessel vasculitis with claudication|click here]]'''.''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis with headache, [[Medium-sized vessel vasculitis with headache|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis with bruit, [[Medium-sized vessel vasculitis with bruit|click here]]'''.''
 '''''To review the differential diagnosis of medium-sized vessel vasculitis with hypertension, [[Medium-sized vessel vasculitis with hypertension|click here]]'''.''
@@ Line 144: / Line 148: @@
 '''''To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with claudication, [[Small-sized vessel vasculitis with claudication|click here]]'''.''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with headache, [[Small-sized vessel vasculitis with headache|click here]]'''.''
 '''''To review the differential diagnosis of small-sized vessel vasculitis with hypertension, [[Small-sized vessel vasculitis with hypertension|click here]]'''.''
@@ Line 174: / Line 176: @@
 <span style="font-size:85%">'''Abbreviations:'''
 ABG= [[Arterial blood gas]], ANA= [[Antinuclear antibody]], ANP= [[Atrial natriuretic peptide]], ASO= [[Antistreptolysin O|Antistreptolysin O antibody]], BNP= [[Brain natriuretic peptide]], CBC= [[Complete blood count]], COPD= [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], CRP= [[C-reactive protein]], CT= [[Computed tomography]], CXR= [[Chest X-ray]], DVT= [[Deep vein thrombosis]], ESR= [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], HRCT= [[High Resolution CT]], IgE= [[Immunoglobulin E]], LDH= [[Lactate dehydrogenase]], PCWP= [[Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure]], PCR= [[Polymerase chain reaction]], PFT= [[Pulmonary function test]].</span>
+<small><small><small>
 {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
 ! colspan="3" rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diseases
@@ Line 223: / Line 226: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Circumferential thickening of the [[arterial]] wall (Macaroni sign)
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[PET scan|PET-scan]], [[Cardiac]] [[CT]]
-![[Granulomatous]] [[inflammation]] of [[arteries]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Granulomatous]] [[inflammation]] of [[arteries]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Arteriography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Coronary aneurysm]]
@@ Line 244: / Line 247: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Mural [[inflammation]] in [[Magnetic resonance angiography|MRA]]
-![[Granulomatous]] [[inflammation]] of [[arteries]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Granulomatous]] [[inflammation]] of [[arteries]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Biopsy]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Jaw pain]] and [[Jaw claudication|claudication]]
@@ Line 266: / Line 269: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Heterogeneous]] signal intensity in [[Magnetic resonance angiography|MRA]]
-!Layers of [[smooth muscle cells]], Intact [[endothelium]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Layers of [[smooth muscle cells]], Intact [[endothelium]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Digital subtraction angiography|Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Nausea]], [[Vomiting]]
@@ Line 287: / Line 290: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Optic nerve gliomas]] in [[MRI]]
-!Elongated spindle-shaped [[cells]] in [[Neurofibroma|neurofibromas]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Elongated spindle-shaped [[cells]] in [[Neurofibroma|neurofibromas]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[National Institutes of Health|NIH]] [[diagnostic criteria]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Café au lait spot|Cafe au Lait spot]]
@@ Line 308: / Line 311: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Localized [[schwannomas]] in nerve [[ultrasound]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Schwannoma]] in [[MRI]]
-!Encapsulated biphasic [[nerve sheath]] [[tumor]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Encapsulated biphasic [[nerve sheath]] [[tumor]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[National Institutes of Health|NIH]] [[diagnostic criteria]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hearing loss]], [[Vision loss]]
@@ Line 330: / Line 333: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Luminal narrowing alternating with [[dilatation]] (Beads sign)
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Focal [[concentric]], long-segment [[tubular]] [[stenosis]] or outpouching in [[MRA]]
-!Fibrodysplastic changes, [[Collagen]] deposition
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Fibrodysplastic changes, [[Collagen]] deposition
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Digital subtraction angiography|Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Spontaneous coronary artery dissection|Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)]]
@@ Line 351: / Line 354: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Visceral]] [[arteries]] abnormality
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Vascular anomaly|Vascular abnormalities]] in [[MRA]]
-!Thin and rare [[collagen]] bundles in the [[dermis]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Thin and rare [[collagen]] bundles in the [[dermis]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |History and [[physical examination]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Bleeding]], [[Easy bruising|Bruisability]], [[Heart murmur]]
@@ Line 372: / Line 375: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Subacromial bursitis|Subacromial]] or subdeltoid [[bursitis]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |High [[Fluorescein sodium|F-FDG]] accumulation around the [[joints]] in [[Positron emission tomography|FDG PET-CT]]
-!Small angular fibers, [[Pyknosis|Pyknotic]] [[nuclear]] clumps, or target-targetoid fibers
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Small angular fibers, [[Pyknosis|Pyknotic]] [[nuclear]] clumps, or target-targetoid fibers
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Joint stiffness]], [[Fatigue]]
@@ Line 394: / Line 397: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Solid organs increased [[echogenicity]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Tc-DPD for [[cardiac]] '''[[amyloid]]''' deposits
-![[Extracellular]] deposition of [[Fibrillarin|fibrillar proteins]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Extracellular]] deposition of [[Fibrillarin|fibrillar proteins]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Biopsy]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[Dyspnea]]
@@ Line 438: / Line 441: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Aneurysms]] and [[renal]] [[arteriovenous fistula]] in [[Doppler sonography|color Doppler sonography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-![[Necrotizing]] [[inflammatory]] lesions
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Necrotizing]] [[inflammatory]] lesions
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Angiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Sudden [[weight loss]], [[Abdominal pain]]
@@ Line 459: / Line 462: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Aneurysms]] and [[renal]] [[arteriovenous fistula]] in [[Doppler sonography|color Doppler sonography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-![[Necrotizing]] [[inflammatory]] lesions
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Necrotizing]] [[inflammatory]] lesions
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Angiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Peripheral neuropathy]], [[Livedo reticularis]]
@@ Line 480: / Line 483: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Coronary artery anomaly]] in [[echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Electron beam tomography|Electron beam CT (EBCT)]]
-!Acute destruction of the [[Tunica media|media]] by [[neutrophils]], with loss of [[elastic fibers]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Acute destruction of the [[Tunica media|media]] by [[neutrophils]], with loss of [[elastic fibers]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |History and [[physical examination]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Diarrhea]], [[Vomiting]]
@@ Line 502: / Line 505: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hydrops]] in fetal [[ultrasonography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-!-
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Parvovirus B19|B19]] [[DNA]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Purpura|Purpuric rash]], [[Erythema multiforme]]
@@ Line 523: / Line 526: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-!Sparse [[Neutropenia|neutrophilic]] [[Perivascular cell|perivascular infiltrate]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Sparse [[Neutropenia|neutrophilic]] [[Perivascular cell|perivascular infiltrate]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |History and [[physical examination]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Sand-paper rashes, [[Sore throat]]
@@ Line 544: / Line 547: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-![[Necrosis|Necrolysis]] of [[keratinocytes]] in [[epidermis]],  Perivascular [[lymphocytic]] infiltrate
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Necrosis|Necrolysis]] of [[keratinocytes]] in [[epidermis]],  Perivascular [[lymphocytic]] infiltrate
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Clinical criteria
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Peeling or [[rashes]], Organ dysfunction
@@ Line 565: / Line 568: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Splenomegaly]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Encephalitis]] in [[MRI]]
-![[Lymphoproliferative response]] in [[oropharynx]], [[Lymphocytic|Lymphocytic infiltration]] in [[spleen]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Lymphoproliferative response]] in [[oropharynx]], [[Lymphocytic|Lymphocytic infiltration]] in [[spleen]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Heterophile antibody test]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Splenomegaly]], [[Palatal]] [[petechiae]]
@@ Line 587: / Line 590: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-![[Toxin]]-mediated break down of [[endothelial cell]] membranes of [[capillaries]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Toxin]]-mediated break down of [[endothelial cell]] membranes of [[capillaries]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Culture and the [[Agglutination|microscopic agglutination test]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Red eyes]], [[Skin rash]]
@@ Line 608: / Line 611: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-![[Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Serological testing|Serologic '''tests''']]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Erythema migrans]]
@@ Line 629: / Line 632: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Chest X-ray|CXR]]
-!Spongiosis and vesiculation in the [[epidermis]] with scattered dyskeratotic [[keratinocytes]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Spongiosis and vesiculation in the [[epidermis]] with scattered dyskeratotic [[keratinocytes]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[PCR]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Rash|Generalized rash]], [[Cough]], [[Coryza]], or [[Conjunctivitis]]
@@ Line 650: / Line 653: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Myocardial]] or conduction abnormalities in [[echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-![[Immunofluorescent]] or [[immunoperoxidase]] staining of ''[[Rickettsia rickettsii infection|R rickettsii]]''
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Immunofluorescent]] or [[immunoperoxidase]] staining of ''[[Rickettsia rickettsii infection|R rickettsii]]''
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Clinical criteria and [[tick]] exposure
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Rash on the [[Palms of the hands|palms]] and [[soles]]
@@ Line 671: / Line 674: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-![[Epidermal bullosa simplex|Intraepidermal blister]], dense superficial perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Epidermal bullosa simplex|Intraepidermal blister]], dense superficial perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Blood culture]] and clinical findings
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Erythroderma|'''Widespread''' skin erythema]], [[Blisters|fluid-filled '''blisters''']]
@@ Line 692: / Line 695: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-![[Necrotic]] [[keratinocytes]] with full-thickness [[epithelial]] [[necrosis]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Necrotic]] [[keratinocytes]] with full-thickness [[epithelial]] [[necrosis]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Histopathology]] and clinical findings
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Erythematous rash|Erythematous macular rash]] with [[purpuric]] centers
@@ Line 714: / Line 717: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Tumor]] location, size, attachment, and mobility in [[echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Size, shape, and surface characteristics in [[MRI]]
-![[Lipid|Lipidic]] cells embedded in a [[vascular]] myxoid stroma
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Lipid|Lipidic]] cells embedded in a [[vascular]] myxoid stroma
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Dyspnea on exertion]], [[Syncope]]
@@ Line 735: / Line 738: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Excluding an [[intracardiac]] source of [[embolism]] with [[echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-![[Birefringent]] crystals or biconvex needle-shaped ghostly clefts within the [[arterial]] [[lumen]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Birefringent]] crystals or biconvex needle-shaped ghostly clefts within the [[arterial]] [[lumen]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Angiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Livedo reticularis]],
@@ Line 758: / Line 761: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-!Disruption of the [[smooth muscle]] in the [[Tunica media|media]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Disruption of the [[smooth muscle]] in the [[Tunica media|media]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Angiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hematuria]], [[Ischemic colitis]]
@@ Line 782: / Line 785: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Valve thickening, vegetations, or  insufficiency in [[echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-!Noninflammatory bland [[thrombosis]] without perivascular [[inflammation]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Noninflammatory bland [[thrombosis]] without perivascular [[inflammation]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Hx of [[thrombosis]] and [[antiphospholipid antibodies]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Miscarriage]], [[Pulmonary hypertension]]
@@ Line 803: / Line 806: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Inflamed [[synovium]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Bone scan|Bone scanning]]
-![[Vascular congestion]], [[Extravasation|RBC extravasation]], Venular lumen occlusion
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Vascular congestion]], [[Extravasation|RBC extravasation]], Venular lumen occlusion
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Conventional [[radiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Rash|Evanescent rash]], [[Dactylitis]]
@@ Line 847: / Line 850: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Bilateral nodular, and patchy [[Opacity|opacities]] in [[Chest X-ray|CXR]]
-![[Glomerulonephritis]] with focal [[necrosis]], crescent formation, and lack or paucity of [[immunoglobulin]] deposits
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Glomerulonephritis]] with focal [[necrosis]], crescent formation, and lack or paucity of [[immunoglobulin]] deposits
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Histopathology|Histological confirmation]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Rash]], [[Hemoptysis]]
@@ Line 868: / Line 871: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Single or multiple [[nodules]] and [[Mass|masses]] with [[cavitation]] in [[CXR]]
-![[Parenchymal]] [[necrosis]], [[Granulomatous]] [[inflammation]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Parenchymal]] [[necrosis]], [[Granulomatous]] [[inflammation]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Histopathology|Histological confirmation]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Conjunctivitis]],
@@ Line 896: / Line 899: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Congestive heart failure|Congestive heart failure (CHF)]] in [[echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Extensive air-space [[Opacity|opacities]] in [[CXR]]
-! Small [[necrotizing]] [[granulomas]] with  [[eosinophilic]] core surrounded by [[macrophages]] and [[Epithelioid cell|epithelioid giant cells]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Small [[necrotizing]] [[granulomas]] with  [[eosinophilic]] core surrounded by [[macrophages]] and [[Epithelioid cell|epithelioid giant cells]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Histopathology|Histological confirmation]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Allergic rhinitis]], [[Asthma]], [[Urticaria|Urticarial rash]]
@@ Line 917: / Line 920: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-!Pauci-immune [[necrotizing]] and [[crescentic glomerulonephritis]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Pauci-immune [[necrotizing]] and [[crescentic glomerulonephritis]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Histopathology|Histological confirmation]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Sinusitis]], [[Hemoptysis]]
@@ Line 939: / Line 942: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Normal [[kidneys]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Alveolar]] infiltrates spreading from the [[hilum]] in [[CXR]]
-!Cellular crescents in the [[glomeruli]], [[Pulmonary hemorrhage|Intra-alveolar hemorrhages]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Cellular crescents in the [[glomeruli]], [[Pulmonary hemorrhage|Intra-alveolar hemorrhages]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Anti-GBM antibody|Anti-GBM antibodies]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hemoptysis]], [[Hematuria]]
@@ Line 960: / Line 963: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Bacterial endocarditis]] in [[echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Interstitial]] involvement or [[pleural effusions]] in [[CXR]]
-![[HCV]]-associated [[proteins]] in [[vasculitic]] [[skin]], Intraluminal [[cryoglobulin]] deposits
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[HCV]]-associated [[proteins]] in [[vasculitic]] [[skin]], Intraluminal [[cryoglobulin]] deposits
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Histopathology|Histological confirmation]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Acrocyanosis]], [[Retinal]] [[hemorrhage]], [[Purpura]]
@@ Line 981: / Line 984: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hepatomegaly]], [[Splenomegaly]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Increased [[hepatic]] [[echogenicity]] in [[MRI]]
-![[Vasculitic]] skin, [[Antigen]] infilteration in [[lesions]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Vasculitic]] skin, [[Antigen]] infilteration in [[lesions]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hepatitis C|HCV RNA]], [[Histopathology|Histological confirmation]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Palpable [[purpura]], [[Microscopic hematuria]]
@@ Line 1,002: / Line 1,005: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Increased [[bowel]] wall thickness, [[Hematoma|hematomas]], [[peritoneal fluid]], and [[intussusception]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Dilated loops of [[bowel]] consistent in [[abdominal X-ray]]
-![[Leukocytoclastic vasculitis]] in postcapillary [[venules]] with [[IgA]] deposition
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Leukocytoclastic vasculitis]] in postcapillary [[venules]] with [[IgA]] deposition
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |History and [[physical examination]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hematuria]], [[Purpura|Palpable purpura]]
@@ Line 1,023: / Line 1,026: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hepatomegaly]], [[Splenomegaly]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-!Deposits of [[immunoglobulins]], [[complement]], or [[fibrin]] around [[blood vessels]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Deposits of [[immunoglobulins]], [[complement]], or [[fibrin]] around [[blood vessels]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Urticaria]],
@@ Line 1,047: / Line 1,050: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Artery|Arterial]] [[stenosis]] or occlusion of the [[Celiac artery|celiac]] or [[superior mesenteric arteries]] in [[duplex ultrasound]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Ileus]] with distended loops of [[bowel]], [[Bowel]] wall thickening in [[abdominal X-ray]]
-!Superficial [[Mucosal bleeding|mucosal hemorrhage]], [[edema]] and [[necrosis]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Superficial [[Mucosal bleeding|mucosal hemorrhage]], [[edema]] and [[necrosis]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |History and [[physical examination]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Abdominal pain]], [[Distension]], [[Absent bowel sounds]]
@@ Line 1,069: / Line 1,072: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Vegetation (pathology)|Vegetation]], [[abscess]], or new dehiscence of a [[Prosthetic valves|prosthetic valve]]<nowiki/>in [[echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Vertebral osteomyelitis]] in [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]
-![[Vegetation (pathology)|Vegetation]] or [[Abscess|intracardiac abscess]] demonstrating active [[endocarditis]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Vegetation (pathology)|Vegetation]] or [[Abscess|intracardiac abscess]] demonstrating active [[endocarditis]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Echocardiography]] ([[TTE]])
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Janeway lesions]], [[Osler nodes]], [[Roth's spot|Roth spots]], [[Vertebral osteomyelitis]]
@@ Line 1,090: / Line 1,093: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-!Perivascular [[inflammatory]] infiltrate of [[neutrophils]] with leukocytoclasia (releasing [[nuclear]] debris)
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Perivascular [[inflammatory]] infiltrate of [[neutrophils]] with leukocytoclasia (releasing [[nuclear]] debris)
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Histopathology|Histological confirmation]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Purpura|Palpable purpura]], [[Petechiae]]
@@ Line 1,112: / Line 1,115: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hepatomegaly]], [[Splenomegaly]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Cerebellum]] and [[pons]] hyperintensity in [[MRI]]
-![[Birbeck granules]] by [[electron microscopy]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Birbeck granules]] by [[electron microscopy]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Histopathology|Histological confirmation]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Brown to purplish [[papules]], [[Eczematous Scaling|Eczematous rash]]
@@ Line 1,133: / Line 1,136: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Pulmonary]] marginal [[lesions]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Cancer staging|Staging]] and response to treatment in [[Positron emission tomography|PET-CT]]
-![[Adenocarcinoma of the lung pathophysiology|Adenocarcinoma]], [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung pathophysiology|Squamous cell carcinoma]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Adenocarcinoma of the lung pathophysiology|Adenocarcinoma]], [[Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung pathophysiology|Squamous cell carcinoma]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution CT-scan]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Cough]], [[Hemoptysis]]
@@ Line 1,154: / Line 1,157: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Endobronchial [[ultrasound]] (EBUS)
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Standard [[Staging (pathology)|staging]]
-!Spindled cells with dark [[nuclei]], scant [[cytoplasm]], and fine, granular [[Chromatin|nuclear chromatin]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Spindled cells with dark [[nuclei]], scant [[cytoplasm]], and fine, granular [[Chromatin|nuclear chromatin]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution CT-scan]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Cough]], [[Hemoptysis]]
@@ Line 1,175: / Line 1,178: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Pericardial effusion]] in [[echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Pulmonary]] infiltrates, [[atelectasis]], and [[pleural effusions]] in [[Chest X-ray|CXR]]
-![[Infarct]] induced [[apoptosis]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Infarct]] induced [[apoptosis]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Pulmonary artery]] [[angiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Cough]], [[Hemoptysis]]
@@ Line 1,197: / Line 1,200: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Normal to slightly enlarged [[kidneys]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Central venous pressure|Central venous]] congestion in a [[hilar]] pattern  in [[Chest X-ray|CXR]]
-!Hypercellularity of [[Endothelial cells|endothelial]] and [[mesangial cells]], Infiltration of the [[glomerular]] tuft with [[polymorphonuclear cells]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Hypercellularity of [[Endothelial cells|endothelial]] and [[mesangial cells]], Infiltration of the [[glomerular]] tuft with [[polymorphonuclear cells]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Histopathology|Histological confirmation]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hematuria]]
@@ Line 1,219: / Line 1,222: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Hypoechoic [[kidney]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Abnormal hyperintensity in the [[Brain|brain cisterns]] in [[MRI]]
-![[Thromboses|Microthromboses]] include [[Fibrin|fibrin thrombi]] that may occlude the [[glomerular]] tuft
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Thromboses|Microthromboses]] include [[Fibrin|fibrin thrombi]] that may occlude the [[glomerular]] tuft
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Clinical findings coupled with [[Medical laboratory|laboratory abnormalities]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hematuria]], [[Proteinuria]]
@@ Line 1,240: / Line 1,243: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-!Large atypical [[Cells (biology)|cells]], cleaved cells, and [[prolymphocytes]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Large atypical [[Cells (biology)|cells]], cleaved cells, and [[prolymphocytes]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Chromosomal]] and [[genetic testing]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Easy bruising]]
@@ Line 1,261: / Line 1,264: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Punched-out lesion in [[X-ray|skull X-ray]]
-!Clonal proliferation of [[plasma cells]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Clonal proliferation of [[plasma cells]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Protein electrophoresis]] plus conventional [[X-rays]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Constipation]]
@@ Line 1,282: / Line 1,285: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Intracardiac thrombus|Intracardiac thrombi]] in [[echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-![[Reticulin|Reticulin stain]] for [[myelofibrosis]] and [[tryptase]] staining for [[mast cells]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Reticulin|Reticulin stain]] for [[myelofibrosis]] and [[tryptase]] staining for [[mast cells]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Clinical findings coupled with [[Medical laboratory|laboratory abnormalities]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Splinter hemorrhages]], [[Raynaud phenomenon]]
@@ Line 1,303: / Line 1,306: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Mediastinal lymphadenopathy]]
-!Small cleaved or noncleaved, intermediate, or large cell with a follicular or diffuse pattern
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Small cleaved or noncleaved, intermediate, or large cell with a follicular or diffuse pattern
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Surgically excised tissue [[biopsy]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Easy bruising]], [[Testicular mass]], [[Skin lesions|Skin lesion]]
@@ Line 1,324: / Line 1,327: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-!Arteritic lesions are focal, [[necrotizing]], and [[inflammatory]]  involving all layers of the [[artery]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Arteritic lesions are focal, [[necrotizing]], and [[inflammatory]]  involving all layers of the [[artery]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Clinical findings coupled with [[Medical laboratory|laboratory abnormalities]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hematuria]], [[Skin rash]]
@@ Line 1,345: / Line 1,348: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-![[Ischemia]] and [[necrosis]] due to [[Fibrin|fibrin deposition]] in small and medium-sized [[vessels]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Ischemia]] and [[necrosis]] due to [[Fibrin|fibrin deposition]] in small and medium-sized [[vessels]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Clinical findings coupled with [[Medical laboratory|laboratory abnormalities]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | [[Cyanosis|Acral cyanosis]], [[Hemorrhagic]] skin [[Infarction|infarctions]]
@@ Line 1,366: / Line 1,369: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |R/O [[splenomegaly]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-!Increased number of normal morphologic [[megakaryocytes]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Increased number of normal morphologic [[megakaryocytes]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Clinical findings coupled with [[thrombocytopenia]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Easy bruising]], [[Purpura]]
@@ Line 1,388: / Line 1,391: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Bilateral [[Adenopathy|hilar adenopathy]]
-![[Granuloma|Noncaseating granulomas (NCGs)]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Granuloma|Noncaseating granulomas (NCGs)]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Histopathology|Histological confirmation]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Heart block]], [[Ocular disease|Ocular lesion]]
@@ Line 1,409: / Line 1,412: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nonspecific and indistinguishable [[CXR]]
-!Intra-[[alveolar]] [[inflammation]], [[Abscesses|Microabscesses]] in the [[parenchyma]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Intra-[[alveolar]] [[inflammation]], [[Abscesses|Microabscesses]] in the [[parenchyma]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Sputum culture]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Cough]], [[Diarrhea]]
@@ Line 1,431: / Line 1,434: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Pericardial effusion]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], or verrucous [[Libman-Sacks endocarditis]] in [[echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Central nervous system|Central nervous system (CNS)]] [[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]] white-matter changes in [[MRI]]
-! Staging [[lupus nephritis]]
+! align="center"  style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Staging [[lupus nephritis]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Anti-dsDNA antibody|Anti-dsDNA antibody test]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Skin rashes]] or [[photosensitivity]]
@@ Line 1,453: / Line 1,456: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Joint (anatomy)|Effusions in joints]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Basilar invagination with [[cranial]] migration of an eroded [[Odontoid process|odontoid]] peg in [[MRI]]
-!Influx of [[inflammatory cells]] into the [[synovial membrane]], with  [[angiogenesis]], proliferation of chronic [[inflammatory cells]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Influx of [[inflammatory cells]] into the [[synovial membrane]], with  [[angiogenesis]], proliferation of chronic [[inflammatory cells]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Clinical findings coupled [[Anti-citrullinated protein antibody|anti-CCP antibody]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Rheumatoid nodules]]
@@ Line 1,474: / Line 1,477: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Aortic root|Aortic root dilatation]] and degree of [[aortic regurgitation]] in [[echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Tracheal stenosis]] in [[CXR]]
-!Chondrolysis, [[Chondritis]],  Perichondritis
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Chondrolysis, [[Chondritis]],  Perichondritis
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Clinical findings coupled with imaging
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Ear pain]] and redness, [[Polyarthritis]]
@@ Line 1,517: / Line 1,520: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Valve [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] and [[Thrombi|ventricular thrombi]] in [[echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Meningoencephalitis]]   in [[MRI]]
-![[Lymphocytic]] and [[plasma cell]] invasion in the [[prickle cell]] layer of the [[epidermis]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Lymphocytic]] and [[plasma cell]] invasion in the [[prickle cell]] layer of the [[epidermis]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Clinical criteria
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Genital skin lesions|Genital ulcerations]], [[Oral ulcerations|Oral ulceration]]
@@ Line 1,538: / Line 1,541: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Aortic insufficiency]] in [[echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Early [[interstitial keratitis]] by [[slit lamp]]
-![[Muscle]] [[necrosis]] and [[atrophy]] resembling [[myositis]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Muscle]] [[necrosis]] and [[atrophy]] resembling [[myositis]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''[[Red eye]], [[Hearing loss]], [[Vertigo]]'''
@@ Line 1,560: / Line 1,563: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Fistulas]], [[Abscesses]], [[Stenosis]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Grossly denuded [[Mucosal|mucosa]] with active [[bleeding]] in [[colonoscopy]]
-![[Crypt abscess|Crypt abscesses]] and [[Ulceration|mucosal ulceration]], [[Granulomas]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Crypt abscess|Crypt abscesses]] and [[Ulceration|mucosal ulceration]], [[Granulomas]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Endoscopy]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Gastrointestinal bleeding|GI bleeding]]
@@ Line 1,581: / Line 1,584: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-![[Periodic acid-Schiff]]–positive [[macrophages]] infiltration in [[lamina propria]] of the [[small bowel]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Periodic acid-Schiff]]–positive [[macrophages]] infiltration in [[lamina propria]] of the [[small bowel]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Broad-spectrum [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] amplifications
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Cachexia]],
@@ Line 1,608: / Line 1,611: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Multicystic or reticular pattern in [[atrophic]] [[salivary gland]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |R/O [[Obstruction|obstructions]] or [[strictures]] with [[Sialography]]
-!Focal aggregates of [[lymphocytes]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Focal aggregates of [[lymphocytes]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Schirmer's test|Schirmer test]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Keratoconjunctivitis]], [[Gingival|Gingival inflammation]]
@@ Line 1,630: / Line 1,633: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Progression of the disease or response to therapy in [[MRI]]
-!Chronic [[granulomatous]] [[inflammation]] and [[giant cells]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Chronic [[granulomatous]] [[inflammation]] and [[giant cells]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Histopathology|Histological confirmation]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Skin rash]], [[Purpura]]
@@ Line 1,652: / Line 1,655: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Aspergilloma]] mass within the brain in [[MRI]]
-!Septate [[hyphae]], branching at acute angles, and tissue [[necrosis]] with  [[Granuloma|granulomata]] and [[blood vessel]] invasion
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Septate [[hyphae]], branching at acute angles, and tissue [[necrosis]] with  [[Granuloma|granulomata]] and [[blood vessel]] invasion
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Histopathology|Histological confirmation]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hemoptysis]], [[Aspergilloma]]
@@ Line 1,673: / Line 1,676: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Valvular Diseases|Valvular involvement]] in [[echocardiography]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[PFTs|PFT]]
-!Presence of [[yeast]] forms in tissue through [[Hematoxylin and eosin stain|hematoxylin and eosin staining]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Presence of [[yeast]] forms in tissue through [[Hematoxylin and eosin stain|hematoxylin and eosin staining]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Sputum cultures]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Pneumonia]], [[Mediastinitis]]
@@ Line 1,694: / Line 1,697: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hemorrhagic]] lesion in [[white matter]]
-![[Multinucleated giant cell|Multinuclear giant cells]]
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Multinucleated giant cell|Multinuclear giant cells]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[PCR]] or [[brain biopsy]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Seizures]],
@@ Line 1,718: / Line 1,721: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Fetal growth retardation|Poor fetal growth]], [[Oligohydramnios]], Abnormal [[umbilical artery]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Increased signal at the [[Gray matter|gray-white matter junction]] in [[MRI]]
-!-
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Urinalysis|24-hour urine study]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Seizure]], [[Edema]]
@@ Line 1,739: / Line 1,742: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Luminal narrowing alternating with [[dilatation]] (Beads sign)
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Focal [[concentric]], long-segment [[tubular]] [[stenosis]] or outpouching in [[MRA]]
-!Fibrodysplastic changes, [[Collagen]] deposition
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Fibrodysplastic changes, [[Collagen]] deposition
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Digital subtraction angiography|Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)]]
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Spontaneous coronary artery dissection|Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)]]
 |-
 |}
+</small></small></small>
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
+{{WH}}
+{{WS}}
+[[Category:Medicine]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
 [[Category:Rheumatology]]
-{{WH}}
-{{WS}}