Kidney stone epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
In 2000, the incidence/prevalence of nephrolithiasis was estimated to be 116 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.The prevalence of nephrolithiasis  is approximately 1116 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. It has increased from every 1 in 20 to 1 in 11 person in United States has kidney stones. According to American Journal of Kidney disease, 2016, 8% of women and 16% of men are developing nephrolithiasis by the age of 70 years. According to 2000 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey of the United State,s there is an annual burden of more than 1,100,000 emergency department visits with a primary diagnosis of renal calculus or colic. Patients of all age groups may develop nephrolithiasis. The incidence of nephrolithiasis  increases with age.  At initial diagnosis, the mean age was 44.8 years in men and 40.9 years in women. Nephrolithiasis  usually affects individuals of the white/Caucasian ethnicity. Males are more commonly affected by nephrolithiaisis than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1. The trend keeps on changing , a study in 2010 claims the incidence rate ratio of men to women with urinary tract stones has narrowed from 3.4 to 1.3. Females are having increasing incidence rates owing to increase lifestyle disease like [[obesity]]. The majority of nephrolithiasis cases are reported in southeast belt of the United States. The number of cases increase from north to south and from west to east. The states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee are considered in the “stone belt.” The ambient temperature and sunlight levels as risk factors for stones and differences in exposure to temperature and sunlight and beverages are also responsible for geographic variability.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
Various studies have found epidemiological data based on time and population as mentioned:<ref name="pmid26088071">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shoag J, Tasian GE, Goldfarb DS, Eisner BH |title=The new epidemiology of nephrolithiasis |journal=Adv Chronic Kidney Dis |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=273–8 |date=July 2015 |pmid=26088071 |doi=10.1053/j.ackd.2015.04.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24497682">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roudakova K, Monga M |title=The evolving epidemiology of stone disease |journal=Indian J Urol |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=44–8 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24497682 |pmc=3897053 |doi=10.4103/0970-1591.124206 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17678980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Curhan GC |title=Epidemiology of stone disease |journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=287–93 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17678980 |pmc=2693870 |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2007.04.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28868500">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ziemba JB, Matlaga BR |title=Epidemiology and economics of nephrolithiasis |journal=Investig Clin Urol |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=299–306 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28868500 |pmc=5577325 |doi=10.4111/icu.2017.58.5.299 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22498635">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scales CD, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS |title=Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States |journal=Eur. Urol. |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=160–5 |date=July 2012 |pmid=22498635 |pmc=3362665 |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2012.03.052 |url=}}</ref>
Various studies have found epidemiological data based on time and population as mentioned:<ref name="pmid26088071">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shoag J, Tasian GE, Goldfarb DS, Eisner BH |title=The new epidemiology of nephrolithiasis |journal=Adv Chronic Kidney Dis |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=273–8 |date=July 2015 |pmid=26088071 |doi=10.1053/j.ackd.2015.04.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24497682">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roudakova K, Monga M |title=The evolving epidemiology of stone disease |journal=Indian J Urol |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=44–8 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24497682 |pmc=3897053 |doi=10.4103/0970-1591.124206 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17678980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Curhan GC |title=Epidemiology of stone disease |journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=287–93 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17678980 |pmc=2693870 |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2007.04.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28868500">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ziemba JB, Matlaga BR |title=Epidemiology and economics of nephrolithiasis |journal=Investig Clin Urol |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=299–306 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28868500 |pmc=5577325 |doi=10.4111/icu.2017.58.5.299 |url=}}</ref>
===Incidence===
===Incidence===
*The incidence/prevalence of nephrolithiasis is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*In 2000, the incidence/prevalence of nephrolithiasis was estimated to be 116 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name="pmid20811557">{{cite journal |vauthors=Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos DG |title=Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors |journal=Rev Urol |volume=12 |issue=2-3 |pages=e86–96 |date=2010 |pmid=20811557 |pmc=2931286 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.


===Prevalence===
===Prevalence===
*The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*The prevalence of nephrolithiasis  is approximately 1116 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*It has increased from every 1 in 20 to 1 in 11 person in United States has kidney stones.<ref name="pmid224986352">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scales CD, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS |title=Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States |journal=Eur. Urol. |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=160–5 |date=July 2012 |pmid=22498635 |pmc=3362665 |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2012.03.052 |url=}}</ref>
*According to American Journal of Kidney disease, 2016, 8% of women and 16% of men are developing nephrolithiasis by the age of 70 years.
*According to American Journal of Kidney disease, 2016, 8% of women and 16% of men are developing nephrolithiasis by the age of 70 years.
*According to 2000 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey of the United State,s there is an annual burden of more than 1,100,000 emergency department visits with a primary diagnosis of renal calculus or colic.<ref name="pmid16502058">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown J |title=Diagnostic and treatment patterns for renal colic in US emergency departments |journal=Int Urol Nephrol |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=87–92 |date=2006 |pmid=16502058 |doi=10.1007/s11255-005-3622-6 |url=}}</ref>


===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
*There is no independent association of prevalent kidney stone disease with all-cause and CV mortality.<ref name="pmid23635714">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tang J, Mettler P, McFann K, Chonchol M |title=The association of prevalent kidney stone disease with mortality in US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1994 |journal=Am. J. Nephrol. |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=501–6 |date=2013 |pmid=23635714 |pmc=4278430 |doi=10.1159/000350691 |url=}}</ref>
*The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].


===Age===
===Age===
*Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
*Patients of all age groups may develop nephrolithiasis.
*The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
*The incidence of nephrolithiasis  increases with age.<ref name="pmid16518332">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lieske JC, Peña de la Vega LS, Slezak JM, Bergstralh EJ, Leibson CL, Ho KL, Gettman MT |title=Renal stone epidemiology in Rochester, Minnesota: an update |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=760–4 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16518332 |doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000150 |url=}}</ref>
*[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.  
* At initial diagnosis, the mean age was 44.8 years in men and 40.9 years in women
*[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
*[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].


===Race===
===Race===
*There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
*Nephrolithiasis  usually affects individuals of the white/Caucasian ethnicity.
*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
 
===Gender===
===Gender===
*Males are more commonly affected by nephrolithiaisis than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1.<ref name="PfauKnauf2016">{{cite journal|last1=Pfau|first1=Anja|last2=Knauf|first2=Felix|title=Update on Nephrolithiasis: Core Curriculum 2016|journal=American Journal of Kidney Diseases|volume=68|issue=6|year=2016|pages=973–985|issn=02726386|doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.05.016}}</ref>
*Males are more commonly affected by nephrolithiaisis than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1.<ref name="PfauKnauf2016">{{cite journal|last1=Pfau|first1=Anja|last2=Knauf|first2=Felix|title=Update on Nephrolithiasis: Core Curriculum 2016|journal=American Journal of Kidney Diseases|volume=68|issue=6|year=2016|pages=973–985|issn=02726386|doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.05.016}}</ref>
*The trend keeps on changing , a study in 2010 claims the incidence rate ratio of men to women with urinary tract stones has narrowed from 3.4 to 1.3.<ref name="pmid19854493">{{cite journal |vauthors=Strope SA, Wolf JS, Hollenbeck BK |title=Changes in gender distribution of urinary stone disease |journal=Urology |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=543–6, 546.e1 |date=March 2010 |pmid=19854493 |pmc=3410535 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2009.08.007 |url=}}</ref>
*The trend keeps on changing , a study in 2010 claims the incidence rate ratio of men to women with urinary tract stones has narrowed from 3.4 to 1.3.<ref name="pmid19854493">{{cite journal |vauthors=Strope SA, Wolf JS, Hollenbeck BK |title=Changes in gender distribution of urinary stone disease |journal=Urology |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=543–6, 546.e1 |date=March 2010 |pmid=19854493 |pmc=3410535 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2009.08.007 |url=}}</ref>
*Females are having increasing incidence rates owing to increase lifestyle disease like [[obesity]].


===Region===
===Region===
*The majority of nephrolithiasis cases are reported in southeast belt.
*The majority of nephrolithiasis cases are reported in southeast belt of the United States.
*The number of cases increase from north to south and from west to east
*The number of cases increase from north to south and from west to east
*The states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee are considered in the “stone belt.”<ref name="pmid7996811">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soucie JM, Thun MJ, Coates RJ, McClellan W, Austin H |title=Demographic and geographic variability of kidney stones in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=893–9 |date=September 1994 |pmid=7996811 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee are considered in the “stone belt.”<ref name="pmid7996811">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soucie JM, Thun MJ, Coates RJ, McClellan W, Austin H |title=Demographic and geographic variability of kidney stones in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=893–9 |date=September 1994 |pmid=7996811 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*The ambient temperature and sunlight levels as risk factors for stones and differences in exposure to temperature and sunlight and beverages are also responsible for geographic variability.<ref name="pmid8610664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soucie JM, Coates RJ, McClellan W, Austin H, Thun M |title=Relation between geographic variability in kidney stones prevalence and risk factors for stones |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=143 |issue=5 |pages=487–95 |date=March 1996 |pmid=8610664 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
===Developed Countries===
 
===Developing Countries===


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 19:54, 12 August 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2]

Overview

In 2000, the incidence/prevalence of nephrolithiasis was estimated to be 116 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.The prevalence of nephrolithiasis is approximately 1116 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. It has increased from every 1 in 20 to 1 in 11 person in United States has kidney stones. According to American Journal of Kidney disease, 2016, 8% of women and 16% of men are developing nephrolithiasis by the age of 70 years. According to 2000 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey of the United State,s there is an annual burden of more than 1,100,000 emergency department visits with a primary diagnosis of renal calculus or colic. Patients of all age groups may develop nephrolithiasis. The incidence of nephrolithiasis increases with age.  At initial diagnosis, the mean age was 44.8 years in men and 40.9 years in women. Nephrolithiasis usually affects individuals of the white/Caucasian ethnicity. Males are more commonly affected by nephrolithiaisis than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1. The trend keeps on changing , a study in 2010 claims the incidence rate ratio of men to women with urinary tract stones has narrowed from 3.4 to 1.3. Females are having increasing incidence rates owing to increase lifestyle disease like obesity. The majority of nephrolithiasis cases are reported in southeast belt of the United States. The number of cases increase from north to south and from west to east. The states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee are considered in the “stone belt.” The ambient temperature and sunlight levels as risk factors for stones and differences in exposure to temperature and sunlight and beverages are also responsible for geographic variability.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Various studies have found epidemiological data based on time and population as mentioned:[1][2][3][4]

Incidence

  • In 2000, the incidence/prevalence of nephrolithiasis was estimated to be 116 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.[5]

Prevalence

  • The prevalence of nephrolithiasis is approximately 1116 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • It has increased from every 1 in 20 to 1 in 11 person in United States has kidney stones.[6]
  • According to American Journal of Kidney disease, 2016, 8% of women and 16% of men are developing nephrolithiasis by the age of 70 years.
  • According to 2000 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey of the United State,s there is an annual burden of more than 1,100,000 emergency department visits with a primary diagnosis of renal calculus or colic.[7]

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

  • There is no independent association of prevalent kidney stone disease with all-cause and CV mortality.[8]

Age

  • Patients of all age groups may develop nephrolithiasis.
  • The incidence of nephrolithiasis increases with age.[9]
  •  At initial diagnosis, the mean age was 44.8 years in men and 40.9 years in women

Race

  • Nephrolithiasis usually affects individuals of the white/Caucasian ethnicity.

Gender

  • Males are more commonly affected by nephrolithiaisis than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1.[10]
  • The trend keeps on changing , a study in 2010 claims the incidence rate ratio of men to women with urinary tract stones has narrowed from 3.4 to 1.3.[11]
  • Females are having increasing incidence rates owing to increase lifestyle disease like obesity.

Region

  • The majority of nephrolithiasis cases are reported in southeast belt of the United States.
  • The number of cases increase from north to south and from west to east
  • The states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee are considered in the “stone belt.”[12]
  • The ambient temperature and sunlight levels as risk factors for stones and differences in exposure to temperature and sunlight and beverages are also responsible for geographic variability.[13]

References

  1. ↑ Shoag J, Tasian GE, Goldfarb DS, Eisner BH (July 2015). "The new epidemiology of nephrolithiasis". Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 22 (4): 273–8. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2015.04.004. PMID 26088071.
  2. ↑ Roudakova K, Monga M (January 2014). "The evolving epidemiology of stone disease". Indian J Urol. 30 (1): 44–8. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.124206. PMC 3897053. PMID 24497682.
  3. ↑ Curhan GC (August 2007). "Epidemiology of stone disease". Urol. Clin. North Am. 34 (3): 287–93. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.04.003. PMC 2693870. PMID 17678980.
  4. ↑ Ziemba JB, Matlaga BR (September 2017). "Epidemiology and economics of nephrolithiasis". Investig Clin Urol. 58 (5): 299–306. doi:10.4111/icu.2017.58.5.299. PMC 5577325. PMID 28868500.
  5. ↑ Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos DG (2010). "Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors". Rev Urol. 12 (2–3): e86–96. PMC 2931286. PMID 20811557.
  6. ↑ Scales CD, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS (July 2012). "Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States". Eur. Urol. 62 (1): 160–5. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.03.052. PMC 3362665. PMID 22498635.
  7. ↑ Brown J (2006). "Diagnostic and treatment patterns for renal colic in US emergency departments". Int Urol Nephrol. 38 (1): 87–92. doi:10.1007/s11255-005-3622-6. PMID 16502058.
  8. ↑ Tang J, Mettler P, McFann K, Chonchol M (2013). "The association of prevalent kidney stone disease with mortality in US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1994". Am. J. Nephrol. 37 (5): 501–6. doi:10.1159/000350691. PMC 4278430. PMID 23635714.
  9. ↑ Lieske JC, Peña de la Vega LS, Slezak JM, Bergstralh EJ, Leibson CL, Ho KL, Gettman MT (February 2006). "Renal stone epidemiology in Rochester, Minnesota: an update". Kidney Int. 69 (4): 760–4. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000150. PMID 16518332.
  10. ↑ Pfau, Anja; Knauf, Felix (2016). "Update on Nephrolithiasis: Core Curriculum 2016". American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 68 (6): 973–985. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.05.016. ISSN 0272-6386.
  11. ↑ Strope SA, Wolf JS, Hollenbeck BK (March 2010). "Changes in gender distribution of urinary stone disease". Urology. 75 (3): 543–6, 546.e1. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2009.08.007. PMC 3410535. PMID 19854493.
  12. ↑ Soucie JM, Thun MJ, Coates RJ, McClellan W, Austin H (September 1994). "Demographic and geographic variability of kidney stones in the United States". Kidney Int. 46 (3): 893–9. PMID 7996811.
  13. ↑ Soucie JM, Coates RJ, McClellan W, Austin H, Thun M (March 1996). "Relation between geographic variability in kidney stones prevalence and risk factors for stones". Am. J. Epidemiol. 143 (5): 487–95. PMID 8610664.

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