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==Overview==
==Overview==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
Common risk factors in the development of cavernous sinus thrombosis include: [[Neoplasms]], [[Facial|facial infections]], [[sinusitis]], [[otitis media]], [[Dental|dental infections]], [[sepsis]], [[factor V Leiden mutation]][[Prothrombin G20210A mutation|, Prothrombin G20210A mutation]], [[antithrombin III deficiency]], [[Protein S deficiency|protein C or S deficiency]], increased [[factor VIII]], [[antiphospholipid antibody syndrome]], [[Hyperhomocysteinemia|hyperhomocysteinemia,]] [[heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]], [[pregnancy]], [[obesity]], [[dehydration]], [[autoimmune disease]], [[Diabetes|uncontrolled diabetes]], [[Steroid|steroid use]], [[chemotherapy]], [[oral contraceptives]] or [[hormone replacement therapy]] and [[Inflammatory bowel disease|inflammatory bowel diseases]]. Less common risk factors in the development of cavernous sinus thrombosis include: [[Puerperium]], [[fibrous thyroiditis]], [[Arteriovenous malformation|arterio-venous malformations]] and[[immunosuppression]].
 
OR
 
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
 
OR
 
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
 
OR
 
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
Common risk factors in the development of cavernous sinus thrombosis include: [[Neoplasms]], [[Facial|facial infections]], [[sinusitis]], [[otitis media]], [[Dental|dental infections]], [[sepsis]], [[factor V Leiden mutation]][[Prothrombin G20210A mutation|, Prothrombin G20210A mutation]], [[antithrombin III deficiency]], [[Protein S deficiency|protein C or S deficiency]], increased [[factor VIII]], [[antiphospholipid antibody syndrome]], [[Hyperhomocysteinemia|hyperhomocysteinemia,]] [[heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]], [[pregnancy]], [[obesity]], [[dehydration]], [[autoimmune disease]], [[Diabetes|uncontrolled diabetes]], [[Steroid|steroid use]], [[chemotherapy]], [[oral contraceptives]] or [[hormone replacement therapy]] and [[Inflammatory bowel disease|inflammatory bowel diseases]].
 
OR
 
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
 
OR
 
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
===Common Risk Factors===
===Common Risk Factors===
*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
*Common risk factors in the development of cavernous sinus thrombosis may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.<ref name="pmid19383052">{{cite journal| author=Saadatnia M, Fatehi F, Basiri K, Mousavi SA, Mehr GK| title=Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis risk factors. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2009 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 111-23 | pmid=19383052 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2009.00260.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19383052  }} </ref>
*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
*Common risk factors in the development of cavernous sinus thrombosis include:<ref name="pmid19383052">{{cite journal| author=Saadatnia M, Fatehi F, Basiri K, Mousavi SA, Mehr GK| title=Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis risk factors. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2009 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 111-23 | pmid=19383052 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2009.00260.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19383052  }} </ref>
**[Risk factor 1]
**[[Neoplasms]]<ref name="pmid6753578">{{cite journal| author=Hickey WF, Garnick MB, Henderson IC, Dawson DM| title=Primary cerebral venous thrombosis in patients with cancer--a rarely diagnosed paraneoplastic syndrome. Report of three cases and review of the literature. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1982 | volume= 73 | issue= 5 | pages= 740-50 | pmid=6753578 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6753578  }} </ref>
**[Risk factor 2]
**Infections:<ref name="pmid29142871">{{cite journal| author=Aggarwal K, Rastogi S, Joshi A, Kumar A, Chaurasia A, Prakash R| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis following dental extraction: a rare case report and forgotten entity. | journal=J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg | year= 2017 | volume= 43 | issue= 5 | pages= 351-355 | pmid=29142871 | doi=10.5125/jkaoms.2017.43.5.351 | pmc=5685866 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29142871  }} </ref>
**[Risk factor 3]
***[[Facial]] infections
***[[Sinusitis]]
***[[Otitis media]]
***[[Dental|Dental infections]]
***[[Sepsis]]
**[[Thrombophilic disorders|Thrombophilic genetic disorders]] such as:
***[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]<ref name="pmid8841317">{{cite journal| author=Zuber M, Toulon P, Marnet L, Mas JL| title=Factor V Leiden mutation in cerebral venous thrombosis. | journal=Stroke | year= 1996 | volume= 27 | issue= 10 | pages= 1721-3 | pmid=8841317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8841317  }} </ref>
***[[Prothrombin G20210A mutation]]<ref name="pmid26019885">{{cite journal| author=Attia TH, Fawzi HA, Desouki IS| title=Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in heterozygous prothrombin G20210A mutation in Egyptian child, with an excellent outcome. | journal=Oxf Med Case Reports | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue= 5 | pages= 284-7 | pmid=26019885 | doi=10.1093/omcr/omv035 | pmc=4434574 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26019885  }} </ref>
***[[Antithrombin III deficiency]]<ref name="pmid27688576">{{cite journal| author=Kumaravelu S, Gupta A, Singh KK| title=Cerebral Venous Thrombosis. | journal=Med J Armed Forces India | year= 2008 | volume= 64 | issue= 4 | pages= 355-60 | pmid=27688576 | doi=10.1016/S0377-1237(08)80021-4 | pmc=5035253 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27688576  }} </ref>
***[[Protein S deficiency|Protein C or S deficiency]]<ref name="pmid25674132">{{cite journal| author=Ali N, Ayyub M, Khan SA| title=High prevalence of protein C, protein S, antithrombin deficiency, and Factor V Leiden mutation as a cause of hereditary thrombophilia in patients of venous thromboembolism and cerebrovascular accident. | journal=Pak J Med Sci | year= 2014 | volume= 30 | issue= 6 | pages= 1323-6 | pmid=25674132 | doi=10.12669/pjms.306.5878 | pmc=4320724 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25674132  }} </ref>
***Increased [[factor VIII]]<ref name="pmid24920982">{{cite journal| author=Bucurescu S| title=Recurrent cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a patient with increased factor VIII activity, increased lipoprotein (a) level and leukocytosis: a case report. | journal=J Vasc Interv Neurol | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 1 | pages= 8-10 | pmid=24920982 | doi= | pmc=4051910 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24920982  }} </ref>
**Acquired [[thrombophilic disorders]] such as:
***[[Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome]]<ref name="pmid26049680">{{cite journal| author=Rudich DS, Yun SH, Liebling A, Silbert JE, Moeckel GW, Lesser RL| title=Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome: Raised Intracranial Pressure Without Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis. | journal=J Neuroophthalmol | year= 2015 | volume= 35 | issue= 4 | pages= 396-9 | pmid=26049680 | doi=10.1097/WNO.0000000000000277 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26049680  }} </ref>
***[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]<ref name="pmid17685134">{{cite journal| author=Shen HC, Lo YK, Li JY, Lai PH| title=Familial hyperhomocysteinemia-related cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a case report. | journal=Acta Neurol Taiwan | year= 2007 | volume= 16 | issue= 2 | pages= 98-101 | pmid=17685134 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17685134  }} </ref>
***[[Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]]<ref name="pmid29095327">{{cite journal| author=Gleichgerrcht E, Lim MY, Turan TN| title=Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Due to Low-molecular-weight Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia. | journal=Neurologist | year= 2017 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 241-244 | pmid=29095327 | doi=10.1097/NRL.0000000000000146 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29095327  }} </ref>
**[[Pregnancy]]<ref name="pmid27146007">{{cite journal| author=López F, Santamarta E, Martínez P, Sáiz-Ayala A, Llorente JL| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis during pregnancy. | journal=Auris Nasus Larynx | year= 2017 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 232-236 | pmid=27146007 | doi=10.1016/j.anl.2016.04.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27146007  }} </ref>
**[[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid26974867">{{cite journal| author=Zuurbier SM, Arnold M, Middeldorp S, Broeg-Morvay A, Silvis SM, Heldner MR et al.| title=Risk of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in Obese Women. | journal=JAMA Neurol | year= 2016 | volume= 73 | issue= 5 | pages= 579-84 | pmid=26974867 | doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26974867  }} </ref>
**[[Dehydration]]<ref name="pmid29362285">{{cite journal| author=Kawahara I, Toyoda K, Hirose M, Kitagawa N| title=[Rapid Recanalization of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Secondary to Severe Dehydration:A Case Report]. | journal=No Shinkei Geka | year= 2018 | volume= 46 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-52 | pmid=29362285 | doi=10.11477/mf.1436203674 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29362285  }} </ref>
**[[Autoimmune disease]]<ref name="pmid28798906">{{cite journal| author=Ichord R| title=Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis. | journal=Front Pediatr | year= 2017 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 163 | pmid=28798906 | doi=10.3389/fped.2017.00163 | pmc=5529336 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28798906  }} </ref>
**[[Diabetes|Uncontrolled diabetes]]<ref name="pmid14370762">{{cite journal| author=RUSSELL A, FEARING SJ| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis in a diabetic; report of a case. | journal=Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol | year= 1955 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 372-7 | pmid=14370762 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14370762  }} </ref>
**[[Steroid|Steroid use]]<ref name="pmid27928417">{{cite journal| author=Weerasinghe D, Lueck CJ| title=Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: Case Report and Review of the Literature. | journal=Neuroophthalmology | year= 2016 | volume= 40 | issue= 6 | pages= 263-276 | pmid=27928417 | doi=10.1080/01658107.2016.1230138 | pmc=5120738 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27928417  }} </ref>
**[[Chemotherapy]]<ref name="pmid22567255">{{cite journal| author=Sasidharan PK| title=Cerebral vein thrombosis misdiagnosed and mismanaged. | journal=Thrombosis | year= 2012 | volume= 2012 | issue=  | pages= 210676 | pmid=22567255 | doi=10.1155/2012/210676 | pmc=3337512 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22567255  }} </ref>
**[[Oral contraceptives]] or [[hormone replacement therapy]]<ref name="pmid27695236">{{cite journal| author=Yadegari S, Ghorbani A, Miri SR, Abdollahi M, Rostami M| title=Clinical features, risk factors, and outcome of cerebral venous thrombosis in Tehran, Iran. | journal=J Neurosci Rural Pract | year= 2016 | volume= 7 | issue= 4 | pages= 554-558 | pmid=27695236 | doi=10.4103/0976-3147.185512 | pmc=5006468 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27695236  }} </ref>
**[[Inflammatory bowel disease|Inflammatory bowel diseases]]<ref name="pmid26246095">{{cite journal| author=Selvitop O, Poretti A, Huisman TA, Wagner MW| title=Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in a child with Crohn's disease, otitis media, and meningitis. | journal=Neuroradiol J | year= 2015 | volume= 28 | issue= 3 | pages= 274-7 | pmid=26246095 | doi=10.1177/1971400915589688 | pmc=4757291 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26246095  }} </ref>


===Less Common Risk Factors===
===Less Common Risk Factors===
*Less common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
*Less common risk factors in the development of cavernous sinus thrombosis include:
**[Risk factor 1]
**[[Puerperium]]<ref name="pmid19107452">{{cite journal| author=Jungmann V, Werner R, Bergmann J, Daum J, Wöhrle JC, Dünnebacke J et al.| title=[Postpartum cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after epidural anaesthesia]. | journal=Anaesthesist | year= 2009 | volume= 58 | issue= 3 | pages= 268-72 | pmid=19107452 | doi=10.1007/s00101-008-1490-z | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19107452  }} </ref>
**[Risk factor 2]
**[[Fibrous thyroiditis]]<ref name="pmid9777750">{{cite journal| author=Vaidya B, Coulthard A, Goonetilleke A, Burn DJ, James RA, Kendall-Taylor P| title=Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a late sequel of invasive fibrous thyroiditis. | journal=Thyroid | year= 1998 | volume= 8 | issue= 9 | pages= 787-90 | pmid=9777750 | doi=10.1089/thy.1998.8.787 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9777750  }} </ref>
**[Risk factor 3]
**[[Arteriovenous malformation|Arterio-venous malformations]]<ref name="pmid12208718">{{cite journal| author=Stiebel-Kalish H, Setton A, Nimii Y, Kalish Y, Hartman J, Huna Bar-On R et al.| title=Cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous malformations: patterns of venous drainage are related to clinical signs and symptoms. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 2002 | volume= 109 | issue= 9 | pages= 1685-91 | pmid=12208718 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12208718  }} </ref>
**[[Immunosuppression]]<ref name="pmid9701272">{{cite journal| author=Bertz H, Laubenberger J, Steinfurth G, Finke J| title=Sinus venous thrombosis: an unusual cause for neurologic symptoms after bone marrow transplantation under immunosuppression. | journal=Transplantation | year= 1998 | volume= 66 | issue= 2 | pages= 241-4 | pmid=9701272 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9701272  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 16:12, 28 June 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of cavernous sinus thrombosis include: Neoplasms, facial infections, sinusitis, otitis media, dental infections, sepsis, factor V Leiden mutation, Prothrombin G20210A mutation, antithrombin III deficiency, protein C or S deficiency, increased factor VIII, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, hyperhomocysteinemia, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, pregnancy, obesity, dehydration, autoimmune disease, uncontrolled diabetes, steroid use, chemotherapy, oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy and inflammatory bowel diseases. Less common risk factors in the development of cavernous sinus thrombosis include: Puerperium, fibrous thyroiditis, arterio-venous malformations andimmunosuppression.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of cavernous sinus thrombosis include: Neoplasms, facial infections, sinusitis, otitis media, dental infections, sepsis, factor V Leiden mutation, Prothrombin G20210A mutation, antithrombin III deficiency, protein C or S deficiency, increased factor VIII, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, hyperhomocysteinemia, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, pregnancy, obesity, dehydration, autoimmune disease, uncontrolled diabetes, steroid use, chemotherapy, oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Common Risk Factors

Less Common Risk Factors

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Saadatnia M, Fatehi F, Basiri K, Mousavi SA, Mehr GK (2009). "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis risk factors". Int J Stroke. 4 (2): 111–23. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2009.00260.x. PMID 19383052.
  2. ↑ Hickey WF, Garnick MB, Henderson IC, Dawson DM (1982). "Primary cerebral venous thrombosis in patients with cancer--a rarely diagnosed paraneoplastic syndrome. Report of three cases and review of the literature". Am J Med. 73 (5): 740–50. PMID 6753578.
  3. ↑ Aggarwal K, Rastogi S, Joshi A, Kumar A, Chaurasia A, Prakash R (2017). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis following dental extraction: a rare case report and forgotten entity". J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 43 (5): 351–355. doi:10.5125/jkaoms.2017.43.5.351. PMC 5685866. PMID 29142871.
  4. ↑ Zuber M, Toulon P, Marnet L, Mas JL (1996). "Factor V Leiden mutation in cerebral venous thrombosis". Stroke. 27 (10): 1721–3. PMID 8841317.
  5. ↑ Attia TH, Fawzi HA, Desouki IS (2015). "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in heterozygous prothrombin G20210A mutation in Egyptian child, with an excellent outcome". Oxf Med Case Reports. 2015 (5): 284–7. doi:10.1093/omcr/omv035. PMC 4434574. PMID 26019885.
  6. ↑ Kumaravelu S, Gupta A, Singh KK (2008). "Cerebral Venous Thrombosis". Med J Armed Forces India. 64 (4): 355–60. doi:10.1016/S0377-1237(08)80021-4. PMC 5035253. PMID 27688576.
  7. ↑ Ali N, Ayyub M, Khan SA (2014). "High prevalence of protein C, protein S, antithrombin deficiency, and Factor V Leiden mutation as a cause of hereditary thrombophilia in patients of venous thromboembolism and cerebrovascular accident". Pak J Med Sci. 30 (6): 1323–6. doi:10.12669/pjms.306.5878. PMC 4320724. PMID 25674132.
  8. ↑ Bucurescu S (2014). "Recurrent cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a patient with increased factor VIII activity, increased lipoprotein (a) level and leukocytosis: a case report". J Vasc Interv Neurol. 7 (1): 8–10. PMC 4051910. PMID 24920982.
  9. ↑ Rudich DS, Yun SH, Liebling A, Silbert JE, Moeckel GW, Lesser RL (2015). "Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome: Raised Intracranial Pressure Without Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis". J Neuroophthalmol. 35 (4): 396–9. doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000000277. PMID 26049680.
  10. ↑ Shen HC, Lo YK, Li JY, Lai PH (2007). "Familial hyperhomocysteinemia-related cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a case report". Acta Neurol Taiwan. 16 (2): 98–101. PMID 17685134.
  11. ↑ Gleichgerrcht E, Lim MY, Turan TN (2017). "Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Due to Low-molecular-weight Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia". Neurologist. 22 (6): 241–244. doi:10.1097/NRL.0000000000000146. PMID 29095327.
  12. ↑ López F, Santamarta E, Martínez P, Sáiz-Ayala A, Llorente JL (2017). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis during pregnancy". Auris Nasus Larynx. 44 (2): 232–236. doi:10.1016/j.anl.2016.04.006. PMID 27146007.
  13. ↑ Zuurbier SM, Arnold M, Middeldorp S, Broeg-Morvay A, Silvis SM, Heldner MR; et al. (2016). "Risk of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in Obese Women". JAMA Neurol. 73 (5): 579–84. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0001. PMID 26974867.
  14. ↑ Kawahara I, Toyoda K, Hirose M, Kitagawa N (2018). "[Rapid Recanalization of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Secondary to Severe Dehydration:A Case Report]". No Shinkei Geka. 46 (1): 47–52. doi:10.11477/mf.1436203674. PMID 29362285.
  15. ↑ Ichord R (2017). "Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis". Front Pediatr. 5: 163. doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00163. PMC 5529336. PMID 28798906.
  16. ↑ RUSSELL A, FEARING SJ (1955). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis in a diabetic; report of a case". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 8 (4): 372–7. PMID 14370762.
  17. ↑ Weerasinghe D, Lueck CJ (2016). "Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: Case Report and Review of the Literature". Neuroophthalmology. 40 (6): 263–276. doi:10.1080/01658107.2016.1230138. PMC 5120738. PMID 27928417.
  18. ↑ Sasidharan PK (2012). "Cerebral vein thrombosis misdiagnosed and mismanaged". Thrombosis. 2012: 210676. doi:10.1155/2012/210676. PMC 3337512. PMID 22567255.
  19. ↑ Yadegari S, Ghorbani A, Miri SR, Abdollahi M, Rostami M (2016). "Clinical features, risk factors, and outcome of cerebral venous thrombosis in Tehran, Iran". J Neurosci Rural Pract. 7 (4): 554–558. doi:10.4103/0976-3147.185512. PMC 5006468. PMID 27695236.
  20. ↑ Selvitop O, Poretti A, Huisman TA, Wagner MW (2015). "Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in a child with Crohn's disease, otitis media, and meningitis". Neuroradiol J. 28 (3): 274–7. doi:10.1177/1971400915589688. PMC 4757291. PMID 26246095.
  21. ↑ Jungmann V, Werner R, Bergmann J, Daum J, Wöhrle JC, Dünnebacke J; et al. (2009). "[Postpartum cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after epidural anaesthesia]". Anaesthesist. 58 (3): 268–72. doi:10.1007/s00101-008-1490-z. PMID 19107452.
  22. ↑ Vaidya B, Coulthard A, Goonetilleke A, Burn DJ, James RA, Kendall-Taylor P (1998). "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a late sequel of invasive fibrous thyroiditis". Thyroid. 8 (9): 787–90. doi:10.1089/thy.1998.8.787. PMID 9777750.
  23. ↑ Stiebel-Kalish H, Setton A, Nimii Y, Kalish Y, Hartman J, Huna Bar-On R; et al. (2002). "Cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous malformations: patterns of venous drainage are related to clinical signs and symptoms". Ophthalmology. 109 (9): 1685–91. PMID 12208718.
  24. ↑ Bertz H, Laubenberger J, Steinfurth G, Finke J (1998). "Sinus venous thrombosis: an unusual cause for neurologic symptoms after bone marrow transplantation under immunosuppression". Transplantation. 66 (2): 241–4. PMID 9701272.

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