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{{Laryngeal cancer}}
{{Laryngeal cancer}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of laryngeal cancer are smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco, and heavy alcohol consumption.<ref name="aaa">Hypopharyngeal cancer treatment. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/laryngealandhypopharyngealcancer/detailedguide/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer-risk-factors Accessed on October 26, 2015.</ref>
Common [[risk factors]] in the development of [[laryngeal cancer]] are [[smoking]] [[tobacco]], chewing [[tobacco]], and heavy [[alcohol consumption]].


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Common risk factors for the development of laryngeal cancer include:<ref name="aaa">Hypopharyngeal cancer treatment. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/laryngealandhypopharyngealcancer/detailedguide/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer-risk-factors Accessed on October 26, 2015</ref>
Common [[risk factors]] for the development of [[laryngeal cancer]] include:
* [[Alcohol]]<ref name="pmid8704646">{{cite journal |vauthors=Andre K, Schraub S, Mercier M, Bontemps P |title=Role of alcohol and tobacco in the aetiology of head and neck cancer: a case-control study in the Doubs region of France |journal=Eur. J. Cancer, B, Oral Oncol. |volume=31B |issue=5 |pages=301–9 |date=September 1995 |pmid=8704646 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9682771">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Oreggia F, Fierro L, Mendilaharsu M |title=Hard liquor drinking is associated with higher risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx than wine drinking. A case-control study in Uruguay |journal=Oral Oncol. |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=99–104 |date=March 1998 |pmid=9682771 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Tobacco]] products<ref name="pmid8704646" /><ref name="pmid9529030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lewin F, Norell SE, Johansson H, Gustavsson P, Wennerberg J, Biörklund A, Rutqvist LE |title=Smoking tobacco, oral snuff, and alcohol in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a population-based case-referent study in Sweden |journal=Cancer |volume=82 |issue=7 |pages=1367–75 |date=April 1998 |pmid=9529030 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Viral infection]]: [[EBV]]<ref name="pmid10451485">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kobayashi I, Shima K, Saito I, Kiyoshima T, Matsuo K, Ozeki S, Ohishi M, Sakai H |title=Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in oral squamous cell carcinoma |journal=J. Pathol. |volume=189 |issue=1 |pages=34–9 |date=September 1999 |pmid=10451485 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<34::AID-PATH391>3.0.CO;2-4 |url=}}</ref> ,[[HPV]], [[hepatitis C virus]] (HCV)<ref name="pmid27075854">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahale P, Sturgis EM, Tweardy DJ, Ariza-Heredia EJ, Torres HA |title=Association Between Hepatitis C Virus and Head and Neck Cancers |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=108 |issue=8 |pages= |date=August 2016 |pmid=27075854 |pmc=5017939 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djw035 |url=}}</ref>, and [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV) and [[Herpes]]<ref name="pmid8387664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Das CM, Schantz SP, Shillitoe EJ |title=Antibody to a mutagenic peptide of herpes simplex virus in young adult patients with cancer of the head and neck |journal=Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=610–4 |date=May 1993 |pmid=8387664 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Immunodeficiency]]: [[HIV]] or solid [[organ transplantation]] has been associated with an increased risk of [[cancer]] in the head and neck region<ref name="pmid23554129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rabinovics N, Mizrachi A, Hadar T, Ad-El D, Feinmesser R, Guttman D, Shpitzer T, Bachar G |title=Cancer of the head and neck region in solid organ transplant recipients |journal=Head Neck |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=181–6 |date=February 2014 |pmid=23554129 |doi=10.1002/hed.23283 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Betel nut]] chewing <ref name="pmid24302487">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guha N, Warnakulasuriya S, Vlaanderen J, Straif K |title=Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: a meta-analysis with implications for cancer control |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=1433–43 |date=September 2014 |pmid=24302487 |doi=10.1002/ijc.28643 |url=}}</ref>


[[Alcohol]]<ref name="pmid8704646">{{cite journal |vauthors=Andre K, Schraub S, Mercier M, Bontemps P |title=Role of alcohol and tobacco in the aetiology of head and neck cancer: a case-control study in the Doubs region of France |journal=Eur. J. Cancer, B, Oral Oncol. |volume=31B |issue=5 |pages=301–9 |date=September 1995 |pmid=8704646 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9682771">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Oreggia F, Fierro L, Mendilaharsu M |title=Hard liquor drinking is associated with higher risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx than wine drinking. A case-control study in Uruguay |journal=Oral Oncol. |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=99–104 |date=March 1998 |pmid=9682771 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17505073">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hashibe M, Brennan P, Benhamou S, Castellsague X, Chen C, Curado MP, Dal Maso L, Daudt AW, Fabianova E, Fernandez L, Wünsch-Filho V, Franceschi S, Hayes RB, Herrero R, Koifman S, La Vecchia C, Lazarus P, Levi F, Mates D, Matos E, Menezes A, Muscat J, Eluf-Neto J, Olshan AF, Rudnai P, Schwartz SM, Smith E, Sturgis EM, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Talamini R, Wei Q, Winn DM, Zaridze D, Zatonski W, Zhang ZF, Berthiller J, Boffetta P |title=Alcohol drinking in never users of tobacco, cigarette smoking in never drinkers, and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=99 |issue=10 |pages=777–89 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17505073 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djk179 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9529030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lewin F, Norell SE, Johansson H, Gustavsson P, Wennerberg J, Biörklund A, Rutqvist LE |title=Smoking tobacco, oral snuff, and alcohol in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a population-based case-referent study in Sweden |journal=Cancer |volume=82 |issue=7 |pages=1367–75 |date=April 1998 |pmid=9529030 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Occupational exposure such as [[chromium]] or [[nickel]]<ref name="pmid6747509">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olsen J, Sabroe S |title=Occupational causes of laryngeal cancer |journal=J Epidemiol Community Health |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=117–21 |date=June 1984 |pmid=6747509 |doi= |url=}}</ref>, [[asbestos]]<ref name="pmid10658307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Battista G, Belli S, Comba P, Fiumalbi C, Grignoli M, Loi F, Orsi D, Paredes I |title=Mortality due to asbestos-related causes among railway carriage construction and repair workers |journal=Occup Med (Lond) |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=536–9 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10658307 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27504188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roh S, Park S, Tae G, Song J |title=A case of laryngeal cancer induced by exposure to asbestos in a construction site supervisor |journal=Ann Occup Environ Med |volume=28 |issue= |pages=34 |date=2016 |pmid=27504188 |pmc=4976513 |doi=10.1186/s40557-016-0114-3 |url=}}</ref>, [[perchloroethylene]]<ref name="pmid9423585">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaughan TL, Stewart PA, Davis S, Thomas DB |title=Work in dry cleaning and the incidence of cancer of the oral cavity, larynx, and oesophagus |journal=Occup Environ Med |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=692–5 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9423585 |pmc=1128846 |doi= |url=}}</ref> 
 
[[Tobacco]] products<ref name="pmid8704646" /><ref name="pmid9529030" /><ref name="pmid8209260">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spitz MR |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for head and neck cancer |journal=Semin. Oncol. |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=281–8 |date=June 1994 |pmid=8209260 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3365707">{{cite journal |vauthors=Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Winn DM, Austin DF, Greenberg RS, Preston-Martin S, Bernstein L, Schoenberg JB, Stemhagen A, Fraumeni JF |title=Smoking and drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=48 |issue=11 |pages=3282–7 |date=June 1988 |pmid=3365707 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23817919">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wyss A, Hashibe M, Chuang SC, Lee YC, Zhang ZF, Yu GP, Winn DM, Wei Q, Talamini R, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Sturgis EM, Smith E, Shangina O, Schwartz SM, Schantz S, Rudnai P, Purdue MP, Eluf-Neto J, Muscat J, Morgenstern H, Michaluart P, Menezes A, Matos E, Mates IN, Lissowska J, Levi F, Lazarus P, La Vecchia C, Koifman S, Herrero R, Hayes RB, Franceschi S, Wünsch-Filho V, Fernandez L, Fabianova E, Daudt AW, Dal Maso L, Curado MP, Chen C, Castellsague X, de Carvalho MB, Cadoni G, Boccia S, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Olshan AF |title=Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking and the risk of head and neck cancers: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=178 |issue=5 |pages=679–90 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23817919 |pmc=3755640 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwt029 |url=}}</ref>
 
[[Viral infection]] Multiple types of viral infections have been associated with an increased risk of head and neck cancer, including particularly EBV<ref name="pmid10451485">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kobayashi I, Shima K, Saito I, Kiyoshima T, Matsuo K, Ozeki S, Ohishi M, Sakai H |title=Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in oral squamous cell carcinoma |journal=J. Pathol. |volume=189 |issue=1 |pages=34–9 |date=September 1999 |pmid=10451485 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<34::AID-PATH391>3.0.CO;2-4 |url=}}</ref> , HPV, hepatitis C virus (HCV)<ref name="pmid27075854">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahale P, Sturgis EM, Tweardy DJ, Ariza-Heredia EJ, Torres HA |title=Association Between Hepatitis C Virus and Head and Neck Cancers |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=108 |issue=8 |pages= |date=August 2016 |pmid=27075854 |pmc=5017939 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djw035 |url=}}</ref>, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).Herpes<ref name="pmid8387664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Das CM, Schantz SP, Shillitoe EJ |title=Antibody to a mutagenic peptide of herpes simplex virus in young adult patients with cancer of the head and neck |journal=Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=610–4 |date=May 1993 |pmid=8387664 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
[[Immunodeficiency]]  Immunodeficiency due to infection with HIV or solid organ transplantation has been associated with an increased risk of cancer in the head and neck region.<ref name="pmid23554129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rabinovics N, Mizrachi A, Hadar T, Ad-El D, Feinmesser R, Guttman D, Shpitzer T, Bachar G |title=Cancer of the head and neck region in solid organ transplant recipients |journal=Head Neck |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=181–6 |date=February 2014 |pmid=23554129 |doi=10.1002/hed.23283 |url=}}</ref>
 
[[Betel nut]] chewing <ref name="pmid24302487">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guha N, Warnakulasuriya S, Vlaanderen J, Straif K |title=Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: a meta-analysis with implications for cancer control |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=1433–43 |date=September 2014 |pmid=24302487 |doi=10.1002/ijc.28643 |url=}}</ref>
 
Occupational exposure
* [[Chromium]] or [[Nickel]]<ref name="pmid6747509">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olsen J, Sabroe S |title=Occupational causes of laryngeal cancer |journal=J Epidemiol Community Health |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=117–21 |date=June 1984 |pmid=6747509 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Asbestos]]<ref name="pmid10658307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Battista G, Belli S, Comba P, Fiumalbi C, Grignoli M, Loi F, Orsi D, Paredes I |title=Mortality due to asbestos-related causes among railway carriage construction and repair workers |journal=Occup Med (Lond) |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=536–9 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10658307 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27504188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roh S, Park S, Tae G, Song J |title=A case of laryngeal cancer induced by exposure to asbestos in a construction site supervisor |journal=Ann Occup Environ Med |volume=28 |issue= |pages=34 |date=2016 |pmid=27504188 |pmc=4976513 |doi=10.1186/s40557-016-0114-3 |url=}}</ref>
 
* Perchloroethylene [35]
* [[Pesticides]], man-made mineral vitreous fibers (MMMF), [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]] [36]
* Textile workers, wood workers [37],  
* Manufacturers of [[mustard gas]], [[plastic]] and rubber products, [[naphthalene]] refiners, [[ethanol]], [[sulfuric acid]] mist, leather and paint workers, automobile mechanics, construction workers (cement) [38]
* Farmers, and metal workers [39]
* [[Formaldehyde]] was classified as a carcinogen in 2004 because of its association with [[nasopharyngeal cancer]] and possibly [[cancers]] of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses [40-42]
* SCCs of the larynx and the base of the tongue have also been associated with exposure to Agent Orange.
[[Radiation]]
 
Diet — Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables decrease the risk [49,50]. In contrast, case-control studies suggest that the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is increased in frequent consumers of preserved meats that contain high levels of added nitrites [51].
 
Genetic factors — Multiple genetic factors and pathways may contribute to an increase in the risk of head and neck cancer, and these factors may interact with other known risk factors [52-54]. Examples of these factors include metabolic polymorphisms that influence exposure to the carcinogens in tobacco smoke, DNA repair gene polymorphisms, and variations in other pathways contributing to carcinogenesis.
 
Patients with Fanconi anemia are at high risk for developing a malignancy, including SCC of the head and neck, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute myelocytic leukemia [55-57]. Head and neck cancers in these patients tend to arise at an earlier age and in the absence of other risk factors (tobacco, alcohol). The management of patients with head and neck cancer arising with Fanconi anemia is complicated by the significant increase in susceptibility to complications of radiation therapy [57].
 
Mouthwash —  [58].
 
Other risk factors — Other factors also may contribute to the development of head and neck cancer in selected patients. These include poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease, which has been linked with carcinoma of the oral cavity [59]. On the other hand, dental prostheses or poorly fitting dentures do not appear to be independent risk factors for the development of oral carcinoma [60-63].
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! style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Risk Factors}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 400px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Description}}
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Smoking
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*Mutations may change a normal DNA sequence to an oncogene, which is a gene that causes cancer after exposure to a [[carcinogen]].
*Squamous cells, a type of cell that lines hollow organs like the throat, mouth, [[lungs]], and outer layer of skin, are particularly vulnerable when exposed to cigarette smoke.
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |
Heavy alcohol consumption
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Heavy alcohol consumption is linked to laryngeal cancer as well. Alcohol damages the lining of the larynx, increasing the amount of chemicals that are allowed to seep into the underlying membranes. Heavy alcohol use is also associated with nutritional deficiencies.
|}


* [[Pesticides]], man-made mineral vitreous fibers (MMMF), [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]]
* [[Mouthwash]] <ref name="pmid26275006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boffetta P, Hayes RB, Sartori S, Lee YC, Muscat J, Olshan A, Winn DM, Castellsagué X, Zhang ZF, Morgenstern H, Chen C, Schwartz SM, Vaughan TL, Wunsch-Filho V, Purdue M, Koifman S, Curado MP, Vilensky M, Gillison M, Fernandez L, Menezes A, Daudt AW, Schantz S, Yu G, D'Souza G, Haddad RI, La Vecchia C, Hashibe M |title=Mouthwash use and cancer of the head and neck: a pooled analysis from the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium |journal=Eur. J. Cancer Prev. |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=344–8 |date=July 2016 |pmid=26275006 |pmc=4752930 |doi=10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000179 |url=}}</ref>
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 06:13, 18 March 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Omer Kamal, M.D.[2], Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of laryngeal cancer are smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco, and heavy alcohol consumption.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors for the development of laryngeal cancer include:

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Andre K, Schraub S, Mercier M, Bontemps P (September 1995). "Role of alcohol and tobacco in the aetiology of head and neck cancer: a case-control study in the Doubs region of France". Eur. J. Cancer, B, Oral Oncol. 31B (5): 301–9. PMID 8704646.
  2. ↑ De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Oreggia F, Fierro L, Mendilaharsu M (March 1998). "Hard liquor drinking is associated with higher risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx than wine drinking. A case-control study in Uruguay". Oral Oncol. 34 (2): 99–104. PMID 9682771.
  3. ↑ Lewin F, Norell SE, Johansson H, Gustavsson P, Wennerberg J, Biörklund A, Rutqvist LE (April 1998). "Smoking tobacco, oral snuff, and alcohol in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a population-based case-referent study in Sweden". Cancer. 82 (7): 1367–75. PMID 9529030.
  4. ↑ Kobayashi I, Shima K, Saito I, Kiyoshima T, Matsuo K, Ozeki S, Ohishi M, Sakai H (September 1999). "Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in oral squamous cell carcinoma". J. Pathol. 189 (1): 34–9. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<34::AID-PATH391>3.0.CO;2-4. PMID 10451485.
  5. ↑ Mahale P, Sturgis EM, Tweardy DJ, Ariza-Heredia EJ, Torres HA (August 2016). "Association Between Hepatitis C Virus and Head and Neck Cancers". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 108 (8). doi:10.1093/jnci/djw035. PMC 5017939. PMID 27075854.
  6. ↑ Das CM, Schantz SP, Shillitoe EJ (May 1993). "Antibody to a mutagenic peptide of herpes simplex virus in young adult patients with cancer of the head and neck". Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 75 (5): 610–4. PMID 8387664.
  7. ↑ Rabinovics N, Mizrachi A, Hadar T, Ad-El D, Feinmesser R, Guttman D, Shpitzer T, Bachar G (February 2014). "Cancer of the head and neck region in solid organ transplant recipients". Head Neck. 36 (2): 181–6. doi:10.1002/hed.23283. PMID 23554129.
  8. ↑ Guha N, Warnakulasuriya S, Vlaanderen J, Straif K (September 2014). "Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: a meta-analysis with implications for cancer control". Int. J. Cancer. 135 (6): 1433–43. doi:10.1002/ijc.28643. PMID 24302487.
  9. ↑ Olsen J, Sabroe S (June 1984). "Occupational causes of laryngeal cancer". J Epidemiol Community Health. 38 (2): 117–21. PMID 6747509.
  10. ↑ Battista G, Belli S, Comba P, Fiumalbi C, Grignoli M, Loi F, Orsi D, Paredes I (November 1999). "Mortality due to asbestos-related causes among railway carriage construction and repair workers". Occup Med (Lond). 49 (8): 536–9. PMID 10658307.
  11. ↑ Roh S, Park S, Tae G, Song J (2016). "A case of laryngeal cancer induced by exposure to asbestos in a construction site supervisor". Ann Occup Environ Med. 28: 34. doi:10.1186/s40557-016-0114-3. PMC 4976513. PMID 27504188.
  12. ↑ Vaughan TL, Stewart PA, Davis S, Thomas DB (September 1997). "Work in dry cleaning and the incidence of cancer of the oral cavity, larynx, and oesophagus". Occup Environ Med. 54 (9): 692–5. PMC 1128846. PMID 9423585.
  13. ↑ Boffetta P, Hayes RB, Sartori S, Lee YC, Muscat J, Olshan A, Winn DM, Castellsagué X, Zhang ZF, Morgenstern H, Chen C, Schwartz SM, Vaughan TL, Wunsch-Filho V, Purdue M, Koifman S, Curado MP, Vilensky M, Gillison M, Fernandez L, Menezes A, Daudt AW, Schantz S, Yu G, D'Souza G, Haddad RI, La Vecchia C, Hashibe M (July 2016). "Mouthwash use and cancer of the head and neck: a pooled analysis from the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium". Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 25 (4): 344–8. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000179. PMC 4752930. PMID 26275006.

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