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Studies had shown that soft tissue sarcomas such as leiomyosarcoma is associated with [[risk factors]] such as [[radiation]] exposure, [[genetic]] abnormalities, use of [[tamoxifen]], certain [[hereditary]] conditions, [[immunodeficiency]] and [[viral infection]] such as [[Human herpes virus 5|human herpes virus]] type-8.   
Studies had shown that soft tissue sarcomas such as leiomyosarcoma is associated with [[risk factors]] such as [[radiation]] exposure, [[genetic]] abnormalities, use of [[tamoxifen]], certain [[hereditary]] conditions, [[immunodeficiency]] and [[viral infection]] such as [[Human herpes virus 5|human herpes virus]] type-8.   


== <small>Risk Fcators</small>  ==
== <small>Risk Factors</small>  ==
* Age: Leiomyosarcoma can be seen at 20 years of age but mean age at diagnosis is 50-60 years old.
* Age: leiomyosarcoma can be seen at 20 years of age but mean age at diagnosis is 50-60 years old.
* Losses of the normal [[chromosome]] 1q observed in [[leiomyoma]] and leiomyosarcoma tumors which is associated with hereditary leiomyomatosis and [[renal cell cancer]] (HLRCC) gene, likely a type of [[tumor suppressor gene]]. <ref name="LaunonenVierimaa2001">{{cite journal|last1=Launonen|first1=V.|last2=Vierimaa|first2=O.|last3=Kiuru|first3=M.|last4=Isola|first4=J.|last5=Roth|first5=S.|last6=Pukkala|first6=E.|last7=Sistonen|first7=P.|last8=Herva|first8=R.|last9=Aaltonen|first9=L. A.|title=Inherited susceptibility to uterine leiomyomas and renal cell cancer|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=98|issue=6|year=2001|pages=3387–3392|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.051633798}}</ref>
* Losses of the normal [[chromosome]] 1q observed in [[leiomyoma]] and leiomyosarcoma tumors which is associated with hereditary [[leiomyomatosis]] and [[renal cell cancer]] (HLRCC) gene, likely a type of [[tumor suppressor gene]]. <ref name="LaunonenVierimaa2001">{{cite journal|last1=Launonen|first1=V.|last2=Vierimaa|first2=O.|last3=Kiuru|first3=M.|last4=Isola|first4=J.|last5=Roth|first5=S.|last6=Pukkala|first6=E.|last7=Sistonen|first7=P.|last8=Herva|first8=R.|last9=Aaltonen|first9=L. A.|title=Inherited susceptibility to uterine leiomyomas and renal cell cancer|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=98|issue=6|year=2001|pages=3387–3392|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.051633798}}</ref>
* Children with [[immunodeficiency]] had increased risk in developing leiomyosarcoma. <ref name="McClainLeach1995">{{cite journal|last1=McClain|first1=Kenneth L.|last2=Leach|first2=Charles T.|last3=Jenson|first3=Hal B.|last4=Joshi|first4=Vijay V.|last5=Pollock|first5=Brad H.|last6=Parmley|first6=Richard T.|last7=DiCarlo|first7=Frederick J.|last8=Chadwick|first8=Ellen Gould|last9=Murphy|first9=Sharon B.|title=Association of Epstein–Barr Virus with Leiomyosarcomas in Young People with AIDS|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=332|issue=1|year=1995|pages=12–18|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199501053320103}}</ref>
* Children with [[immunodeficiency]] had increased risk in developing leiomyosarcoma.<ref name="McClainLeach1995">{{cite journal|last1=McClain|first1=Kenneth L.|last2=Leach|first2=Charles T.|last3=Jenson|first3=Hal B.|last4=Joshi|first4=Vijay V.|last5=Pollock|first5=Brad H.|last6=Parmley|first6=Richard T.|last7=DiCarlo|first7=Frederick J.|last8=Chadwick|first8=Ellen Gould|last9=Murphy|first9=Sharon B.|title=Association of Epstein–Barr Virus with Leiomyosarcomas in Young People with AIDS|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=332|issue=1|year=1995|pages=12–18|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199501053320103}}</ref>
* Recent studies shown that exposure to [[dioxin]] increase the risk of soft tissue sarcoma. <ref name="pmid2313720">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eriksson M, Hardell L, Adami HO |title=Exposure to dioxins as a risk factor for soft tissue sarcoma: a population-based case-control study |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=82 |issue=6 |pages=486–90 |date=March 1990 |pmid=2313720 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Recent studies shown that exposure to [[dioxin]] increase the risk of [[soft tissue sarcoma]].<ref name="pmid2313720">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eriksson M, Hardell L, Adami HO |title=Exposure to dioxins as a risk factor for soft tissue sarcoma: a population-based case-control study |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=82 |issue=6 |pages=486–90 |date=March 1990 |pmid=2313720 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Viral infection]]<nowiki/>s such as human [[herpes]] virus type-8 ([[HHV-8]]) and [[Epstein barr virus mononucleosis|Epstein barr virus]] is linked to increase risk of sarcomas. <ref name="pmid9709303">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiss RA, Whitby D, Talbot S, Kellam P, Boshoff C |title=Human herpesvirus type 8 and Kaposi's sarcoma |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs |volume= |issue=23 |pages=51–4 |date=1998 |pmid=9709303 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*<nowiki/>[[Viral infection]]<nowiki/>s such as human [[herpes]] virus type-8 ([[HHV-8]]) and [[Epstein barr virus mononucleosis|Epstein barr virus]] is linked to increase risk of [[Sarcoma|sarcomas]].<ref name="pmid9709303">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiss RA, Whitby D, Talbot S, Kellam P, Boshoff C |title=Human herpesvirus type 8 and Kaposi's sarcoma |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs |volume= |issue=23 |pages=51–4 |date=1998 |pmid=9709303 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Long term use of the [[tamoxifen]]: prolonged use of the [[tamoxifen]] especially more than five years has been associated with the increased risk of development of leiomyosarcoma.<ref name="pmid11336777">Mourits MJ, De Vries EG, Willemse PH, Ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, Van der Zee AG (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11336777 Tamoxifen treatment and gynecologic side effects: a review.] ''Obstet Gynecol'' 97 (5 Pt 2):855-66. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11336777 11336777]</ref>
* Long term use o<nowiki/>f the [[tamoxifen]]: prolonged use of the [[tamoxifen]] especially more than five years has been associated with the increased risk of development of leiomyosarcoma.<ref name="pmid11336777">Mourits MJ, De Vries EG, Willemse PH, Ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, Van der Zee AG (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11336777 Tamoxifen treatment and gynecologic side effects: a review.] ''Obstet Gynecol'' 97 (5 Pt 2):855-66. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11336777 11336777]</ref>
* History of [[pelvic]] radiations: [[pelvic]] irradiation has been associated with the increased development of the leiomyosarcoma.<ref name="pmid15168177">Fang Z, Matsumoto S, Ae K, Kawaguchi N, Yoshikawa H, Ueda T et al. (2004) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15168177 Postradiation soft tissue sarcoma: a multiinstitutional analysis of 14 cases in Japan.] ''J Orthop Sci'' 9 (3):242-6. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00776-004-0768-5 DOI:10.1007/s00776-004-0768-5] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/15168177 15168177]</ref><ref name="pmid25315801">Futuri S, Donohoe K, Spaccavento C, Yudelman I (2014) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25315801 Rectal leiomyosarcoma: a rare and long-term complication of radiation therapy.] ''BMJ Case Rep'' 2014 ():. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-205240 DOI:10.1136/bcr-2014-205240] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/25315801 25315801]</ref>
* History of [[pelvic]] radiations: [[pelvic]] irradiation has been associated with the increased development of the leiomyosarcoma.<ref name="pmid15168177">Fang Z, Matsumoto S, Ae K, Kawaguchi N, Yoshikawa H, Ueda T et al. (2004) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15168177 Postradiation soft tissue sarcoma: a multiinstitutional analysis of 14 cases in Japan.] ''J Orthop Sci'' 9 (3):242-6. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00776-004-0768-5 DOI:10.1007/s00776-004-0768-5] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/15168177 15168177]</ref><ref name="pmid25315801">Futuri S, Donohoe K, Spaccavento C, Yudelman I (2014) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25315801 Rectal leiomyosarcoma: a rare and long-term complication of radiation therapy.] ''BMJ Case Rep'' 2014 ():. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-205240 DOI:10.1136/bcr-2014-205240] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/25315801 25315801]</ref>
* Certain hereditary condition like hereditary [[breast carcinoma]] with [[BRCA1]] mutation,[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer|hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma]] with [[MSH2]] mutation, [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]], malignant [[melanoma]] are associated with the development of leiomyosarcoma.<ref name="pmid14584079">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lynch HT, Deters CA, Hogg D, Lynch JF, Kinarsky Y, Gatalica Z |title=Familial sarcoma: challenging pedigrees |journal=Cancer |volume=98 |issue=9 |pages=1947–57 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14584079 |doi=10.1002/cncr.11743 |url=}}</ref>
* Certain hereditary condition like hereditary [[breast carcinoma]] with [[BRCA1]] mutation,[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer|hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma]] with [[MSH2]] mutation, [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]], [[Melanoma, Malignant|malignant melanoma]] are associated with the development of leiomyosarcoma.<ref name="pmid14584079">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lynch HT, Deters CA, Hogg D, Lynch JF, Kinarsky Y, Gatalica Z |title=Familial sarcoma: challenging pedigrees |journal=Cancer |volume=98 |issue=9 |pages=1947–57 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14584079 |doi=10.1002/cncr.11743 |url=}}</ref>
* Long term survivors of the [[Retinoblastoma]] are at higher risk of developing variety of soft tissue [[sarcoma]].<ref name="pmid19351917">Yu CL, Tucker MA, Abramson DH, Furukawa K, Seddon JM, Stovall M et al. (2009) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19351917 Cause-specific mortality in long-term survivors of retinoblastoma.] ''J Natl Cancer Inst'' 101 (8):581-91. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp046 DOI:10.1093/jnci/djp046] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/19351917 19351917]</ref>
* Long term survivors of the [[Retinoblastoma]] are at higher risk of developing variety of soft tissue [[sarcoma]].<ref name="pmid19351917">Yu CL, Tucker MA, Abramson DH, Furukawa K, Seddon JM, Stovall M et al. (2009) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19351917 Cause-specific mortality in long-term survivors of retinoblastoma.] ''J Natl Cancer Inst'' 101 (8):581-91. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp046 DOI:10.1093/jnci/djp046] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/19351917 19351917]</ref>


Latest revision as of 15:49, 2 April 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Nima Nasiri, M.D.[2]

Overview

Studies had shown that soft tissue sarcomas such as leiomyosarcoma is associated with risk factors such as radiation exposure, genetic abnormalities, use of tamoxifen, certain hereditary conditions, immunodeficiency and viral infection such as human herpes virus type-8.

Risk Factors

References

  1. ↑ Launonen, V.; Vierimaa, O.; Kiuru, M.; Isola, J.; Roth, S.; Pukkala, E.; Sistonen, P.; Herva, R.; Aaltonen, L. A. (2001). "Inherited susceptibility to uterine leiomyomas and renal cell cancer". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (6): 3387–3392. doi:10.1073/pnas.051633798. ISSN 0027-8424.
  2. ↑ McClain, Kenneth L.; Leach, Charles T.; Jenson, Hal B.; Joshi, Vijay V.; Pollock, Brad H.; Parmley, Richard T.; DiCarlo, Frederick J.; Chadwick, Ellen Gould; Murphy, Sharon B. (1995). "Association of Epstein–Barr Virus with Leiomyosarcomas in Young People with AIDS". New England Journal of Medicine. 332 (1): 12–18. doi:10.1056/NEJM199501053320103. ISSN 0028-4793.
  3. ↑ Eriksson M, Hardell L, Adami HO (March 1990). "Exposure to dioxins as a risk factor for soft tissue sarcoma: a population-based case-control study". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82 (6): 486–90. PMID 2313720.
  4. ↑ Weiss RA, Whitby D, Talbot S, Kellam P, Boshoff C (1998). "Human herpesvirus type 8 and Kaposi's sarcoma". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs (23): 51–4. PMID 9709303.
  5. ↑ Mourits MJ, De Vries EG, Willemse PH, Ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, Van der Zee AG (2001) Tamoxifen treatment and gynecologic side effects: a review. Obstet Gynecol 97 (5 Pt 2):855-66. PMID: 11336777
  6. ↑ Fang Z, Matsumoto S, Ae K, Kawaguchi N, Yoshikawa H, Ueda T et al. (2004) Postradiation soft tissue sarcoma: a multiinstitutional analysis of 14 cases in Japan. J Orthop Sci 9 (3):242-6. DOI:10.1007/s00776-004-0768-5 PMID: 15168177
  7. ↑ Futuri S, Donohoe K, Spaccavento C, Yudelman I (2014) Rectal leiomyosarcoma: a rare and long-term complication of radiation therapy. BMJ Case Rep 2014 ():. DOI:10.1136/bcr-2014-205240 PMID: 25315801
  8. ↑ Lynch HT, Deters CA, Hogg D, Lynch JF, Kinarsky Y, Gatalica Z (November 2003). "Familial sarcoma: challenging pedigrees". Cancer. 98 (9): 1947–57. doi:10.1002/cncr.11743. PMID 14584079.
  9. ↑ Yu CL, Tucker MA, Abramson DH, Furukawa K, Seddon JM, Stovall M et al. (2009) Cause-specific mortality in long-term survivors of retinoblastoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 101 (8):581-91. DOI:10.1093/jnci/djp046 PMID: 19351917


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