Testicular cancer risk factors: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}, {{SC}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}, {{SC}} | ||
{{Testicular cancer}} | {{Testicular cancer}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of testicular cancer are [[undescended testicle]], family history, personal history of testicular cancer, and [[Klinefelter syndrome]]. | Common [[risk factors]] in the [[development]] of testicular [[germ cells]] cancer are [[undescended testicle]], [[family]] history, personal history of testicular cancer, and [[Klinefelter syndrome]]. There are no known [[risk factors]] for testicular [[Sex cords|sex cord]] [[stromal]] [[tumors]]. | ||
==Common Risk Factors== | ==Common Risk Factors== | ||
Common risk factors include:<ref name="pmid17916870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan O, Protheroe A |title=Testis cancer |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=83 |issue=984 |pages=624–32 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17916870 |pmc=2600126 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992 |url=http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17916870}}</ref><ref name="pmid22508459">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGlynn KA, Trabert B |title=Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=339–49 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22508459 |pmc=4031676 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2012.61 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29262668">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boccellino M, Vanacore D, Zappavigna S, Cavaliere C, Rossetti S, D'Aniello C, Chieffi P, Amler E, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Di Franco R, Izzo A, Piscitelli R, Iovane G, Muto P, Botti G, Perdonà S, Caraglia M, Facchini G |title=Testicular cancer from diagnosis to epigenetic factors |journal=Oncotarget |volume=8 |issue=61 |pages=104654–104663 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29262668 |pmc=5732834 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.20992 |url=}}</ref> | Common risk factors for testicular germ cells tumors include:<ref name="pmid17916870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan O, Protheroe A |title=Testis cancer |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=83 |issue=984 |pages=624–32 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17916870 |pmc=2600126 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992 |url=http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17916870}}</ref><ref name="pmid22508459">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGlynn KA, Trabert B |title=Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=339–49 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22508459 |pmc=4031676 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2012.61 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29262668">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boccellino M, Vanacore D, Zappavigna S, Cavaliere C, Rossetti S, D'Aniello C, Chieffi P, Amler E, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Di Franco R, Izzo A, Piscitelli R, Iovane G, Muto P, Botti G, Perdonà S, Caraglia M, Facchini G |title=Testicular cancer from diagnosis to epigenetic factors |journal=Oncotarget |volume=8 |issue=61 |pages=104654–104663 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29262668 |pmc=5732834 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.20992 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* [[Undescended testicle]] | * [[Undescended testicle]] | ||
* Family history of testicular cancer | * [[Family history]] of testicular cancer | ||
* Personal history of testicular cancer | * Personal history of testicular cancer | ||
* [[Klinefelter syndrome]] | * [[Klinefelter syndrome]] | ||
* Impaired spermatogenesis<ref name="pmid28241106">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghazarian AA, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, Rosenberg PS, McGlynn KA |title=Future of testicular germ cell tumor incidence in the United States: Forecast through 2026 |journal=Cancer |volume=123 |issue=12 |pages=2320–2328 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28241106 |pmc=5629636 |doi=10.1002/cncr.30597 |url=}}</ref> | * Impaired spermatogenesis<ref name="pmid28241106">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghazarian AA, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, Rosenberg PS, McGlynn KA |title=Future of testicular germ cell tumor incidence in the United States: Forecast through 2026 |journal=Cancer |volume=123 |issue=12 |pages=2320–2328 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28241106 |pmc=5629636 |doi=10.1002/cncr.30597 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Hypospadias | * [[Hypospadias]] | ||
==Less Common Risk Factors== | ==Less Common Risk Factors for testicular germ cells tumors== | ||
Less common risk factors include:<ref name="pmid17916870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan O, Protheroe A |title=Testis cancer |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=83 |issue=984 |pages=624–32 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17916870 |pmc=2600126 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992 |url=http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17916870}}</ref><ref name="urlTesticular cancer: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001288.htm |title=Testicular cancer: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | Less common risk factors include:<ref name="pmid17916870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan O, Protheroe A |title=Testis cancer |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=83 |issue=984 |pages=624–32 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17916870 |pmc=2600126 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992 |url=http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17916870}}</ref><ref name="urlTesticular cancer: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001288.htm |title=Testicular cancer: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
* [[Testicular microlithiasis]] | * [[Testicular microlithiasis]] | ||
* [[HIV]] infection or [[AIDS]]<ref name="pmid12743144">{{cite journal |vauthors=Powles T, Bower M, Daugaard G, Shamash J, De Ruiter A, Johnson M, Fisher M, Anderson J, Mandalia S, Stebbing J, Nelson M, Gazzard B, Oliver T |title=Multicenter study of human immunodeficiency virus-related germ cell tumors |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=1922–7 |date=May 2003 |pmid=12743144 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2003.09.107 |url=}}</ref> | * [[HIV]] [[infection]] or [[AIDS]]<ref name="pmid12743144">{{cite journal |vauthors=Powles T, Bower M, Daugaard G, Shamash J, De Ruiter A, Johnson M, Fisher M, Anderson J, Mandalia S, Stebbing J, Nelson M, Gazzard B, Oliver T |title=Multicenter study of human immunodeficiency virus-related germ cell tumors |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=1922–7 |date=May 2003 |pmid=12743144 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2003.09.107 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Occupational exposures:<ref name="pmid22508459">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGlynn KA, Trabert B |title=Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=339–49 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22508459 |pmc=4031676 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2012.61 |url=}}</ref> | * Occupational exposures:<ref name="pmid22508459">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGlynn KA, Trabert B |title=Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=339–49 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22508459 |pmc=4031676 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2012.61 |url=}}</ref> | ||
**Aircraft maintenance | **Aircraft maintenance | ||
**Firefighting | **Firefighting | ||
* Early puberty | * [[Puberty|Early puberty]] | ||
* Higher maternal age seen in seminomas type<ref name="pmid16614105">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bray F, Richiardi L, Ekbom A, Forman D, Pukkala E, Cuninkova M, Møller H |title=Do testicular seminoma and nonseminoma share the same etiology? Evidence from an age-period-cohort analysis of incidence trends in eight European countries |journal=Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=652–8 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16614105 |doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0565 |url=}}</ref> | * Higher maternal age seen in [[Seminoma|seminomas]] type<ref name="pmid16614105">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bray F, Richiardi L, Ekbom A, Forman D, Pukkala E, Cuninkova M, Møller H |title=Do testicular seminoma and nonseminoma share the same etiology? Evidence from an age-period-cohort analysis of incidence trends in eight European countries |journal=Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=652–8 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16614105 |doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0565 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Tall height | * [[Height|Tall height]] | ||
* Decreased fertility | * Decreased [[fertility]] | ||
* Pesticides | * [[Pesticides]] | ||
* Marijuana | * [[Marijuana]] | ||
* Prenatal exposure to [[estrogens]] | * [[Prenatal]] exposure to [[estrogens]] | ||
* [[Vasectomy]] | * [[Vasectomy]] | ||
* Trauma or injury | * [[Trauma]] or [[injury]] | ||
* Tobacco | * [[Tobacco]] | ||
* Alcohol | * [[Alcohol]] | ||
==Testicular sex cord stromal tumors risk factors== | |||
*There are no known risk factors for testicular sex cord stromal tumors.<ref name="pmid25623702">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nicolai N, Necchi A, Raggi D, Biasoni D, Catanzaro M, Piva L, Stagni S, Maffezzini M, Torelli T, Faré E, Giannatempo P, Pizzocaro G, Colecchia M, Salvioni R |title=Clinical outcome in testicular sex cord stromal tumors: testis sparing vs. radical orchiectomy and management of advanced disease |journal=Urology |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=402–6 |date=February 2015 |pmid=25623702 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2014.10.021 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26479987">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rove KO, Maroni PD, Cost CR, Fairclough DL, Giannarini G, Harris AK, Schultz KA, Cost NG |title=Pathologic Risk Factors in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients With Clinical Stage I Testicular Stromal Tumors |journal=J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. |volume=37 |issue=8 |pages=e441–6 |date=November 2015 |pmid=26479987 |doi=10.1097/MPH.0000000000000445 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17284120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Agha OM, Axiotis CA |title=An in-depth look at Leydig cell tumor of the testis |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=311–7 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17284120 |doi=10.1043/1543-2165(2007)131[311:AILALC]2.0.CO;2 |url=}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 01:52, 28 May 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Gertrude Djouka, M.D.[2], Shanshan Cen, M.D. [3]
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Overview
Common risk factors in the development of testicular germ cells cancer are undescended testicle, family history, personal history of testicular cancer, and Klinefelter syndrome. There are no known risk factors for testicular sex cord stromal tumors.
Common Risk Factors
Common risk factors for testicular germ cells tumors include:[1][2][3]
- Undescended testicle
- Family history of testicular cancer
- Personal history of testicular cancer
- Klinefelter syndrome
- Impaired spermatogenesis[4]
- Hypospadias
Less Common Risk Factors for testicular germ cells tumors
Less common risk factors include:[1][5]
- Testicular microlithiasis
- HIV infection or AIDS[6]
- Occupational exposures:[2]
- Aircraft maintenance
- Firefighting
- Early puberty
- Higher maternal age seen in seminomas type[7]
- Tall height
- Decreased fertility
- Pesticides
- Marijuana
- Prenatal exposure to estrogens
- Vasectomy
- Trauma or injury
- Tobacco
- Alcohol
Testicular sex cord stromal tumors risk factors
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Khan O, Protheroe A (October 2007). "Testis cancer". Postgrad Med J. 83 (984): 624–32. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992. PMC 2600126. PMID 17916870.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 McGlynn KA, Trabert B (April 2012). "Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer". Nat Rev Urol. 9 (6): 339–49. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.61. PMC 4031676. PMID 22508459.
- ↑ Boccellino M, Vanacore D, Zappavigna S, Cavaliere C, Rossetti S, D'Aniello C, Chieffi P, Amler E, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Di Franco R, Izzo A, Piscitelli R, Iovane G, Muto P, Botti G, Perdonà S, Caraglia M, Facchini G (November 2017). "Testicular cancer from diagnosis to epigenetic factors". Oncotarget. 8 (61): 104654–104663. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.20992. PMC 5732834. PMID 29262668.
- ↑ Ghazarian AA, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, Rosenberg PS, McGlynn KA (June 2017). "Future of testicular germ cell tumor incidence in the United States: Forecast through 2026". Cancer. 123 (12): 2320–2328. doi:10.1002/cncr.30597. PMC 5629636. PMID 28241106.
- ↑ "Testicular cancer: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".
- ↑ Powles T, Bower M, Daugaard G, Shamash J, De Ruiter A, Johnson M, Fisher M, Anderson J, Mandalia S, Stebbing J, Nelson M, Gazzard B, Oliver T (May 2003). "Multicenter study of human immunodeficiency virus-related germ cell tumors". J. Clin. Oncol. 21 (10): 1922–7. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.09.107. PMID 12743144.
- ↑ Bray F, Richiardi L, Ekbom A, Forman D, Pukkala E, Cuninkova M, Møller H (April 2006). "Do testicular seminoma and nonseminoma share the same etiology? Evidence from an age-period-cohort analysis of incidence trends in eight European countries". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 15 (4): 652–8. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0565. PMID 16614105.
- ↑ Nicolai N, Necchi A, Raggi D, Biasoni D, Catanzaro M, Piva L, Stagni S, Maffezzini M, Torelli T, Faré E, Giannatempo P, Pizzocaro G, Colecchia M, Salvioni R (February 2015). "Clinical outcome in testicular sex cord stromal tumors: testis sparing vs. radical orchiectomy and management of advanced disease". Urology. 85 (2): 402–6. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2014.10.021. PMID 25623702.
- ↑ Rove KO, Maroni PD, Cost CR, Fairclough DL, Giannarini G, Harris AK, Schultz KA, Cost NG (November 2015). "Pathologic Risk Factors in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients With Clinical Stage I Testicular Stromal Tumors". J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 37 (8): e441–6. doi:10.1097/MPH.0000000000000445. PMID 26479987.
- ↑ Al-Agha OM, Axiotis CA (February 2007). "An in-depth look at Leydig cell tumor of the testis". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 131 (2): 311–7. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2007)131[311:AILALC]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17284120.