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==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Common risk factors for the development of dysplastic nevi are:<ref name="pmid28077359">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghiasvand R, Rueegg CS, Weiderpass E, Green AC, Lund E, Veierød MB |title=Indoor Tanning and Melanoma Risk: Long-Term Evidence From a Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=185 |issue=3 |pages=147–156 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28077359 |doi=10.1093/aje/kww148 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18348450">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leiter U, Garbe C |title=Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer--the role of sunlight |journal=Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. |volume=624 |issue= |pages=89–103 |date=2008 |pmid=18348450 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30548854">{{cite journal |vauthors=Matas-Nadal C, Malvehy J, Ferreres JR, Boada A, Bodet D, Segura S, Salleras M, Azon A, Bel-Pla S, Bigata X, Campoy A, Curcó N, Dalmau J, Formigon M, Gonzalez A, Just M, Llistosella E, Nogues ME, Pedragosa R, Pujol JA, Sabat M, Smandia JA, Zaballos P, Puig S, Martí RM |title=Increasing incidence of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma in Catalonia |journal=Int. J. Dermatol. |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=December 2018 |pmid=30548854 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14334 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10630172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Greene MH |title=The genetics of hereditary melanoma and nevi. 1998 update |journal=Cancer |volume=86 |issue=11 Suppl |pages=2464–77 |date=December 1999 |pmid=10630172 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30060076">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gu F, Chen TH, Pfeiffer RM, Fargnoli MC, Calista D, Ghiorzo P, Peris K, Puig S, Menin C, De Nicolo A, Rodolfo M, Pellegrini C, Pastorino L, Evangelou E, Zhang T, Hua X, DellaValle CT, Timothy Bishop D, MacGregor S, Iles MI, Law MH, Cust A, Brown KM, Stratigos AJ, Nagore E, Chanock S, Shi J, Consortium MM, Consortium M, Landi MT |title=Combining common genetic variants and non-genetic risk factors to predict risk of cutaneous melanoma |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=27 |issue=23 |pages=4145–4156 |date=December 2018 |pmid=30060076 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddy282 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30566178">{{cite journal |vauthors=Müller C, Wendt J, Rauscher S, Sunder-Plassmann R, Richtig E, Fae I, Fischer G, Okamoto I |title=Risk Factors of Subsequent Primary Melanomas in Austria |journal=JAMA Dermatol |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=December 2018 |pmid=30566178 |doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.4645 |url=}}</ref>
Common risk factors for the development of dysplastic nevi are:<ref name="pmid28077359">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghiasvand R, Rueegg CS, Weiderpass E, Green AC, Lund E, Veierød MB |title=Indoor Tanning and Melanoma Risk: Long-Term Evidence From a Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=185 |issue=3 |pages=147–156 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28077359 |doi=10.1093/aje/kww148 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18348450">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leiter U, Garbe C |title=Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer--the role of sunlight |journal=Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. |volume=624 |issue= |pages=89–103 |date=2008 |pmid=18348450 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30548854">{{cite journal |vauthors=Matas-Nadal C, Malvehy J, Ferreres JR, Boada A, Bodet D, Segura S, Salleras M, Azon A, Bel-Pla S, Bigata X, Campoy A, Curcó N, Dalmau J, Formigon M, Gonzalez A, Just M, Llistosella E, Nogues ME, Pedragosa R, Pujol JA, Sabat M, Smandia JA, Zaballos P, Puig S, Martí RM |title=Increasing incidence of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma in Catalonia |journal=Int. J. Dermatol. |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=December 2018 |pmid=30548854 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14334 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10630172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Greene MH |title=The genetics of hereditary melanoma and nevi. 1998 update |journal=Cancer |volume=86 |issue=11 Suppl |pages=2464–77 |date=December 1999 |pmid=10630172 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30060076">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gu F, Chen TH, Pfeiffer RM, Fargnoli MC, Calista D, Ghiorzo P, Peris K, Puig S, Menin C, De Nicolo A, Rodolfo M, Pellegrini C, Pastorino L, Evangelou E, Zhang T, Hua X, DellaValle CT, Timothy Bishop D, MacGregor S, Iles MI, Law MH, Cust A, Brown KM, Stratigos AJ, Nagore E, Chanock S, Shi J, Consortium MM, Consortium M, Landi MT |title=Combining common genetic variants and non-genetic risk factors to predict risk of cutaneous melanoma |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=27 |issue=23 |pages=4145–4156 |date=December 2018 |pmid=30060076 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddy282 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30566178">{{cite journal |vauthors=Müller C, Wendt J, Rauscher S, Sunder-Plassmann R, Richtig E, Fae I, Fischer G, Okamoto I |title=Risk Factors of Subsequent Primary Melanomas in Austria |journal=JAMA Dermatol |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=December 2018 |pmid=30566178 |doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.4645 |url=}}</ref>
*Having more than 50 common moles
*Old age<ref name="pmid305488542">{{cite journal |vauthors=Matas-Nadal C, Malvehy J, Ferreres JR, Boada A, Bodet D, Segura S, Salleras M, Azon A, Bel-Pla S, Bigata X, Campoy A, Curcó N, Dalmau J, Formigon M, Gonzalez A, Just M, Llistosella E, Nogues ME, Pedragosa R, Pujol JA, Sabat M, Smandia JA, Zaballos P, Puig S, Martí RM |title=Increasing incidence of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma in Catalonia |journal=Int. J. Dermatol. |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=December 2018 |pmid=30548854 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14334 |url=}}</ref>
*Sunlight: Sunlight is a source of UV radiation, which causes skin damage that can lead to melanoma and other skin cancers.Severe, blistering sunburns: People who have had at least one severe, blistering sunburn have an increased chance of melanoma. Although people who burn easily are more likely to have had sunburns as a child, sunburns during adulthood also increase the chance of melanoma.
*Male gender
*Lifetime sun exposure: The greater the total amount of sun exposure over a lifetime, the greater the chance of melanoma.
*Family history of [[melanoma]]<ref name="pmid106301722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Greene MH |title=The genetics of hereditary melanoma and nevi. 1998 update |journal=Cancer |volume=86 |issue=11 Suppl |pages=2464–77 |date=December 1999 |pmid=10630172 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid300600762">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gu F, Chen TH, Pfeiffer RM, Fargnoli MC, Calista D, Ghiorzo P, Peris K, Puig S, Menin C, De Nicolo A, Rodolfo M, Pellegrini C, Pastorino L, Evangelou E, Zhang T, Hua X, DellaValle CT, Timothy Bishop D, MacGregor S, Iles MI, Law MH, Cust A, Brown KM, Stratigos AJ, Nagore E, Chanock S, Shi J, Consortium MM, Consortium M, Landi MT |title=Combining common genetic variants and non-genetic risk factors to predict risk of cutaneous melanoma |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=27 |issue=23 |pages=4145–4156 |date=December 2018 |pmid=30060076 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddy282 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid305661782">{{cite journal |vauthors=Müller C, Wendt J, Rauscher S, Sunder-Plassmann R, Richtig E, Fae I, Fischer G, Okamoto I |title=Risk Factors of Subsequent Primary Melanomas in Austria |journal=JAMA Dermatol |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=December 2018 |pmid=30566178 |doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.4645 |url=}}</ref>
*Tanning: Although having skin that tans well lowers the risk of sunburn, even people who tan well without sunburning increase their chance of melanoma by spending time in the sun without protection.
*Multiple [[benign]] or atypical [[Nevus|nevi]]<ref name="pmid305661782">{{cite journal |vauthors=Müller C, Wendt J, Rauscher S, Sunder-Plassmann R, Richtig E, Fae I, Fischer G, Okamoto I |title=Risk Factors of Subsequent Primary Melanomas in Austria |journal=JAMA Dermatol |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=December 2018 |pmid=30566178 |doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.4645 |url=}}</ref>
*Sunlight can be reflected by sand, water, snow, ice, and pavement. The sun's rays can get through clouds, windshields, windows, and light clothing. In the United States, skin cancer is more common where the sun exposure is more. For example, a larger proportion of people in Texas than Minnesota get skin cancer. Also, the sun exposure is more at higher elevations, such as in the mountains.
*Personal history of [[melanoma]]
*Administration of [[immunosuppressive therapy]]
*Sun sensitivity
*Therapeutic agents such as
**[[Psoralen]]<ref name="pmid29512683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yin L, Pang G, Niu C, Habasi M, Dou J, Aisa HA |title=A novel psoralen derivative-MPFC enhances melanogenesis via activation of p38 MAPK and PKA signaling pathways in B16 cells |journal=Int. J. Mol. Med. |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=3727–3735 |date=June 2018 |pmid=29512683 |doi=10.3892/ijmm.2018.3529 |url=}}</ref>
**[[PUVA|Ultraviolet A light therapy]]<ref name="pmid280773592">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghiasvand R, Rueegg CS, Weiderpass E, Green AC, Lund E, Veierød MB |title=Indoor Tanning and Melanoma Risk: Long-Term Evidence From a Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=185 |issue=3 |pages=147–156 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28077359 |doi=10.1093/aje/kww148 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Light therapy|Neonatal blue light phototherapy]]
*Exposure to environmental chemicals such as:
**[[Polyvinyl chloride]]
**[[Heavy metals]]
**[[Pesticides]]
*[[Heredity|Hereditary]] [[Disease|diseases]] including:
**Giant congenital pigmented nevus syndrome
**[[Melanocortin 1 receptor]] [[mutation]]<ref name="pmid28676423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Herraiz C, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Sánchez-Laorden B, García-Borrón JC |title=Functional interplay between secreted ligands and receptors in melanoma |journal=Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. |volume=78 |issue= |pages=73–84 |date=June 2018 |pmid=28676423 |doi=10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.021 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Dysplastic nevus syndrome]]
**[[Retinoblastoma]]<ref name="pmid27632029">{{cite journal |vauthors=Francis JH, Levin AM, Abramson DH |title=Update on Ophthalmic Oncology 2014: Retinoblastoma and Uveal Melanoma |journal=Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=368–82 |date=2016 |pmid=27632029 |doi=10.1097/APO.0000000000000213 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Xeroderma pigmentosum]]<ref name="pmid27785785">{{cite journal |vauthors=Naouali C, Jones M, Nabouli I, Jerbi M, Tounsi H, Ben Rekaya M, Ben Ahmed M, Bouhaouala B, Messaoud O, Khaled A, Zghal M, Abdelhak S, Boubaker S, Yacoub-Youssef H |title=Epidemiological trends and clinicopathological features of cutaneous melanoma in sporadic and xeroderma pigmentosum Tunisian patients |journal=Int. J. Dermatol. |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=40–48 |date=January 2017 |pmid=27785785 |doi=10.1111/ijd.13448 |url=}}</ref>
*::


*Sunlamps and tanning booths: UV radiation from artificial sources, such as sunlamps and tanning booths, can cause skin damage and melanoma. Health care providers strongly encourage people, especially young people, to avoid using sunlamps and tanning booths. The risk of skin cancer is greatly increased by using sunlamps and tanning booths before age 30.
*::


*Personal history: People who have had melanoma have an increased risk of developing other melanomas.
*::


*Family history: Melanoma sometimes runs in families. People who have two or more close relatives (mother, father, sister, brother, or child) with melanoma have an increased chance of melanoma. In rare cases, members of a family will have an inherited disorder, such as xeroderma pigmentosum, that makes the skin extremely sensitive to the sun and greatly increases the chance of melanoma
*Skin that burns easily: People who have fair (pale) skin that burns easily in the sun, blue or gray eyes, red or blond hair, or many freckles have an increased chance of melanoma.
*Certain medical conditions or medicines: Medical conditions or medicines (such as some antibiotics, hormones, or antidepressants) that make skin more sensitive to the sun or that suppress the immune system increase the chance of melanoma.
{{Dysplastic nevus}}
{{Dysplastic nevus}}


Latest revision as of 05:14, 4 June 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [2]

Overview

Sunlight exposure is the most important risk factor for the development of dysplastic nevus.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors for the development of dysplastic nevi are:[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Dysplastic nevus Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Dysplastic nevus from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

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Medical Therapy

Surgery

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Dysplastic nevus risk factors On the Web

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Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Dysplastic nevus risk factors

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Dysplastic nevus risk factors

CDC on Dysplastic nevus risk factors

Dysplastic nevus risk factors in the news

Blogs on Dysplastic nevus risk factors

Directions to Hospitals Treating Dysplastic nevus

Risk calculators and risk factors for Dysplastic nevus risk factors

References

  1. ↑ Ghiasvand R, Rueegg CS, Weiderpass E, Green AC, Lund E, Veierød MB (February 2017). "Indoor Tanning and Melanoma Risk: Long-Term Evidence From a Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study". Am. J. Epidemiol. 185 (3): 147–156. doi:10.1093/aje/kww148. PMID 28077359.
  2. ↑ Leiter U, Garbe C (2008). "Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer--the role of sunlight". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 624: 89–103. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_8. PMID 18348450.
  3. ↑ Matas-Nadal C, Malvehy J, Ferreres JR, Boada A, Bodet D, Segura S, Salleras M, Azon A, Bel-Pla S, Bigata X, Campoy A, Curcó N, Dalmau J, Formigon M, Gonzalez A, Just M, Llistosella E, Nogues ME, Pedragosa R, Pujol JA, Sabat M, Smandia JA, Zaballos P, Puig S, Martí RM (December 2018). "Increasing incidence of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma in Catalonia". Int. J. Dermatol. doi:10.1111/ijd.14334. PMID 30548854.
  4. ↑ Greene MH (December 1999). "The genetics of hereditary melanoma and nevi. 1998 update". Cancer. 86 (11 Suppl): 2464–77. PMID 10630172.
  5. ↑ Gu F, Chen TH, Pfeiffer RM, Fargnoli MC, Calista D, Ghiorzo P, Peris K, Puig S, Menin C, De Nicolo A, Rodolfo M, Pellegrini C, Pastorino L, Evangelou E, Zhang T, Hua X, DellaValle CT, Timothy Bishop D, MacGregor S, Iles MI, Law MH, Cust A, Brown KM, Stratigos AJ, Nagore E, Chanock S, Shi J, Consortium MM, Consortium M, Landi MT (December 2018). "Combining common genetic variants and non-genetic risk factors to predict risk of cutaneous melanoma". Hum. Mol. Genet. 27 (23): 4145–4156. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddy282. PMID 30060076.
  6. ↑ Müller C, Wendt J, Rauscher S, Sunder-Plassmann R, Richtig E, Fae I, Fischer G, Okamoto I (December 2018). "Risk Factors of Subsequent Primary Melanomas in Austria". JAMA Dermatol. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.4645. PMID 30566178.
  7. ↑ Matas-Nadal C, Malvehy J, Ferreres JR, Boada A, Bodet D, Segura S, Salleras M, Azon A, Bel-Pla S, Bigata X, Campoy A, Curcó N, Dalmau J, Formigon M, Gonzalez A, Just M, Llistosella E, Nogues ME, Pedragosa R, Pujol JA, Sabat M, Smandia JA, Zaballos P, Puig S, Martí RM (December 2018). "Increasing incidence of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma in Catalonia". Int. J. Dermatol. doi:10.1111/ijd.14334. PMID 30548854.
  8. ↑ Greene MH (December 1999). "The genetics of hereditary melanoma and nevi. 1998 update". Cancer. 86 (11 Suppl): 2464–77. PMID 10630172.
  9. ↑ Gu F, Chen TH, Pfeiffer RM, Fargnoli MC, Calista D, Ghiorzo P, Peris K, Puig S, Menin C, De Nicolo A, Rodolfo M, Pellegrini C, Pastorino L, Evangelou E, Zhang T, Hua X, DellaValle CT, Timothy Bishop D, MacGregor S, Iles MI, Law MH, Cust A, Brown KM, Stratigos AJ, Nagore E, Chanock S, Shi J, Consortium MM, Consortium M, Landi MT (December 2018). "Combining common genetic variants and non-genetic risk factors to predict risk of cutaneous melanoma". Hum. Mol. Genet. 27 (23): 4145–4156. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddy282. PMID 30060076.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Müller C, Wendt J, Rauscher S, Sunder-Plassmann R, Richtig E, Fae I, Fischer G, Okamoto I (December 2018). "Risk Factors of Subsequent Primary Melanomas in Austria". JAMA Dermatol. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.4645. PMID 30566178.
  11. ↑ Yin L, Pang G, Niu C, Habasi M, Dou J, Aisa HA (June 2018). "A novel psoralen derivative-MPFC enhances melanogenesis via activation of p38 MAPK and PKA signaling pathways in B16 cells". Int. J. Mol. Med. 41 (6): 3727–3735. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2018.3529. PMID 29512683.
  12. ↑ Ghiasvand R, Rueegg CS, Weiderpass E, Green AC, Lund E, Veierød MB (February 2017). "Indoor Tanning and Melanoma Risk: Long-Term Evidence From a Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study". Am. J. Epidemiol. 185 (3): 147–156. doi:10.1093/aje/kww148. PMID 28077359.
  13. ↑ Herraiz C, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Sánchez-Laorden B, García-Borrón JC (June 2018). "Functional interplay between secreted ligands and receptors in melanoma". Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 78: 73–84. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.021. PMID 28676423.
  14. ↑ Francis JH, Levin AM, Abramson DH (2016). "Update on Ophthalmic Oncology 2014: Retinoblastoma and Uveal Melanoma". Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 5 (5): 368–82. doi:10.1097/APO.0000000000000213. PMID 27632029.
  15. ↑ Naouali C, Jones M, Nabouli I, Jerbi M, Tounsi H, Ben Rekaya M, Ben Ahmed M, Bouhaouala B, Messaoud O, Khaled A, Zghal M, Abdelhak S, Boubaker S, Yacoub-Youssef H (January 2017). "Epidemiological trends and clinicopathological features of cutaneous melanoma in sporadic and xeroderma pigmentosum Tunisian patients". Int. J. Dermatol. 56 (1): 40–48. doi:10.1111/ijd.13448. PMID 27785785.

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