Pathergy test: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| (26 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
__NOTOC__ | |||
{{SI}} | {{SI}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Sahar}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Sahar}}<br> | ||
{{SK}} [[Pathergy]] | |||
==Overview== | |||
The '''pathergy test''', is a non-specific [[skin]] or [[mucus membrane]] reaction to trauma that is observed in patients with [[Behçet disease]]. This reaction is [[Classification|classified]] as a [[hypersensitivity]] reaction. The positive pathergy test is one of the minor [[diagnostic]] criteria of [[Behçet disease|Behçet’s disease]]. | |||
==Historical Perspective== | |||
[[Skin]] pathergy [[test]] was first reported by Blobner in 1937.<ref name="DilsenKonice1993">{{cite journal|last1=Dilsen|first1=N|last2=Konice|first2=M|last3=Aral|first3=O|last4=Ocal|first4=L|last5=Inanc|first5=M|last6=Gul|first6=A|title=Comparative study of the skin pathergy test with blunt and sharp needles in Behcet's disease: confirmed specificity but decreased sensitivity with sharp needles.|journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases|volume=52|issue=11|year=1993|pages=823–825|issn=0003-4967|doi=10.1136/ard.52.11.823}}</ref> | |||
==Procedure== | |||
'''Skin Pathergy test'''<br> | |||
There is no standardized method for performing the pathergy [[test]]. However, the method below is one of the suggested ways.<ref name="BakerSmith2011">{{cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=M. R.|last2=Smith|first2=E. V.|last3=Seidi|first3=O. A.|title=Pathergy test|journal=Practical Neurology|volume=11|issue=5|year=2011|pages=301–302|issn=1474-7758|doi=10.1136/practneurol-2011-000072}}</ref><ref name="OzdenBek2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ozden|first1=MG|last2=Bek|first2=Y|last3=Aydin|first3=F|last4=Senturk|first4=N|last5=Canturk|first5=T|last6=Turanli|first6=AY|title=Different application techniques of pathergy testing among dermatologists|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=24|issue=10|year=2010|pages=1240–1242|issn=09269959|doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03622.x}}</ref><br> | |||
'''Procedure'''<br> | |||
The area of the [[skin]] should not be cleaned with [[Disinfectants|disinfectant]] and the [[needle]] should be blunted against the inside surface of its [[sterile]] plastic sheath before using. The [[needle]] is inserted carefully at an angle of 30° to the [[skin]] into the [[dermis]] at a depth of 1.5–2 mm. The [[needle]] should not be observed beneath the [[epidermis]] and then it should be withdrawn with a twisting movement. The [[test]] is read between 24 to 48 hours after the procedure. One of the suggested scales for the degree of positivity is a three-point scale as follows: | |||
* '''Negative Result:''' only [[needle]] mark (scored 0) | |||
* '''Positive Result:''' the presence of [[papule]] or [[pustule]] | |||
** 1+ [[papule]] only | |||
** 2+ [[Pustules|pustule]] | |||
Another scale for the interpretation of the [[test]], known as '''Dilsen pathergy test''', is indicated in the table below:<ref name="SharquieAl-Araji2002">{{cite journal|last1=Sharquie|first1=K.E.|last2=Al-Araji|first2=A.|last3=Hatem|first3=A.|title=Oral pathergy test in Behçet's disease|journal=British Journal of Dermatology|volume=146|issue=1|year=2002|pages=168–169|issn=00070963|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.4513_5.x}}</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
| style="background: #4479BA; width: 100px;" align="center"| {{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Test result'''}} | |||
| style="background: #4479BA; width: 350px;" align="center"| {{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Clinical characteristic of the needle mark at 48 h'''}} | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
* Negative | |||
| | |||
* Only erythema <2 mm | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
* Undetermined | |||
| | |||
* Only erythema >3 mm or papule 1-2 mm + erythema <2 mm | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | | |||
* Positive | |||
| | |||
* 1+ Papule 2-3 mm + erythema >3 mm | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
* 2+ Papule >3 mm + erythema >3 mm | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
* 3+ Pustule 1-2 mm + erythema >3 mm | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
* 4+ Pustule >2 mm + erythema >3 mm | |||
|} | |||
To increase the [[sensitivity]] of the test:<ref name="DilsenKonice1993">{{cite journal|last1=Dilsen|first1=N|last2=Konice|first2=M|last3=Aral|first3=O|last4=Ocal|first4=L|last5=Inanc|first5=M|last6=Gul|first6=A|title=Comparative study of the skin pathergy test with blunt and sharp needles in Behcet's disease: confirmed specificity but decreased sensitivity with sharp needles.|journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases|volume=52|issue=11|year=1993|pages=823–825|issn=0003-4967|doi=10.1136/ard.52.11.823}}</ref><ref name="BakerSmith2011">{{cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=M. R.|last2=Smith|first2=E. V.|last3=Seidi|first3=O. A.|title=Pathergy test|journal=Practical Neurology|volume=11|issue=5|year=2011|pages=301–302|issn=1474-7758|doi=10.1136/practneurol-2011-000072}}</ref> | |||
* make at least two [[needle]] pricks on the glabrous [[skin]] of the forearm | |||
* Use a large [[hypodermic]] needle (21 gauge or less) | |||
* Use four [[needle]] pricks in total | |||
* Use a blunt [[needle]] to prick | |||
'''Oral pathergy test'''<br> | |||
To perform the test, a 20-gauge (0.9 mm) blunt disposable [[needle]] is used to prick the [[mucous membrane]] of the [[lower lip]] to the [[submucosa]]. The test is then read 48 hours later. The result is interpreted as below:<ref name="SharquieAl-Araji2002">{{cite journal|last1=Sharquie|first1=K.E.|last2=Al-Araji|first2=A.|last3=Hatem|first3=A.|title=Oral pathergy test in Behçet's disease|journal=British Journal of Dermatology|volume=146|issue=1|year=2002|pages=168–169|issn=00070963|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.4513_5.x}}</ref> | |||
* '''Positive Result:''' Presence of [[Pustules|pustule]] and/or [[ulcer]] | |||
* '''Negative Result:''' Absence of aforementioned [[lesions]] | |||
This method is more accessible than the traditional [[skin]] test, as there is no need to measure the size of the [[lesion]] and [[Pustules|pustule]] or [[ulcer]] of any size turn the test positive. Additionally, it has similar [[sensitivity]] to Dilsen skin pathergy [[test]]. | |||
==Associated Conditions== | ==Associated Conditions== | ||
The following [[disorders]] are [[Association (statistics)|associated]] with positive pathergy [[test]]:<ref name="BakerSmith2011">{{cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=M. R.|last2=Smith|first2=E. V.|last3=Seidi|first3=O. A.|title=Pathergy test|journal=Practical Neurology|volume=11|issue=5|year=2011|pages=301–302|issn=1474-7758|doi=10.1136/practneurol-2011-000072}}</ref><ref name="SequeiraDaryani2011">{{cite journal|last1=Sequeira|first1=FionaF|last2=Daryani|first2=Deepak|title=The oral and skin pathergy test|journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology|volume=77|issue=4|year=2011|pages=526|issn=0378-6323|doi=10.4103/0378-6323.82399}}</ref> | |||
* | * [[Behçet disease|Behçet’s disease]] (the skin pathergy test is a specific [[diagnostic]] tool for this [[disorder]]) | ||
* | * [[Pyoderma gangrenosum]] | ||
* | * [[Sweet’s syndrome]] | ||
* Atypical eosinophilic pustular [[folliculitis]] | |||
* | *[[Neonates]] with [[Down syndrome]] | ||
* | * [[Myeloproliferative disease|Myeloproliferative disorders]] | ||
* | * [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma]] | ||
* | * [[Chronic myeloid leukemia]] treated with [[Interferon-alpha|interferon α]] | ||
* | * [[Inflammatory bowel disease]] | ||
*[[spondyloarthropathies]] (rarely) | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Physical examination]] | [[Category:Physical examination]] | ||
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]] | [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:11, 29 December 2020
|
WikiDoc Resources for Pathergy test |
|
Articles |
|---|
|
Most recent articles on Pathergy test Most cited articles on Pathergy test |
|
Media |
|
Powerpoint slides on Pathergy test |
|
Evidence Based Medicine |
|
Clinical Trials |
|
Ongoing Trials on Pathergy test at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Pathergy test Clinical Trials on Pathergy test at Google
|
|
Guidelines / Policies / Govt |
|
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Pathergy test NICE Guidance on Pathergy test
|
|
Books |
|
News |
|
Commentary |
|
Definitions |
|
Patient Resources / Community |
|
Patient resources on Pathergy test Discussion groups on Pathergy test Patient Handouts on Pathergy test Directions to Hospitals Treating Pathergy test Risk calculators and risk factors for Pathergy test
|
|
Healthcare Provider Resources |
|
Causes & Risk Factors for Pathergy test |
|
Continuing Medical Education (CME) |
|
International |
|
|
|
Business |
|
Experimental / Informatics |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sahar Memar Montazerin, M.D.[2]
Synonyms and keywords: Pathergy
Overview
The pathergy test, is a non-specific skin or mucus membrane reaction to trauma that is observed in patients with Behçet disease. This reaction is classified as a hypersensitivity reaction. The positive pathergy test is one of the minor diagnostic criteria of Behçet’s disease.
Historical Perspective
Skin pathergy test was first reported by Blobner in 1937.[1]
Procedure
Skin Pathergy test
There is no standardized method for performing the pathergy test. However, the method below is one of the suggested ways.[2][3]
Procedure
The area of the skin should not be cleaned with disinfectant and the needle should be blunted against the inside surface of its sterile plastic sheath before using. The needle is inserted carefully at an angle of 30° to the skin into the dermis at a depth of 1.5–2 mm. The needle should not be observed beneath the epidermis and then it should be withdrawn with a twisting movement. The test is read between 24 to 48 hours after the procedure. One of the suggested scales for the degree of positivity is a three-point scale as follows:
Another scale for the interpretation of the test, known as Dilsen pathergy test, is indicated in the table below:[4]
| Test result | Clinical characteristic of the needle mark at 48 h |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
|
To increase the sensitivity of the test:[1][2]
- make at least two needle pricks on the glabrous skin of the forearm
- Use a large hypodermic needle (21 gauge or less)
- Use four needle pricks in total
- Use a blunt needle to prick
Oral pathergy test
To perform the test, a 20-gauge (0.9 mm) blunt disposable needle is used to prick the mucous membrane of the lower lip to the submucosa. The test is then read 48 hours later. The result is interpreted as below:[4]
- Positive Result: Presence of pustule and/or ulcer
- Negative Result: Absence of aforementioned lesions
This method is more accessible than the traditional skin test, as there is no need to measure the size of the lesion and pustule or ulcer of any size turn the test positive. Additionally, it has similar sensitivity to Dilsen skin pathergy test.
Associated Conditions
The following disorders are associated with positive pathergy test:[2][5]
- Behçet’s disease (the skin pathergy test is a specific diagnostic tool for this disorder)
- Pyoderma gangrenosum
- Sweet’s syndrome
- Atypical eosinophilic pustular folliculitis
- Neonates with Down syndrome
- Myeloproliferative disorders
- Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Chronic myeloid leukemia treated with interferon α
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- spondyloarthropathies (rarely)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dilsen, N; Konice, M; Aral, O; Ocal, L; Inanc, M; Gul, A (1993). "Comparative study of the skin pathergy test with blunt and sharp needles in Behcet's disease: confirmed specificity but decreased sensitivity with sharp needles". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 52 (11): 823–825. doi:10.1136/ard.52.11.823. ISSN 0003-4967.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Baker, M. R.; Smith, E. V.; Seidi, O. A. (2011). "Pathergy test". Practical Neurology. 11 (5): 301–302. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2011-000072. ISSN 1474-7758.
- ↑ Ozden, MG; Bek, Y; Aydin, F; Senturk, N; Canturk, T; Turanli, AY (2010). "Different application techniques of pathergy testing among dermatologists". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 24 (10): 1240–1242. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03622.x. ISSN 0926-9959.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Sharquie, K.E.; Al-Araji, A.; Hatem, A. (2002). "Oral pathergy test in Behçet's disease". British Journal of Dermatology. 146 (1): 168–169. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.4513_5.x. ISSN 0007-0963.
- ↑ Sequeira, FionaF; Daryani, Deepak (2011). "The oral and skin pathergy test". Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology. 77 (4): 526. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.82399. ISSN 0378-6323.