Tricuspid stenosis causes: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Tricuspid stenosis}} | {{Tricuspid stenosis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Rim}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User:Mohammed Salih|Mohammed Salih, M.D.]] {{sali}} {{Rim}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The most common cause of tricuspid stenosis is [[rheumatic heart disease]]. | The most common cause of [[tricuspid stenosis]] (TS) is [[rheumatic heart disease]]. Other causes of [[tricuspid stenosis]] include [[carcinoid syndrome]], [[congenital]] abnormalities, [[endocarditis]], [[lupus]], and mechanical obstruction by a [[tumor]]. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
===Common Causes=== | ===Common Causes=== | ||
*Rheumatic heart disease is one of the most common causes of TS and almost always occurs in conjunction with mitral stenosis<ref name="pmid18628928">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roberts WC, Ko JM |title=Some observations on mitral and aortic valve disease |journal=Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=282–99 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18628928 |pmc=2446420 |doi=10.1080/08998280.2008.11928412 |url=}}</ref>. | *[[Rheumatic heart disease]] is one of the most common causes of TS and almost always occurs in conjunction with [[mitral stenosis]].<ref name="pmid18628928">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roberts WC, Ko JM |title=Some observations on mitral and aortic valve disease |journal=Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=282–99 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18628928 |pmc=2446420 |doi=10.1080/08998280.2008.11928412 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19065003">{{cite journal| author=Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, Chambers JB, Evangelista A, Griffin BP et al.| title=Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. | journal=Eur J Echocardiogr | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-25 | pmid=19065003 | doi=10.1093/ejechocard/jen303 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19065003 }} </ref><ref name="pmid7720297">{{cite journal| author=Waller BF, Howard J, Fess S| title=Pathology of tricuspid valve stenosis and pure tricuspid regurgitation--Part I. | journal=Clin Cardiol | year= 1995 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-102 | pmid=7720297 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7720297 }} </ref> | ||
*Large vegetations in infective endocarditis can cause relative stenosis. | *Large [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] in [[infective endocarditis]] can cause relative [[stenosis]]. | ||
*Carcinoid syndrome may cause isolated TS or mixed with the regurgitant lesion<ref name="pmid7681733">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pellikka PA, Tajik AJ, Khandheria BK, Seward JB, Callahan JA, Pitot HC, Kvols LK |title=Carcinoid heart disease. Clinical and echocardiographic spectrum in 74 patients |journal=Circulation |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=1188–96 |date=April 1993 |pmid=7681733 |doi=10.1161/01.cir.87.4.1188 |url=}}</ref> | *[[Carcinoid syndrome]] may cause isolated TS or mixed with the regurgitant [[lesion]].<ref name="pmid7681733">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pellikka PA, Tajik AJ, Khandheria BK, Seward JB, Callahan JA, Pitot HC, Kvols LK |title=Carcinoid heart disease. Clinical and echocardiographic spectrum in 74 patients |journal=Circulation |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=1188–96 |date=April 1993 |pmid=7681733 |doi=10.1161/01.cir.87.4.1188 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Systemic diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid antibody (APLA) syndrome and the presence of permanent pacing and fusion of implantable cardioverter defibrillator leads to sub-valvular structures can cause tricuspid stenosis<ref name="pmid24661289">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gur AK, Odabasi D, Kunt AG, Kunt AS |title=Isolated tricuspid valve repair for Libman-Sacks endocarditis |journal=Echocardiography |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=E166–8 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24661289 |doi=10.1111/echo.12558 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26283605">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Hijji M, Yoon Park J, El Sabbagh A, Amin M, Maleszewski JJ, Borgeson DD |title=The Forgotten Valve: Isolated Severe Tricuspid Valve Stenosis |journal=Circulation |volume=132 |issue=7 |pages=e123–5 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26283605 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016315 |url=}}</ref> | *Systemic diseases like [[systemic lupus erythematosus]] ([[SLE]]), [[Antiphospholipid syndrome|antiphospholipid antibody]] (APLA) syndrome and the presence of permanent pacing and fusion of [[implantable cardioverter defibrillator]] leads to sub-[[valvular]] structures can cause [[tricuspid stenosis]].<ref name="pmid24661289">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gur AK, Odabasi D, Kunt AG, Kunt AS |title=Isolated tricuspid valve repair for Libman-Sacks endocarditis |journal=Echocardiography |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=E166–8 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24661289 |doi=10.1111/echo.12558 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26283605">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Hijji M, Yoon Park J, El Sabbagh A, Amin M, Maleszewski JJ, Borgeson DD |title=The Forgotten Valve: Isolated Severe Tricuspid Valve Stenosis |journal=Circulation |volume=132 |issue=7 |pages=e123–5 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26283605 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016315 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Benign tumors like atrial myxomas can cause functional TS<ref name="pmid26272962">{{cite journal |vauthors=Şaşkın H, Düzyol Ç, Özcan KS, Aksoy R |title=Right atrial myxoma mimicking tricuspid stenosis |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2015 |issue= |pages= |date=August 2015 |pmid=26272962 |pmc=4550937 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2015-210818 |url=}}</ref>. | *[[Benign tumors]] like [[Atrial myxoma|atrial myxomas]] can cause functional TS<ref name="pmid26272962">{{cite journal |vauthors=Şaşkın H, Düzyol Ç, Özcan KS, Aksoy R |title=Right atrial myxoma mimicking tricuspid stenosis |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2015 |issue= |pages= |date=August 2015 |pmid=26272962 |pmc=4550937 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2015-210818 |url=}}</ref>. | ||
*Blunt trauma has also been described as a risk factor. Renal and ovarian | *[[Blunt trauma]] has also been described as a [[risk factor]]. [[Renal]] and [[ovarian tumor]]<nowiki/>[[Ovarian tumor|s]] can grow into the [[tricuspid]] [[orifice]] causing [[stenosis]]. | ||
*Other less common causes of TS include congenital abnormalities (Ebstein’s anomaly)<ref name="pmid22964066">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khatib N, Blumenfeld Z, Bronshtein M |title=Early prenatal diagnosis of tricuspid stenosis |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=207 |issue=5 |pages=e6–8 |date=November 2012 |pmid=22964066 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2012.08.030 |url=}}</ref> | |||
*Valvulopathy associated with drugs like fenfluramine/phentermine and methysergide is characterized by thickened fibrotic and hypomobile tricuspid leaflets, with various degrees of valve stenosis and regurgitation. | ===Less Common Causes=== | ||
*Other less common causes of TS include [[congenital abnormalities]] ([[Ebstein’s anomaly]]), [[metabolic]] or [[enzymatic]] abnormalities ([[Fabry's disease|Fabry’s]] disease, [[Whipple's triad|Whipple’s]] disease).<ref name="pmid7720297">{{cite journal |vauthors=Waller BF, Howard J, Fess S |title=Pathology of tricuspid valve stenosis and pure tricuspid regurgitation--Part I |journal=Clin Cardiol |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=97–102 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7720297 |doi=10.1002/clc.4960180212 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22964066">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khatib N, Blumenfeld Z, Bronshtein M |title=Early prenatal diagnosis of tricuspid stenosis |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=207 |issue=5 |pages=e6–8 |date=November 2012 |pmid=22964066 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2012.08.030 |url=}}</ref> | |||
*Sometimes described are intravenous [[leiomyomatosis]], ventriculoatrial shunts causing TS.<ref name="pmid20824751">{{cite journal |vauthors=Akram Q, Saravanan D, Levy R |title=Valvuloplasty for tricuspid stenosis caused by a ventriculoatrial shunt |journal=Catheter Cardiovasc Interv |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=722–5 |date=April 2011 |pmid=20824751 |doi=10.1002/ccd.22745 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15226964">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nili M, Liban E, Levy MJ |title=Tricuspid stenosis due to intravenous leiomyomatosis--a call for caution: case report and review of the literature |journal=Tex Heart Inst J |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=231–5 |date=June 1982 |pmid=15226964 |pmc=351617 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*Valvulopathy associated with drugs like [[fenfluramine]]/[[phentermine]] and [[methysergide]] is characterized by thickened fibrotic and hypomobile [[tricuspid]] leaflets, with various degrees of [[valve]] [[stenosis]] and [[regurgitation]].<ref name="pmid21365261">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muraru D, Badano LP, Sarais C, Soldà E, Iliceto S |title=Evaluation of tricuspid valve morphology and function by transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography |journal=Curr Cardiol Rep |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=242–9 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21365261 |doi=10.1007/s11886-011-0176-3 |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
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{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1" | {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1" | ||
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="lightsteelblue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular''' | | style="width:25%" bgcolor="lightsteelblue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular''' | ||
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="beige" ; border="1" | [[Congenital heart disease]], [[cardiac tumor]], saphenous vein bypass graft aneurysm,<ref name="pmidPMID: 27217436">{{cite journal| author=Jellis CL, Navia JL, Flamm SD, Rodriguez LL| title=Severe Functional Tricuspid Stenosis Secondary to a Giant Saphenous Vein Bypass Graft Aneurysm. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 21 | pages= 2099-102 | pmid=PMID: 27217436 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.014772 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27217436 }} </ref> | | style="width:75%" bgcolor="beige" ; border="1" | [[Congenital heart disease]], [[cardiac tumor]], [[saphenous vein]] bypass graft [[aneurysm]], [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[endomyocardial fibrosis]], [[infective endocarditis]], [[myxoma]], [[rheumatic heart disease]].<ref name="pmidPMID: 27217436">{{cite journal| author=Jellis CL, Navia JL, Flamm SD, Rodriguez LL| title=Severe Functional Tricuspid Stenosis Secondary to a Giant Saphenous Vein Bypass Graft Aneurysm. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 21 | pages= 2099-102 | pmid=PMID: 27217436 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.014772 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27217436 }} </ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning''' | | bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning''' | ||
Latest revision as of 21:30, 1 April 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohammed Salih, M.D. Syed Musadiq Ali M.B.B.S.[2] Rim Halaby, M.D. [3]
Overview
The most common cause of tricuspid stenosis (TS) is rheumatic heart disease. Other causes of tricuspid stenosis include carcinoid syndrome, congenital abnormalities, endocarditis, lupus, and mechanical obstruction by a tumor.
Causes
Common Causes
- Rheumatic heart disease is one of the most common causes of TS and almost always occurs in conjunction with mitral stenosis.[1][2][3]
- Large vegetations in infective endocarditis can cause relative stenosis.
- Carcinoid syndrome may cause isolated TS or mixed with the regurgitant lesion.[4]
- Systemic diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid antibody (APLA) syndrome and the presence of permanent pacing and fusion of implantable cardioverter defibrillator leads to sub-valvular structures can cause tricuspid stenosis.[5][6]
- Benign tumors like atrial myxomas can cause functional TS[7].
- Blunt trauma has also been described as a risk factor. Renal and ovarian tumors can grow into the tricuspid orifice causing stenosis.
Less Common Causes
- Other less common causes of TS include congenital abnormalities (Ebstein’s anomaly), metabolic or enzymatic abnormalities (Fabry’s disease, Whipple’s disease).[3][8]
- Sometimes described are intravenous leiomyomatosis, ventriculoatrial shunts causing TS.[9][10]
- Valvulopathy associated with drugs like fenfluramine/phentermine and methysergide is characterized by thickened fibrotic and hypomobile tricuspid leaflets, with various degrees of valve stenosis and regurgitation.[11]
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | Congenital heart disease, cardiac tumor, saphenous vein bypass graft aneurysm, Ebstein's anomaly, endomyocardial fibrosis, infective endocarditis, myxoma, rheumatic heart disease.[12] |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Methysergide |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Carcinoid syndrome |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | Pacemaker infection, pacemaker leads[13], device closure of right coronary arteriovenous fistula.[14] |
| Infectious Disease | Infective endocarditis |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | Fabry disease, Whipple's disease |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Carcinoid syndrome, cardiac tumor, intravenous leiomyomatous tumor,[10] metastatic tumor, myxoma |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Amyloidosis,[15] systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | Giant blood cyst |
Causes by Alphabetical Order
- Amyloidosis[15]
- Carcinoid syndrome
- Cardiac tumor
- Congenital heart disease
- Ebstein's anomaly
- Endomyocardial fibrosis
- Fabry disease
- Giant blood cyst
- Infective endocarditis
- Intravenous leiomyomatous tumor[10]
- Metastatic tumor
- Myxoma
- Pacemaker infection
- Pacemaker leads
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Whipple's disease
References
- ↑ Roberts WC, Ko JM (July 2008). "Some observations on mitral and aortic valve disease". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 21 (3): 282–99. doi:10.1080/08998280.2008.11928412. PMC 2446420. PMID 18628928.
- ↑ Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, Chambers JB, Evangelista A, Griffin BP; et al. (2009). "Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice". Eur J Echocardiogr. 10 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1093/ejechocard/jen303. PMID 19065003.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Waller BF, Howard J, Fess S (1995). "Pathology of tricuspid valve stenosis and pure tricuspid regurgitation--Part I." Clin Cardiol. 18 (2): 97–102. PMID 7720297.
- ↑ Pellikka PA, Tajik AJ, Khandheria BK, Seward JB, Callahan JA, Pitot HC, Kvols LK (April 1993). "Carcinoid heart disease. Clinical and echocardiographic spectrum in 74 patients". Circulation. 87 (4): 1188–96. doi:10.1161/01.cir.87.4.1188. PMID 7681733.
- ↑ Gur AK, Odabasi D, Kunt AG, Kunt AS (July 2014). "Isolated tricuspid valve repair for Libman-Sacks endocarditis". Echocardiography. 31 (6): E166–8. doi:10.1111/echo.12558. PMID 24661289.
- ↑ Al-Hijji M, Yoon Park J, El Sabbagh A, Amin M, Maleszewski JJ, Borgeson DD (August 2015). "The Forgotten Valve: Isolated Severe Tricuspid Valve Stenosis". Circulation. 132 (7): e123–5. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016315. PMID 26283605.
- ↑ Şaşkın H, Düzyol Ç, Özcan KS, Aksoy R (August 2015). "Right atrial myxoma mimicking tricuspid stenosis". BMJ Case Rep. 2015. doi:10.1136/bcr-2015-210818. PMC 4550937. PMID 26272962.
- ↑ Khatib N, Blumenfeld Z, Bronshtein M (November 2012). "Early prenatal diagnosis of tricuspid stenosis". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 207 (5): e6–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.08.030. PMID 22964066.
- ↑ Akram Q, Saravanan D, Levy R (April 2011). "Valvuloplasty for tricuspid stenosis caused by a ventriculoatrial shunt". Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 77 (5): 722–5. doi:10.1002/ccd.22745. PMID 20824751.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Nili M, Liban E, Levy MJ (June 1982). "Tricuspid stenosis due to intravenous leiomyomatosis--a call for caution: case report and review of the literature". Tex Heart Inst J. 9 (2): 231–5. PMC 351617. PMID 15226964.
- ↑ Muraru D, Badano LP, Sarais C, Soldà E, Iliceto S (June 2011). "Evaluation of tricuspid valve morphology and function by transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography". Curr Cardiol Rep. 13 (3): 242–9. doi:10.1007/s11886-011-0176-3. PMID 21365261.
- ↑ Jellis CL, Navia JL, Flamm SD, Rodriguez LL (2016). "Severe Functional Tricuspid Stenosis Secondary to a Giant Saphenous Vein Bypass Graft Aneurysm". Circulation. 133 (21): 2099–102. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.014772. PMID 27217436 PMID: 27217436 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Taira K, Suzuki A, Fujino A, Watanabe T, Ogyu A, Ashikawa K (2006). "Tricuspid valve stenosis related to subvalvular adhesion of pacemaker lead: a case report". J Cardiol. 47 (6): 301–6. PMID 16800373.
- ↑ Changchien C, Lin MT, Wang CC, Liu HM, Wang CC, Chiu SN; et al. (2015). "Neonatal tricuspid stenosis caused by device closure of a large coronary fistula". EuroIntervention. 11 (7): e1. doi:10.4244/EIJV11I7A162. PMID 26603866 PMID: 26603866 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 15.0 15.1 Kim KH, Park CH, Park HS, Kim YR, Choi EY (2014). "Amyloidosis-induced tricuspid stenosis mimicking rheumatic heart disease". Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 15 (10): 1167. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeu075. PMID 24797117.