Sudden infant death syndrome risk factors: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in the development of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] include maternal factors such as age of the mother, [[smoking]] history, and [[prenatal care]] history, environmental factors which include [[Premature birth|preterm birth]], prone sleeping position, bed-sharing, and [[overheating]].
 
OR
 
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
 
OR
 
Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in the development of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] include maternal factors such as age of the mother, [[smoking]] history, and [[prenatal care]] history, environmental factors which include [[Premature birth|preterm birth]], prone sleeping position, bed-sharing, and [[overheating]].
 
OR
 
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
OR
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
OR
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
===Common Risk Factors===
===Common Risk Factors===
*Common risk factors in the development of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] may be seen more often in mothers who are younger, less educated, and nonwhite, and smoked during the pregnancy.
*Common [[risk factors]] in the development of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] may be seen more often in mothers who are younger, less educated, and nonwhite, and smoked during the pregnancy.
*Common risk factors in the development of [[Sudden infant death syndrome]] ([[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]) include:<ref name="pmid9247009">{{cite journal| author=MacDorman MF, Cnattingius S, Hoffman HJ, Kramer MS, Haglund B| title=Sudden infant death syndrome and smoking in the United States and Sweden. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 1997 | volume= 146 | issue= 3 | pages= 249-57 | pmid=9247009 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009260 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9247009  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14738790">{{cite journal| author=Carpenter RG, Irgens LM, Blair PS, England PD, Fleming P, Huber J | display-authors=etal| title=Sudden unexplained infant death in 20 regions in Europe: case control study. | journal=Lancet | year= 2004 | volume= 363 | issue= 9404 | pages= 185-91 | pmid=14738790 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15323-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14738790  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1415865">{{cite journal| author=Malloy MH, Hoffman HJ, Peterson DR| title=Sudden infant death syndrome and maternal smoking. | journal=Am J Public Health | year= 1992 | volume= 82 | issue= 10 | pages= 1380-2 | pmid=1415865 | doi=10.2105/ajph.82.10.1380 | pmc=1695879 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1415865  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15051553">{{cite journal| author=Getahun D, Amre D, Rhoads GG, Demissie K| title=Maternal and obstetric risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome in the United States. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 2004 | volume= 103 | issue= 4 | pages= 646-52 | pmid=15051553 | doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000117081.50852.04 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15051553  }}</ref>
*Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in the development of [[Sudden infant death syndrome]] ([[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]) include:<ref name="pmid9247009">{{cite journal| author=MacDorman MF, Cnattingius S, Hoffman HJ, Kramer MS, Haglund B| title=Sudden infant death syndrome and smoking in the United States and Sweden. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 1997 | volume= 146 | issue= 3 | pages= 249-57 | pmid=9247009 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009260 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9247009  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14738790">{{cite journal| author=Carpenter RG, Irgens LM, Blair PS, England PD, Fleming P, Huber J | display-authors=etal| title=Sudden unexplained infant death in 20 regions in Europe: case control study. | journal=Lancet | year= 2004 | volume= 363 | issue= 9404 | pages= 185-91 | pmid=14738790 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15323-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14738790  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1415865">{{cite journal| author=Malloy MH, Hoffman HJ, Peterson DR| title=Sudden infant death syndrome and maternal smoking. | journal=Am J Public Health | year= 1992 | volume= 82 | issue= 10 | pages= 1380-2 | pmid=1415865 | doi=10.2105/ajph.82.10.1380 | pmc=1695879 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1415865  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15051553">{{cite journal| author=Getahun D, Amre D, Rhoads GG, Demissie K| title=Maternal and obstetric risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome in the United States. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 2004 | volume= 103 | issue= 4 | pages= 646-52 | pmid=15051553 | doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000117081.50852.04 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15051553  }}</ref>


==== Maternal risk factors ====
==== Maternal risk factors ====


*Maternal factors which include the following:
*[[Maternal]] factors which include the following:
**[[Maternal age effect|Maternal age]]:  
**[[Maternal age effect|Maternal age]]:  
***Mother who are very young in age are more prone to have [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] conditions
***Mother who are very young in age are more prone to have [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] conditions
**Maternal [[smoking]]:
**Maternal [[smoking]]:
***Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]
***[[Smoking]] during [[pregnancy]] increases the risk of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]
**[[Placental]] abnormalities:
**[[Placental]] abnormalities:
***Placental abnormalities which include [[placenta previa]], [[Placental abruption|abruptio placentae]], premature rupture of membranes or small for gestational age increases the risk of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]
***[[Placental]] abnormalities which include [[placenta previa]], [[Placental abruption|abruptio placentae]], [[premature rupture of membranes]] or small for [[gestational age]] increases the risk of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]
**[[Prenatal care]]:
**[[Prenatal care]]:
***Mothers who did not attend prenatal care are at risk of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]
***Mothers who did not attend [[prenatal care]] are at risk of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]


==== '''Infant risk factors''' ====
==== '''Infant risk factors''' ====


* Infant risk factors which include the following:
*[[Infant]] [[Risk factor|risk factors]] which include the following:
** Prematurity
**[[Prematurity]]
***When compare to term infants premature infants have higher risk of developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]].<ref name="pmid28759397">{{cite journal| author=Ostfeld BM, Schwartz-Soicher O, Reichman NE, Teitler JO, Hegyi T| title=Prematurity and Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths in the United States. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2017 | volume= 140 | issue= 1 | pages=  | pmid=28759397 | doi=10.1542/peds.2016-3334 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28759397  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7651779">{{cite journal| author=Malloy MH, Hoffman HJ| title=Prematurity, sudden infant death syndrome, and age of death. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1995 | volume= 96 | issue= 3 Pt 1 | pages= 464-71 | pmid=7651779 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7651779  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15871984">{{cite journal| author=Thompson JM, Mitchell EA, New Zealand Cot Death Study Group| title=Are the risk factors for SIDS different for preterm and term infants? | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2006 | volume= 91 | issue= 2 | pages= 107-11 | pmid=15871984 | doi=10.1136/adc.2004.071167 | pmc=2082673 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15871984  }}</ref>
***When compare to term [[Infant|infants]] [[premature]] [[Infant|infants]] have higher risk of developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]].<ref name="pmid28759397">{{cite journal| author=Ostfeld BM, Schwartz-Soicher O, Reichman NE, Teitler JO, Hegyi T| title=Prematurity and Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths in the United States. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2017 | volume= 140 | issue= 1 | pages=  | pmid=28759397 | doi=10.1542/peds.2016-3334 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28759397  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7651779">{{cite journal| author=Malloy MH, Hoffman HJ| title=Prematurity, sudden infant death syndrome, and age of death. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1995 | volume= 96 | issue= 3 Pt 1 | pages= 464-71 | pmid=7651779 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7651779  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15871984">{{cite journal| author=Thompson JM, Mitchell EA, New Zealand Cot Death Study Group| title=Are the risk factors for SIDS different for preterm and term infants? | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2006 | volume= 91 | issue= 2 | pages= 107-11 | pmid=15871984 | doi=10.1136/adc.2004.071167 | pmc=2082673 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15871984  }}</ref>
** Low birth weight
**[[Low birth weight]]
***The risk of developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] in low to very low weight infants is four times higher than normal birth weight infants<ref name="pmid9672514">{{cite journal| author=Bigger HR, Silvestri JM, Shott S, Weese-Mayer DE| title=Influence of increased survival in very low birth weight, low birth weight, and normal birth weight infants on the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in the United States: 1985-1991. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1998 | volume= 133 | issue= 1 | pages= 73-8 | pmid=9672514 | doi=10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70181-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9672514  }}</ref>
***The risk of developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] in low to very low weight [[Infant|infants]] is four times higher than normal [[birth weight]] infants<ref name="pmid9672514">{{cite journal| author=Bigger HR, Silvestri JM, Shott S, Weese-Mayer DE| title=Influence of increased survival in very low birth weight, low birth weight, and normal birth weight infants on the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in the United States: 1985-1991. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1998 | volume= 133 | issue= 1 | pages= 73-8 | pmid=9672514 | doi=10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70181-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9672514  }}</ref>
***Gestational hypertension with smoking are associated very highly with low birth weight  
***[[Gestational hypertension]] with [[smoking]] are associated very highly with [[low birth weight]]
** Sibling of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]
** Sibling of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]
***Due to biologic and/or epidemiological influence the risk of developing SIDS in siblings of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] infants is increased to sixfold<ref name="pmid2319397">{{cite journal| author=Guntheroth WG, Lohmann R, Spiers PS| title=Risk of sudden infant death syndrome in subsequent siblings. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1990 | volume= 116 | issue= 4 | pages= 520-4 | pmid=2319397 | doi=10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81596-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2319397  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8686699">{{cite journal| author=Oyen N, Skjaerven R, Irgens LM| title=Population-based recurrence risk of sudden infant death syndrome compared with other infant and fetal deaths. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 1996 | volume= 144 | issue= 3 | pages= 300-5 | pmid=8686699 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008925 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8686699  }}</ref>
***Due to [[biologic]] and/or [[Epidemiology|epidemiological]] influence the risk of developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] in siblings of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] infants is increased to sixfold<ref name="pmid2319397">{{cite journal| author=Guntheroth WG, Lohmann R, Spiers PS| title=Risk of sudden infant death syndrome in subsequent siblings. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1990 | volume= 116 | issue= 4 | pages= 520-4 | pmid=2319397 | doi=10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81596-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2319397  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8686699">{{cite journal| author=Oyen N, Skjaerven R, Irgens LM| title=Population-based recurrence risk of sudden infant death syndrome compared with other infant and fetal deaths. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 1996 | volume= 144 | issue= 3 | pages= 300-5 | pmid=8686699 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008925 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8686699  }}</ref>
***But often deaths that are related to inborn errors of [[metabolism]] and child abuse are mistaken as [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]
***But often deaths that are related to [[Inborn errors of metabolism|inborn]] errors of [[metabolism]] and child abuse are mistaken as [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]
**[[Twin|Twins]]
**[[Twin|Twins]]
***The risk of developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] in [[Twin|twins]] is almost double than normal population
***The risk of developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] in [[Twin|twins]] is almost double than normal population
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****[[Relative risk]] ([[Relative risk|RR]]) of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] is 1.47- [[Gestational age]] 39 to 40 weeks
****[[Relative risk]] ([[Relative risk|RR]]) of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] is 1.47- [[Gestational age]] 39 to 40 weeks
****[[Relative risk]] ([[Relative risk|RR]]) of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] is 2.09- [[Gestational age]] ≥41 weeks
****[[Relative risk]] ([[Relative risk|RR]]) of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] is 2.09- [[Gestational age]] ≥41 weeks
** History of apnea of the [[infant]]
** History of [[apnea]] of the [[infant]]
** Sleep position of the [[infant]]
***History of [[apnea]] of the [[infant]] or cyanosis is not necessarily increase the risk of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]].
** Sleep environment of the [[infant]]
***Before death they are reports that the infant may become [[cyanotic]] by the [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] victim parents.
**[[Sleep]] position of the [[infant]]
***One of the strongest [[risk factors]] for developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] is corresponding to the sleep position of the [[infant]]
***[[Prone position|Prone]] sleeping position of the infant is the the most important and vulnerable position for the [[infant]] to develop [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]].
***If possible try to avoid side positioning of the [[infant]] as this position might lead to the [[prone position]] and that in turn leads to the [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]].
***[[Supine]] positioning of the infant for every sleep of every day and every time decreases the risk of developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]].
**[[Sleep]] environment of the [[infant]]<ref name="pmid31010907">{{cite journal| author=Erck Lambert AB, Parks SE, Cottengim C, Faulkner M, Hauck FR, Shapiro-Mendoza CK| title=Sleep-Related Infant Suffocation Deaths Attributable to Soft Bedding, Overlay, and Wedging. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2019 | volume= 143 | issue= 5 | pages=  | pmid=31010907 | doi=10.1542/peds.2018-3408 | pmc=6637427 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31010907  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9641706">{{cite journal| author=Scheers NJ, Dayton CM, Kemp JS| title=Sudden infant death with external airways covered: case-comparison study of 206 deaths in the United States. | journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med | year= 1998 | volume= 152 | issue= 6 | pages= 540-7 | pmid=9641706 | doi=10.1001/archpedi.152.6.540 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9641706  }}</ref><ref name="pmid27940804">{{cite journal| author=TASK FORCE ON SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME| title=SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2016 Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2016 | volume= 138 | issue= 5 | pages=  | pmid=27940804 | doi=10.1542/peds.2016-2938 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27940804  }}</ref>
***The following [[sleep]] environments increases the risk of developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] in an [[infant]] :
****Soft sleeping surface
*****One of the consistent [[risk factor]] for [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] is using soft sleeping surface and the risk of developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] increases when the infant is in [[prone position]].<ref name="pmid8668299">{{cite journal| author=Mitchell EA, Scragg L, Clements M| title=Soft cot mattresses and the sudden infant death syndrome. | journal=N Z Med J | year= 1996 | volume= 109 | issue= 1023 | pages= 206-7 | pmid=8668299 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8668299  }}</ref>
*****Soft cot mattresses should be avoided to prevent [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]
****Loose bedding accessories
*****Loose bedding accessories increases the risk of developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] to maximum to fivefold and the accessories included the following :
******Blankets
******Quilts
******Pillows
******Stuffed toys
*****Waterproof wool underblanket reduces the risk of risk of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]<ref name="pmid7865263">{{cite journal| author=Wilson CA, Taylor BJ, Laing RM, Williams SM, Mitchell EA| title=Clothing and bedding and its relevance to sudden infant death syndrome: further results from the New Zealand Cot Death Study. | journal=J Paediatr Child Health | year= 1994 | volume= 30 | issue= 6 | pages= 506-12 | pmid=7865263 | doi=10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00722.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7865263  }}</ref>
****Crib bumper pads<ref name="pmid17719936">{{cite journal| author=Thach BT, Rutherford GW, Harris K| title=Deaths and injuries attributed to infant crib bumper pads. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2007 | volume= 151 | issue= 3 | pages= 271-4, 274.e1-3 | pmid=17719936 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.04.028 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17719936  }}</ref><ref name="pmid26621044">{{cite journal| author=Scheers NJ, Woodard DW, Thach BT| title=Crib Bumpers Continue to Cause Infant Deaths: A Need for a New Preventive Approach. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2016 | volume= 169 | issue=  | pages= 93-7.e1 | pmid=26621044 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.10.050 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26621044  }}</ref>
*****According to AAP, US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and Canadian Paediatric Society crib bumper pads and bassinet bumpers are banned from using due to increased risk of suffocation of the infant and leads to [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]
****Bed-sharing<ref name="pmid17714547">{{cite journal| author=Ruys JH, de Jonge GA, Brand R, Engelberts AC, Semmekrot BA| title=Bed-sharing in the first four months of life: a risk factor for sudden infant death. | journal=Acta Paediatr | year= 2007 | volume= 96 | issue= 10 | pages= 1399-403 | pmid=17714547 | doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00413.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17714547  }}</ref>
*****According to the new studies there is an increased risk or an association when the infant sleeps with the parents and developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]].<ref name="pmid10582925">{{cite journal| author=Blair PS, Fleming PJ, Smith IJ, Platt MW, Young J, Nadin P | display-authors=etal| title=Babies sleeping with parents: case-control study of factors influencing the risk of the sudden infant death syndrome. CESDI SUDI research group. | journal=BMJ | year= 1999 | volume= 319 | issue= 7223 | pages= 1457-61 | pmid=10582925 | doi=10.1136/bmj.319.7223.1457 | pmc=28288 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10582925  }}</ref><ref name="pmid16027691">{{cite journal| author=Tappin D, Ecob R, Brooke H| title=Bedsharing, roomsharing, and sudden infant death syndrome in Scotland: a case-control study. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2005 | volume= 147 | issue= 1 | pages= 32-7 | pmid=16027691 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.01.035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16027691  }}</ref><ref name="pmid21868032">{{cite journal| author=Vennemann MM, Hense HW, Bajanowski T, Blair PS, Complojer C, Moon RY | display-authors=etal| title=Bed sharing and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome: can we resolve the debate? | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2012 | volume= 160 | issue= 1 | pages= 44-8.e2 | pmid=21868032 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.06.052 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21868032  }}  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=22561148 Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2012 Oct;15(4):115-6]</ref>
*****The risk of developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] increases with bed sharing whose age is younger than three months of the infant or for infants of mothers who smoke.<ref name="pmid16199682">{{cite journal| author=Lahr MB, Rosenberg KD, Lapidus JA| title=Bedsharing and maternal smoking in a population-based survey of new mothers. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2005 | volume= 116 | issue= 4 | pages= e530-42 | pmid=16199682 | doi=10.1542/peds.2005-0354 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16199682  }}</ref>
*****Parents who are sleeping on a sofa along with the infants should be avoided and this decreases the risk of developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]].<ref name="pmid17339504">{{cite journal| author=Horsley T, Clifford T, Barrowman N, Bennett S, Yazdi F, Sampson M | display-authors=etal| title=Benefits and harms associated with the practice of bed sharing: a systematic review. | journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med | year= 2007 | volume= 161 | issue= 3 | pages= 237-45 | pmid=17339504 | doi=10.1001/archpedi.161.3.237 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17339504  }}  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=17905771 Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2007 Oct;10(4):119]</ref>
****Car safety seats and other sitting or inclined rocking devices
*****In car due to the sitting position of the infant where the oxygenation decreases increases the risk of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]].
****Overheating
*****Using more than 2 blankets or using more clotting or increased in the room temperature increases the risk of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]].
[[File:Overheating is one of the chief risk factors for SIDS.jpg|alt=Overheating is one of the chief risk factors for SIDS|thumb|Overheating is one of the chief risk factors for SIDS. Parents should dress their babies warmly but not go overboard with clothing and blankets. Case courtesy by Carrie Arnold <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492255/|title=New Risk Factor for SIDS? Peaks in Cot Deaths Associated with Heat Waves|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>|center|1200x1200px]]
 
* Swaddling
** The risk of developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] with swaddling increases especially in older [[Infant|infants]].<ref name="pmid27244847">{{cite journal| author=Pease AS, Fleming PJ, Hauck FR, Moon RY, Horne RS, L'Hoir MP | display-authors=etal| title=Swaddling and the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Meta-analysis. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2016 | volume= 137 | issue= 6 | pages=  | pmid=27244847 | doi=10.1542/peds.2015-3275 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27244847  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20227720">{{cite journal| author=Richardson HL, Walker AM, Horne RS| title=Influence of swaddling experience on spontaneous arousal patterns and autonomic control in sleeping infants. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2010 | volume= 157 | issue= 1 | pages= 85-91 | pmid=20227720 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.01.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20227720  }}</ref><ref name="pmid19540517">{{cite journal| author=Richardson HL, Walker AM, Horne RS| title=Minimizing the risks of sudden infant death syndrome: to swaddle or not to swaddle? | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2009 | volume= 155 | issue= 4 | pages= 475-81 | pmid=19540517 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.03.043 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19540517  }}</ref>
** The risk of developing [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] with swaddling doubles when the [[infant]] is not placed in a [[supine position]] during sleep.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 14:50, 15 May 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vamsikrishna Gunnam M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of SIDS include maternal factors such as age of the mother, smoking history, and prenatal care history, environmental factors which include preterm birth, prone sleeping position, bed-sharing, and overheating.

Risk Factors

Common Risk Factors

Maternal risk factors

Infant risk factors

  • Infant risk factors which include the following:
    • Prematurity
    • Low birth weight
    • Sibling of SIDS
    • Twins
    • History of apnea of the infant
      • History of apnea of the infant or cyanosis is not necessarily increase the risk of SIDS.
      • Before death they are reports that the infant may become cyanotic by the SIDS victim parents.
    • Sleep position of the infant
      • One of the strongest risk factors for developing SIDS is corresponding to the sleep position of the infant
      • Prone sleeping position of the infant is the the most important and vulnerable position for the infant to develop SIDS.
      • If possible try to avoid side positioning of the infant as this position might lead to the prone position and that in turn leads to the SIDS.
      • Supine positioning of the infant for every sleep of every day and every time decreases the risk of developing SIDS.
    • Sleep environment of the infant[11][12][13]
      • The following sleep environments increases the risk of developing SIDS in an infant :
        • Soft sleeping surface
          • One of the consistent risk factor for SIDS is using soft sleeping surface and the risk of developing SIDS increases when the infant is in prone position.[14]
          • Soft cot mattresses should be avoided to prevent SIDS
        • Loose bedding accessories
          • Loose bedding accessories increases the risk of developing SIDS to maximum to fivefold and the accessories included the following :
            • Blankets
            • Quilts
            • Pillows
            • Stuffed toys
          • Waterproof wool underblanket reduces the risk of risk of SIDS[15]
        • Crib bumper pads[16][17]
          • According to AAP, US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and Canadian Paediatric Society crib bumper pads and bassinet bumpers are banned from using due to increased risk of suffocation of the infant and leads to SIDS
        • Bed-sharing[18]
          • According to the new studies there is an increased risk or an association when the infant sleeps with the parents and developing SIDS.[19][20][21]
          • The risk of developing SIDS increases with bed sharing whose age is younger than three months of the infant or for infants of mothers who smoke.[22]
          • Parents who are sleeping on a sofa along with the infants should be avoided and this decreases the risk of developing SIDS.[23]
        • Car safety seats and other sitting or inclined rocking devices
          • In car due to the sitting position of the infant where the oxygenation decreases increases the risk of SIDS.
        • Overheating
          • Using more than 2 blankets or using more clotting or increased in the room temperature increases the risk of SIDS.
Overheating is one of the chief risk factors for SIDS
Overheating is one of the chief risk factors for SIDS. Parents should dress their babies warmly but not go overboard with clothing and blankets. Case courtesy by Carrie Arnold [24]

References

  1. ↑ MacDorman MF, Cnattingius S, Hoffman HJ, Kramer MS, Haglund B (1997). "Sudden infant death syndrome and smoking in the United States and Sweden". Am J Epidemiol. 146 (3): 249–57. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009260. PMID 9247009.
  2. ↑ Carpenter RG, Irgens LM, Blair PS, England PD, Fleming P, Huber J; et al. (2004). "Sudden unexplained infant death in 20 regions in Europe: case control study". Lancet. 363 (9404): 185–91. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15323-8. PMID 14738790.
  3. ↑ Malloy MH, Hoffman HJ, Peterson DR (1992). "Sudden infant death syndrome and maternal smoking". Am J Public Health. 82 (10): 1380–2. doi:10.2105/ajph.82.10.1380. PMC 1695879. PMID 1415865.
  4. ↑ Getahun D, Amre D, Rhoads GG, Demissie K (2004). "Maternal and obstetric risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome in the United States". Obstet Gynecol. 103 (4): 646–52. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000117081.50852.04. PMID 15051553.
  5. ↑ Ostfeld BM, Schwartz-Soicher O, Reichman NE, Teitler JO, Hegyi T (2017). "Prematurity and Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths in the United States". Pediatrics. 140 (1). doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3334. PMID 28759397.
  6. ↑ Malloy MH, Hoffman HJ (1995). "Prematurity, sudden infant death syndrome, and age of death". Pediatrics. 96 (3 Pt 1): 464–71. PMID 7651779.
  7. ↑ Thompson JM, Mitchell EA, New Zealand Cot Death Study Group (2006). "Are the risk factors for SIDS different for preterm and term infants?". Arch Dis Child. 91 (2): 107–11. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.071167. PMC 2082673. PMID 15871984.
  8. ↑ Bigger HR, Silvestri JM, Shott S, Weese-Mayer DE (1998). "Influence of increased survival in very low birth weight, low birth weight, and normal birth weight infants on the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in the United States: 1985-1991". J Pediatr. 133 (1): 73–8. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70181-7. PMID 9672514.
  9. ↑ Guntheroth WG, Lohmann R, Spiers PS (1990). "Risk of sudden infant death syndrome in subsequent siblings". J Pediatr. 116 (4): 520–4. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81596-3. PMID 2319397.
  10. ↑ Oyen N, Skjaerven R, Irgens LM (1996). "Population-based recurrence risk of sudden infant death syndrome compared with other infant and fetal deaths". Am J Epidemiol. 144 (3): 300–5. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008925. PMID 8686699.
  11. ↑ Erck Lambert AB, Parks SE, Cottengim C, Faulkner M, Hauck FR, Shapiro-Mendoza CK (2019). "Sleep-Related Infant Suffocation Deaths Attributable to Soft Bedding, Overlay, and Wedging". Pediatrics. 143 (5). doi:10.1542/peds.2018-3408. PMC 6637427 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31010907.
  12. ↑ Scheers NJ, Dayton CM, Kemp JS (1998). "Sudden infant death with external airways covered: case-comparison study of 206 deaths in the United States". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 152 (6): 540–7. doi:10.1001/archpedi.152.6.540. PMID 9641706.
  13. ↑ TASK FORCE ON SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (2016). "SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2016 Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment". Pediatrics. 138 (5). doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2938. PMID 27940804.
  14. ↑ Mitchell EA, Scragg L, Clements M (1996). "Soft cot mattresses and the sudden infant death syndrome". N Z Med J. 109 (1023): 206–7. PMID 8668299.
  15. ↑ Wilson CA, Taylor BJ, Laing RM, Williams SM, Mitchell EA (1994). "Clothing and bedding and its relevance to sudden infant death syndrome: further results from the New Zealand Cot Death Study". J Paediatr Child Health. 30 (6): 506–12. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00722.x. PMID 7865263.
  16. ↑ Thach BT, Rutherford GW, Harris K (2007). "Deaths and injuries attributed to infant crib bumper pads". J Pediatr. 151 (3): 271–4, 274.e1–3. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.04.028. PMID 17719936.
  17. ↑ Scheers NJ, Woodard DW, Thach BT (2016). "Crib Bumpers Continue to Cause Infant Deaths: A Need for a New Preventive Approach". J Pediatr. 169: 93–7.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.10.050. PMID 26621044.
  18. ↑ Ruys JH, de Jonge GA, Brand R, Engelberts AC, Semmekrot BA (2007). "Bed-sharing in the first four months of life: a risk factor for sudden infant death". Acta Paediatr. 96 (10): 1399–403. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00413.x. PMID 17714547.
  19. ↑ Blair PS, Fleming PJ, Smith IJ, Platt MW, Young J, Nadin P; et al. (1999). "Babies sleeping with parents: case-control study of factors influencing the risk of the sudden infant death syndrome. CESDI SUDI research group". BMJ. 319 (7223): 1457–61. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7223.1457. PMC 28288. PMID 10582925.
  20. ↑ Tappin D, Ecob R, Brooke H (2005). "Bedsharing, roomsharing, and sudden infant death syndrome in Scotland: a case-control study". J Pediatr. 147 (1): 32–7. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.01.035. PMID 16027691.
  21. ↑ Vennemann MM, Hense HW, Bajanowski T, Blair PS, Complojer C, Moon RY; et al. (2012). "Bed sharing and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome: can we resolve the debate?". J Pediatr. 160 (1): 44–8.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.06.052. PMID 21868032. Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2012 Oct;15(4):115-6
  22. ↑ Lahr MB, Rosenberg KD, Lapidus JA (2005). "Bedsharing and maternal smoking in a population-based survey of new mothers". Pediatrics. 116 (4): e530–42. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0354. PMID 16199682.
  23. ↑ Horsley T, Clifford T, Barrowman N, Bennett S, Yazdi F, Sampson M; et al. (2007). "Benefits and harms associated with the practice of bed sharing: a systematic review". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 161 (3): 237–45. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.3.237. PMID 17339504. Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2007 Oct;10(4):119
  24. ↑ "New Risk Factor for SIDS? Peaks in Cot Deaths Associated with Heat Waves".
  25. ↑ Pease AS, Fleming PJ, Hauck FR, Moon RY, Horne RS, L'Hoir MP; et al. (2016). "Swaddling and the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 137 (6). doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3275. PMID 27244847.
  26. ↑ Richardson HL, Walker AM, Horne RS (2010). "Influence of swaddling experience on spontaneous arousal patterns and autonomic control in sleeping infants". J Pediatr. 157 (1): 85–91. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.01.005. PMID 20227720.
  27. ↑ Richardson HL, Walker AM, Horne RS (2009). "Minimizing the risks of sudden infant death syndrome: to swaddle or not to swaddle?". J Pediatr. 155 (4): 475–81. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.03.043. PMID 19540517.

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