Sudden infant death syndrome physical examination: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Patients with [[sudden infant death syndrome]] ([[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]) usually appear normal. In nearly 50% of the patients the physical examination is totally normal. WHile doing a physical examination on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) patients physicians must take care to examine any signs of obstruction of the external airways, head entrapment, or any other environmental risk factors | Patients with [[sudden infant death syndrome]] ([[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]) usually appear normal. In nearly 50% of the patients the physical examination is totally normal. WHile doing a physical examination on [[sudden infant death syndrome]] ([[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]) patients physicians must take care to examine any signs of obstruction of the external airways, head entrapment, or any other environmental risk factors. | ||
==Physical Examination== | ==Physical Examination== | ||
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*Infection may be present in 25% of the patients with SIDS | *Infection may be present in 25% of the patients with SIDS | ||
*Look for any signs of choking or gasping of the infant | *Look for any signs of choking or gasping of the infant | ||
===Skin=== | ===Skin=== | ||
Apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs) are usally episodes of apnea that are associated with skin colour changes, which include the following:<ref name="FuMoon2007">{{cite journal|last1=Fu|first1=L. Y.|last2=Moon|first2=R. Y.|title=Apparent Life-threatening Events (ALTEs) and the Role of Home Monitors|journal=Pediatrics in Review|volume=28|issue=6|year=2007|pages=203–208|issn=0191-9601|doi=10.1542/pir.28-6-203}}</ref><ref name="pmid15723922">{{cite journal| author=Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Hof D, Peglow UP, Traweger-Ravanelli B, Kiechl S| title=Epidemiology of apparent life threatening events. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2005 | volume= 90 | issue= 3 | pages= 297-300 | pmid=15723922 | doi=10.1136/adc.2004.049452 | pmc=1720328 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15723922 }}</ref><ref name="Kiechl-Kohlendorfer2005">{{cite journal|last1=Kiechl-Kohlendorfer|first1=U|title=Epidemiology of apparent life threatening events|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume=90|issue=3|year=2005|pages=297–300|issn=0003-9888|doi=10.1136/adc.2004.049452}}</ref><ref name="pmid15805360">{{cite journal| author=Brand DA, Altman RL, Purtill K, Edwards KS| title=Yield of diagnostic testing in infants who have had an apparent life-threatening event. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2005 | volume= 115 | issue= 4 | pages= 885-93 | pmid=15805360 | doi=10.1542/peds.2004-0847 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15805360 }}</ref> | Apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs) are usally episodes of apnea that are associated with skin colour changes, which include the following:<ref name="FuMoon2007">{{cite journal|last1=Fu|first1=L. Y.|last2=Moon|first2=R. Y.|title=Apparent Life-threatening Events (ALTEs) and the Role of Home Monitors|journal=Pediatrics in Review|volume=28|issue=6|year=2007|pages=203–208|issn=0191-9601|doi=10.1542/pir.28-6-203}}</ref><ref name="pmid15723922">{{cite journal| author=Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Hof D, Peglow UP, Traweger-Ravanelli B, Kiechl S| title=Epidemiology of apparent life threatening events. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2005 | volume= 90 | issue= 3 | pages= 297-300 | pmid=15723922 | doi=10.1136/adc.2004.049452 | pmc=1720328 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15723922 }}</ref><ref name="Kiechl-Kohlendorfer2005">{{cite journal|last1=Kiechl-Kohlendorfer|first1=U|title=Epidemiology of apparent life threatening events|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume=90|issue=3|year=2005|pages=297–300|issn=0003-9888|doi=10.1136/adc.2004.049452}}</ref><ref name="pmid15805360">{{cite journal| author=Brand DA, Altman RL, Purtill K, Edwards KS| title=Yield of diagnostic testing in infants who have had an apparent life-threatening event. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2005 | volume= 115 | issue= 4 | pages= 885-93 | pmid=15805360 | doi=10.1542/peds.2004-0847 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15805360 }}</ref> | ||
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===HEENT=== | ===HEENT=== | ||
* Feeding difficulties may be present in some patients | * Feeding difficulties may be present in some patients | ||
* Evidence of trauma | * Evidence of trauma | ||
===Neck=== | ===Neck=== | ||
* Neck examination of patients with [ | * Neck examination of patients with [[sudden infant death syndrome]] ([[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]) is usually normal. | ||
*Check for any signs of obstruction | |||
* | |||
===Lungs=== | ===Lungs=== | ||
* [[Breathing difficulties]] in 50% of the patients may be present | *[[Breathing difficulties]] in 50% of the patients may be present | ||
*Any signs of respiratory infections should be evaluated | *Any signs of respiratory infections should be evaluated | ||
* Physicians must take care to examine any signs of obstruction of the external airway | * Physicians must take care to examine any signs of obstruction of the external airway | ||
===Heart=== | ===Heart=== | ||
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**Arrhythmias | **Arrhythmias | ||
**Cardiomyopathy signs | **Cardiomyopathy signs | ||
===Abdomen=== | ===Abdomen=== | ||
* Abdominal examination of patients with [ | *[[Abdominal examination]] of patients with [[sudden infant death syndrome]] ([[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]) is usually normal. | ||
===Back=== | ===Back=== | ||
* Back examination of patients with [ | * Back examination of patients with [[sudden infant death syndrome]] ([[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]) is usually normal. | ||
===Genitourinary=== | ===Genitourinary=== | ||
* Genitourinary examination of patients with [ | *[[Genitourinary system|Genitourinary]] examination of patients with [[sudden infant death syndrome]] ([[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]]) is usually normal. | ||
===Neuromuscular=== | ===Neuromuscular=== | ||
*Abnormal [[Limb (anatomy)|limb]] movements in 35% of the patients in SIDS may be noted | |||
*Abnormal [[Limb (anatomy)|limb]] movements in 35% of the patients in SIDS may be noted | *Should look for any changes in [[muscle]] tone | ||
*Should look for any changes in muscle tone | *[[Seizure|Seizures]] | ||
*Seizures | |||
===Extremities=== | ===Extremities=== | ||
*[[Cyanosis]] may be present in some infants with [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] | |||
* [[Muscle]] tone either increased or decreased in some infants with [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] | |||
*[[ | |||
* | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 15:27, 18 May 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vamsikrishna Gunnam M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Patients with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) usually appear normal. In nearly 50% of the patients the physical examination is totally normal. WHile doing a physical examination on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) patients physicians must take care to examine any signs of obstruction of the external airways, head entrapment, or any other environmental risk factors.
Physical Examination
Physical examination in 50% of the patients with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is usually completely normal.
Appearance of the Patient
- Patients with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) usually appear normal.
Vital Signs
- High-grade or low-grade fever may be present in 25% of the patients with SIDS
- Infection may be present in 25% of the patients with SIDS
- Look for any signs of choking or gasping of the infant
Skin
Apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs) are usally episodes of apnea that are associated with skin colour changes, which include the following:[1][2][3][4]
HEENT
- Feeding difficulties may be present in some patients
- Evidence of trauma
Neck
- Neck examination of patients with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is usually normal.
- Check for any signs of obstruction
Lungs
- Breathing difficulties in 50% of the patients may be present
- Any signs of respiratory infections should be evaluated
- Physicians must take care to examine any signs of obstruction of the external airway
Heart
- Cardiovascular examination of patients with SIDS may or may not be present with the following and should be evaluated:
- Any signs of valvular disease
- Arrhythmias
- Cardiomyopathy signs
Abdomen
- Abdominal examination of patients with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is usually normal.
Back
- Back examination of patients with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is usually normal.
Genitourinary
- Genitourinary examination of patients with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is usually normal.
Neuromuscular
- Abnormal limb movements in 35% of the patients in SIDS may be noted
- Should look for any changes in muscle tone
- Seizures
Extremities
- Cyanosis may be present in some infants with SIDS
- Muscle tone either increased or decreased in some infants with SIDS
References
- ↑ Fu, L. Y.; Moon, R. Y. (2007). "Apparent Life-threatening Events (ALTEs) and the Role of Home Monitors". Pediatrics in Review. 28 (6): 203–208. doi:10.1542/pir.28-6-203. ISSN 0191-9601.
- ↑ Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Hof D, Peglow UP, Traweger-Ravanelli B, Kiechl S (2005). "Epidemiology of apparent life threatening events". Arch Dis Child. 90 (3): 297–300. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.049452. PMC 1720328. PMID 15723922.
- ↑ Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U (2005). "Epidemiology of apparent life threatening events". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 90 (3): 297–300. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.049452. ISSN 0003-9888.
- ↑ Brand DA, Altman RL, Purtill K, Edwards KS (2005). "Yield of diagnostic testing in infants who have had an apparent life-threatening event". Pediatrics. 115 (4): 885–93. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0847. PMID 15805360.