The WikiDoc Living Textbook of Cardiology

ANATOMY

Cardiovascular Anatomy

Arteries | Coronary arteries | Head and Neck | Upper Limbs | Torso-Chest | Torso-Abdomen | Lower Limbs | All

Veins | Head and Neck | Upper Extremity | Torso | Lower Extremity

Atria | Atria | Left atrium | Right atrium | Interatrial septum | Musculi pectinati

Ventricles | Ventricles | Left ventricle | Right ventricle | Interventricular septum | Trabeculae carneae | Chordae tendinae | Papillary muscle

Valves | Valves | Aortic valve | Mitral valve | Pulmonic valve | Tricuspid valve | Cusps

Regions | Base | Apex

Grooves | Coronary/atrioventricular | Interatrial | Anterior interventricular | Posterior interventricular

Surfaces | Sternocostal | Diaphragmatic

Borders | Right | Left

Right heart | Vena cavae | Coronary sinus | Right atrium | Right auricle | Fossa ovalis | Limbus of fossa ovalis | Crista terminalis | Valve of the inferior vena cava | Valve of the coronary sinus | Tricuspid valve | Right ventricle | Conus arteriosus | Moderator band/septomarginal trabecula | Pulmonary valve | Pulmonary artery | Pulmonary circulation

Left heart | Pulmonary veins | Left atrium | Left Auricle | Mitral valve | Left ventricle | Aortic valve | Aortic sinus | Aorta | Systemic circulation

Pericardium | Pericardium | Fibrous pericardium | Serous pericardium | Pericardial cavity | Epicardium/visceral layer | Pericardial sinus

Myocardium | Myocardium | Endocardium | Cardiac skeleton | Fibrous trigone | Fibrous rings

Conduction system | Conduction system | Cardiac pacemaker | SA node | AV node | Bundle of His | Purkinje fibers

PHYSIOLOGY

Cardiovascular Physiology

Volumes | Preload | Afterload | End-systolic volume | End-diastolic volume | Frank-Starling law of the heart | Cardiac output

Interactions | Wiggers diagram | Pressure volume diagram

Tropism | Chronotropy | Dromotropy | Inotropy

Hemodynamics | Hemodynamics | Baroreflexes | Kinin-kallikrein system | Renin-angiotensin system | Vasoconstrictors | Vasodilators | Compliance | Vascular resistance

Conduction | Electrical conduction system of the heart | Cardiac action potential

Cardiopulmonary | Respiratory physiology | Blood | Pulmonary circulation | Perfusion (Q) | Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction | Pulmonary shunt | Ventilation/perfusion scan | ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) | Zones of the lung | Gas exchange | Pulmonary gas pressures | Alveolar gas equation | Hemoglobin | Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve | 2,3-DPG | Bohr effect | Haldane effect | Carbonic anhydrase | Chloride shift | Oxyhemoglobin | Respiratory quotient | Arterial blood gas | Diffusion capacity | Dlco

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Cardiovascular Development

Arteries | Dorsal aorta | Aortic arches | Vitelline arteries | Ductus arteriosus | Umbilical artery

Veins | Cardinal veins | Ducts of Cuvier | Vitelline veins | Ductus venosus | Umbilical vein

Heart Development | Primitive heart tube | Truncus arteriosus | Bulbus cordis | Primitive ventricle | Primitive atrium | Sinus venosus | Septum primum | Ostium primum | Ostium secundum | Septum secundum | Foramen ovale | Endocardial cushions | Septum intermedium | Aorticopulmonary septum | Atrial canal

BASIC SCIENCE

Cardiovascular Biochemistry

Molecular Biology | Biochemistry | Organic Chemistry | Enzymes | Immunology

DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES IN CARDIOLOGY

The Patient History in Cardiovascular Disease

Chest Pain | Claudication | Cough | Dyspnea | Orthopnea | Palpitations | Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea | Pedal Edema

The Physical Examination in Cardiovascular Disease

The Pulse | The Neck | The Heart | Lungs | The Extremities

The Electrocardiogram

Intervals | PR Interval | QRS Interval | QT Interval | T Wave | U Wave

Hypertrophy | Electrocardiographic Findings in LVH | Electrocardiographic Findings in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH) | Biventricular Hypertrophy

Bundle Branch Block | LBBB | LAHB | RBBB | Trifascicular block

Atrial Arrhythmias | Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs) | Ectopic Atrial Rhythm | Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) | Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) with Block | Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) | Atrial Flutter | Atrial Fibrillation

Ventricular Arrhythmias | Differential Diagnosis of Tachycardia with a Wide QRS Complex | Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm | Ventricular Parasystole | Premature Ventricular Contractions | Ventricular Tachycardia Including Torsades De Pointes and Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia

Conduction Abnormalities | First Degree AV Block | Second Degree AV Block | Complete or Third-Degree AV Block | Concealed conduction | AV Junctional Rhythms | Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Different Disease States | The EKG in the Patient with an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) | EKG Changes of Hypothermia | EKG Abnormalities in CNS Disease | The EKG of Cardiac Transplantation | The EKG in a Patient with a Pacemaker | Electrocardiography of Traumatic Heart Disease

Drug Effects on the EKG | Digitalis | Quinidine | Procainamide | Disopyramide | Lidocaine | Tocainide and Mexiletine | Phenytoin | Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone | β-blockers | Amiodarone | Bretylium | Ca Channel Blockers | Adenosine | Phenothiazines | Tricyclic Antidepressants | Lithium

EKG in Electrolyte Disturbances | The EKG in Hyperkalemia | The EKG in Hypokalemia | The EKG in Hypercalcemia | The EKG in Hypocalcemia | Nonspecific ST-Segment and T-Wave Changes

Cardiac Biomarkers

Creatine Kinase | Cytokines and their receptors | Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) | Metalloproteinases (MMPs) | Natriuretic peptides‎ | Prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2) | Prothrombin time (PT) | Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) | Thrombus precursor protein (TpP) | Von Willebrand factor (vWF) | White blood cell (WBC) count

CARDIAC DISEASE STATES

Congenital Heart Disease

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Trauma and the Heart

Commotio cordis

Diseases of the Valvular Structures

Aortic Stenosis | Aortic Regurgitation | Mitral Stenosis | Mitral Regurgitation | Mitral Valve Prolapse | Pulmonic Regurgitation | Pulmonic Stenosis | Tricuspid Valve Prolapse | Tricuspid Regurgitation | Tricuspid Stenosis | Infective Endocarditis

Diseases of the Myocardium

Cardiomegaly | Cardiomyopathy | Congestive Heart Failure | Left Ventricular Hypertrophy | Myocarditis

VASCULAR MEDICINE

Endocrine Disease and the Heart

Hyperthyroidism | Hypothyroidism | Hypoparathyroidism | Acromegaly

Infectious Disease and the Heart

AIDS | Chagas'

Autoimmune/Rheumatologic Disease and the Heart

Ankylosing Spondylitis | Antiphospholipid Syndrome | Behçet | Chagas | Crohn | Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinemia | Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis | Kawasaki | Lupus | Mixed Connective Tissue Disorder | Polyarteritis Nodosa | Polychondritis | Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis | Psoriasis | Rheumatoid Arthritis | Scleroderma | Sarcoidosis | Takayasu | Temporal Arteritis | Ulcerative Colitis | Wegener's Granulomatosis | Wilson

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Chronic Stable Angina

Introduction | Definition | Historical Perspective | Epidemiology | Pathophysiology | Presentation | Recognition of Clinical Subsets | Risk Factors | Diagnosis | Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain | Treatment | Prognosis | Rehabilitation | Prevention

ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Overview | Epidemiology and Demographics | Pathophysiology of Reperfusion | Risk Factors | Pathophysiology | Triggers | Classification

Diagnosis | Symptoms | Physical Examination | Electrocardiogram | Cardiac Markers | Coronary Angiography | Histopathology

Treatment | Pre-Hospital Care | Initial Care | Thrombolytic Therapy | Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Rescue Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Facilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery | Barriers to Implementing Clinical Guidelines

ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia Monitoring | Secondary Prevention | Complications | Prognosis | ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction | Cardiac Rehabilitation

PHARMACOTHERAPY

Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy

Adrenergic Agonists

Adrenergic Agonists Overview

Direct Acting | Dobutamine | Dopamine | Epinephrine | Formoterol | Isoproterenol | Metaproterenol | Methoxamine | Norepinephrine | Phenylephrine | Salmeterol | Tamsulosin | Terbutaline

Indirect Acting | Amphetamine | Tyramine

Mixed Action | Ephedrine

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Angiotensin-Renin Inhibitors (C09)

ACE Inhibitor Overview | Benazepril | Captopril | Enalapril | Fosinopril | Lisinopril | Perindopril | Quinapril | Ramipril | Spirapril | Trandolapril

Angiotensin II receptor antagonist Overview | Candesartan | Eprosartan | Irbesartan | Losartan | Olmesartan | Tasosartan | Telmisartan | Valsartan

Renin Inhibitors Overview | Aliskiren | Remikiren

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Antiarrhythmic agents

Antiarrhythmic Agents Overview (C01B)

Class Ia | Ajmaline | Disopyramide | Prajmaline | Procainamide | Quinidine | Sparteine

Class Ib | Aprindine | Lidocaine | Mexiletine | Tocainide

Class Ic | Encainide | Flecainide | Lorcainide | Moricizine | Propafenone

Class II | Propranolol | Metoprolol | Nadolol | Atenolol | Acebutolol | Pindolol see Beta blockers (C07)

Class III | Amiodarone | Bretylium tosylate | Bunaftine | Dofetilide | Ibutilide | Sotalol

Class IV | Verapamil | Diltiazem see Calcium channel blockers (C08)

Class V | Adenosine | Atropine | Digoxin

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Anticoagulants

Anticoagulants Overview

Vitamin K Antagonists Overview | Acenocoumarol | Clorindione | Coumatetralyl | Dicumarol (Dicoumarol) | Diphenadione | Ethyl biscoumacetate | Phenprocoumon | Phenindione | Tioclomarol | Warfarin

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Antihypertensives and Diuretics

Antihypertensive Overview (C02) and Diuretic Overview (C03)

Sympatholytic Agents Overview (including Alpha Blockers Overview)

Centrally Acting Antiadrenergics Overview | Clonidine | Guanfacine | Methyldopa | Moxonidine | Rescinnamine | Reserpine | Rilmenidine

Ganglionic Blocker Overview / Nicotinic Antagonist Overview | Mecamylamine | Trimethaphan

Peripherally acting/Antiadrenergics | Prazosin | Guanethidine | Indoramin | Doxazosin

Vasodilators Overview | Diazoxide | Hydralazine | Minoxidil | Nitroprusside | Phentolamine

Other antihypertensives

Serotonin Antagonist Overview |Ketanserin

Endothelin Receptor Antagonist Overview | Bosentan | Ambrisentan | Sitaxsentan

Low ceiling diuretics

Thiazide Overview | Bendroflumethiazide | Chlorothiazide | Hydrochlorothiazide

Non-thiazides | Chlortalidone | Indapamide | Quinethazone | Mersalyl | Metolazone | Theobromine | Cicletanine

High ceiling diuretics

Loop Diuretic Overview | Bumetanide | Furosemide | Torasemide)

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Overview

Epithelial Sodium Channel Overview |Amiloride | Triamterene)

Aldosterone Antagonist Overview |Spironolactone | Eplerenone | Potassium canrenoate | Canrenone

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Antiplatelet Agents

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors Overview | Abciximab | Eptifibatide | Tirofiban

ADP Receptor Antagonists | Clopidogrel | Ticlopidine | Prasugrel

Prostaglandin Analogues Overview | Beraprost | Prostacyclin | Iloprost | Treprostinil

Other Antiplatelet Agents Acetylsalicylic acid/Aspirin | Aloxiprin | Ditazole | Carbasalate calcium | Cloricromen | Dipyridamole | Indobufen | Picotamide | Triflusal

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Antithrombins

Direct Thrombin Inhibitors Overview | Argatroban | Bivalirudin | Dabigatran | Desirudin | Hirudin | Lepirudin | Melagatran | Ximelagatran

Indirect Thrombin Inhibitors

Heparins | Danaparoid | Heparin | Sulodexide

Low Molecular Weight Heparins | Bemiparin | Dalteparin | Enoxaparin | Nadroparin | Parnaparin | Reviparin | Tinzaparin

Other Antithrombotics | Defibrotide | Dermatan sulfate | Fondaparinux | Rivaroxaban

Non-Medicinal Antithrombins Overview | Citrate | EDTA | Oxalate

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Beta Blockers

Beta Blockers Overview (C07)

Non-selective β antagonists | Metipranolol | Nadolol | Oxprenolol | Penbutolol | Pindolol | Propranolol | Timolol | Sotalol

β₁ antagonists (cardioselective) | Atenolol | Acebutolol | Betaxolol | Bisoprolol | Esmolol | Metoprolol | Nebivolol

Mixed α₁/β antagonists | Carvedilol | Labetalol

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Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium Channel Blocker Overview

Class I Phenylalkylamines (C08DA) | Verapamil

Class II Dihydropyridines (C08CA) | Amlodipine | Felodipine | Isradipine | Lacidipine | Lercanidipine | Nicardipine | Nifedipine | Nimodipine | Nisoldipine

Class III Benzothiazepines (C08DB) | Diltiazem

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Cardiac Glycosides

Cardiac Glycoside Overview (C01A)

Digitalis Glycosides Overview | Acetyldigitoxin | Acetyldigoxin | Digitalis leaves | Digitoxin | Digoxin | Lanatoside C | Deslanoside | Metildigoxin | Gitoformate

Scilla Glycosides Overview | Proscillaridin

Strophantus Glycosides Overview | G-strophanthin | Cymarin

Other Cardiac Glycosides | Peruvoside

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Cardiac Stimulants Excluding Cardiac Glycosides

Cardiac stimulants excluding cardiac glycosides (C01C)

Adrenergic Overview and Dopaminergic Overview agents | Etilefrine | Isoprenaline | Norepinephrine | Dopamine | Norfenefrine | Phenylephrine | Dobutamine | Oxedrine | Metaraminol | Methoxamine | Mephentermine | Dimetofrine | Prenalterol | Dopexamine | Gepefrine | Ibopamine | Midodrine | Octopamine | Fenoldopam | Cafedrine | Arbutamine | Theodrenaline | Epinephrine

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Overview (PDE3I) | Amrinone | Milrinone | Enoximone | Bucladesine

Other cardiac stimulants | Angiotensinamide | Xamoterol | Levosimendan

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Fibrinolytics

Alteplase | Reteplase | Tenecteplase | Streptokinase, Urokinase | Saruplase | Anistreplase

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Hypolipidemic Agents

Statins Overview | Atorvastatin | Cerivastatin | Fluvastatin | Lovastatin | Mevastatin | Pitavastatin | Pravastatin | Rosuvastatin | Simvastatin

Fibrates Overview | Clofibrate | Bezafibrate | Aluminium clofibrate | Gemfibrozil | Fenofibrate | Simfibrate | Ronifibrate | Ciprofibrate | Etofibrate | Clofibride

Bile Acid Sequestrant Overview | Colestyramine | Colestipol | Colextran | Colesevelam

Niacin and Derivatives | Niceritrol | Niacin | Nicofuranose | Aluminium nicotinate | Nicotinyl alcohol | Acipimox

Other | Dextrothyroxine | Probucol | Tiadenol | Benfluorex | Meglutol | Omega-3-triglycerides | Magnesium pyridoxal 5-phosphate glutamate | Policosanol | Ezetimibe

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Nitrates

Nitrates Overview | Glyceryl trinitrate | Isosorbide dinitrate | Isosorbide mononitrate | Molsidomine | Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

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Pulmonary Artery Hypertension

Medications used in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension Overview (B01, C02)

Prostacyclin Overview | Beraprost | Epoprostenol | Iloprost | Treprostinil

Endothelin Receptor Antagonists Overview | Ambrisentan | Bosentan | Sitaxsentan

PDE5 Inhibitors Overview | Sildenafil | Tadalafil | Vardenafil

Adjunctive therapy | Calcium channel blockers | Diuretics | Digoxin | Oxygen therapy | Warfarin

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Vasodilators

Vasodilators Overview (C01D)

Quinolone Vasodilators Overview | Flosequinan

Other Vasodilators | Heptaminol | Molsidomine | Nicorandil | Nesiritide

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INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY

Interventional Cardiology

Diagnostic Catheterization | Risk Stratification and the Benefits of PCI vs Medical Therapy | Conscious Sedation | Preparation of the Patient for Diagnostic Catheterization | Technical Aspects of the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory | Obtaining Venous and Arterial Access | Equipment Used in Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterizaiton | Hemodynamic Assessment in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory | Radiation Safety

Assesement of coronary lesions | Coronary Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR)) | Coronary flow reserve(CFR) | Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)

PCI | Preparation of the Patient for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) | Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI): Basic Principles and Guidelines | Equipment Used in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Pharmacotherapy to Support PCI | Antiplatelet therapy | Antithrombotic therapy | Angiography and PCI in Special Patient Populations | Management Of Specific Lesion Types | High Risk Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) | Vascular Closure Devices | Post PCI Medical Management of the Interventional Patient | Complications During and Following Cardiac Catheterization and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Coronary stent thrombosis

PCI in Specific Populations and Lesion Types

• Assessment of Lesion Complexity and Morphology Using Coronary Lesion Classification Systems
• Angiographically Visible Thrombus
• The Calcified Leison
• The Ostial Lesion
• The Angulated or Tortuous Lesion
• Management of the Bifurcation Lesion
• The Long Lesion
• Management of a Coronary Bridge Lesion and Kinks
• Management of Coronary Vasospasm
• The Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO)
• Intervention in Small Vessels
• Intervention in Diffusely Diseased Vessels
• Intervention in Saphenous Vein Grafts (SVG)
• Intervention in the LIMA
• Intervention in the RIMA
• Intervention in a Free Radial and other Conduits
• Multivessel Intervention
• PCI in the Patient with Restenosis
• Management of the Patient with Stent Thrombosis
• Treatment of Distal Anastomotic Lesions
• Coronary Artery Perforation
• Left Main Intervention
• Management of the Thrombotic Lesion

High Risk PCI | PCI in the Patient in Cardiogenic Shock | PCI in the Patient Requiring CPR and Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmias | PCI in the Patient with Severely Depressed Ventricular Function | PCI in the Patient with Critical Valve Stenosis | PCI in the Sole Remaining Conduit | PCI in the Unprotected Left Main Patient | Adjuncts for High Risk Percuatenous Coronary Intervention

Mechanical circulatory support | Mechanical circulatory support | Intra-aortic balloon pump | Ventricular assist devices

Artificial heart

Other TopicsNon Coronary Interventions in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory | Transfusion in ACS management | Revascularization in the "No Option" Patient

Cardiac Surgery

Vascular Surgery

BIOSTATISTICS

Biostatistics

COST EFFECTIVENESS AND QUALITY OF LIFE

Cost Effectiveness in Cardiovascular Disease