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{{CMG}} '''Associate Editor-in-Chief:'''{{EAM}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{EAM}}
==Overview==
 
[[Education]], [[engineering]], and enforcement are often recommended as both a possible prevention and a sensible way of managing the [[Burn (injury)|burn]] injury. Combination of [[prevention]] and care strategies have made progress reducing the incidence of [[Burn (injury)|burn]] injuries and [[Burn (injury)|burn]] severity and lowering rates of [[Burn (injury)|burn]] death and length of hospital stay.
==Primary Prevention==
==Primary Prevention==
To help prevent burns:
To help prevent burns:<ref name="pmid10799419">{{cite journal| author=DiGuiseppi C, Higgins JP| title=Systematic review of controlled trials of interventions to promote smoke alarms. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2000 | volume= 82 | issue= 5 | pages= 341-8 | pmid=10799419 | doi=10.1136/adc.82.5.341 | pmc=1718310 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10799419  }}</ref><ref name="pmid27161088">{{cite journal| author=Rybarczyk MM, Schafer JM, Elm CM, Sarvepalli S, Vaswani PA, Balhara KS | display-authors=etal| title=Prevention of burn injuries in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. | journal=Burns | year= 2016 | volume= 42 | issue= 6 | pages= 1183-92 | pmid=27161088 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2016.04.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27161088  }}</ref>


*Install household [[smoke]] alarms. Check and change batteries regularly.
*Install household [[smoke]] alarms. Check and change batteries regularly.<ref name="pmid10812263">{{cite journal| author=Liao CC, Rossignol AM| title=Landmarks in burn prevention. | journal=Burns | year= 2000 | volume= 26 | issue= 5 | pages= 422-34 | pmid=10812263 | doi=10.1016/s0305-4179(00)00026-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10812263  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18926639">{{cite journal| author=Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN| title=Burn prevention mechanisms and outcomes: pitfalls, failures and successes. | journal=Burns | year= 2009 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 181-93 | pmid=18926639 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18926639  }}</ref><ref name="pmid189266392">{{cite journal| author=Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN| title=Burn prevention mechanisms and outcomes: pitfalls, failures and successes. | journal=Burns | year= 2009 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 181-93 | pmid=18926639 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18926639  }}</ref>
*Teach children about fire safety and the hazards of matches and fireworks.
*Fireworks<ref name="pmid18603491">{{cite journal| author=Puri V, Mahendru S, Rana R, Deshpande M| title=Firework injuries: a ten-year study. | journal=J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg | year= 2009 | volume= 62 | issue= 9 | pages= 1103-11 | pmid=18603491 | doi=10.1016/j.bjps.2007.12.080 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18603491  }}</ref>
*Keep children from climbing on top of a stove or grabbing hot items like irons and oven doors.
*Flame-retardant materials<ref name="pmid108122632">{{cite journal| author=Liao CC, Rossignol AM| title=Landmarks in burn prevention. | journal=Burns | year= 2000 | volume= 26 | issue= 5 | pages= 422-34 | pmid=10812263 | doi=10.1016/s0305-4179(00)00026-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10812263  }}</ref><ref name="pmid189266393">{{cite journal| author=Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN| title=Burn prevention mechanisms and outcomes: pitfalls, failures and successes. | journal=Burns | year= 2009 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 181-93 | pmid=18926639 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18926639  }}</ref>
*Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove so that children can't grab them and they can't be accidentally knocked over.
*Low ignition propensity cigarettes<ref name="pmid7959447">{{cite journal| author=Brunnemann KD, Hoffmann D, Gairola CG, Lee BC| title=Low ignition propensity cigarettes: smoke analysis for carcinogens and testing for mutagenic activity of the smoke particulate matter. | journal=Food Chem Toxicol | year= 1994 | volume= 32 | issue= 10 | pages= 917-22 | pmid=7959447 | doi=10.1016/0278-6915(94)90090-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7959447  }}</ref><ref name="pmid24524537">{{cite journal| author=Alpert HR, Christiani DC, Orav EJ, Dockery DW, Connolly GN| title=Effectiveness of the cigarette ignition propensity standard in preventing unintentional residential fires in Massachusetts. | journal=Am J Public Health | year= 2014 | volume= 104 | issue= 4 | pages= e56-61 | pmid=24524537 | doi=10.2105/AJPH.2013.301837 | pmc=4025697 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24524537  }}</ref>
*Reducing self-harm: teach children about fire safety and the hazards of matches and fireworks.<ref name="pmid27325218">{{cite journal| author=Cox SG, Burahee A, Albertyn R, Makahabane J, Rode H| title=Parent knowledge on paediatric burn prevention related to the home environment. | journal=Burns | year= 2016 | volume= 42 | issue= 8 | pages= 1854-1860 | pmid=27325218 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2016.05.015 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27325218  }}</ref><ref name="pmid24043246">{{cite journal| author=Heard JP, Latenser BA, Liao J| title=Burn prevention in Zambia: a work in progress. | journal=J Burn Care Res | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 598-606 | pmid=24043246 | doi=10.1097/BCR.0b013e3182a2aa27 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24043246  }}</ref>
*Keep children from climbing on top of a stove or grabbing hot items like irons and oven doors.<ref name="pmid16777340">{{cite journal| author=Forjuoh SN| title=Burns in low- and middle-income countries: a review of available literature on descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention. | journal=Burns | year= 2006 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 529-37 | pmid=16777340 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16777340  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11482685">{{cite journal| author=Daisy S, Mostaque AK, Bari TS, Khan AR, Karim S, Quamruzzaman Q| title=Socioeconomic and cultural influence in the causation of burns in the urban children of Bangladesh. | journal=J Burn Care Rehabil | year= 2001 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 269-73 | pmid=11482685 | doi=10.1097/00004630-200107000-00004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11482685  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15774292">{{cite journal| author=Peleg K, Goldman S, Sikron F| title=Burn prevention programs for children: do they reduce burn-related hospitalizations? | journal=Burns | year= 2005 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 347-50 | pmid=15774292 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2004.10.028 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15774292  }}</ref>
*Kitchen stoves and lamps<ref name="pmid25957289">{{cite journal| author=Sharma NP, Duke JM, Lama BB, Thapa B, Dahal P, Bariya ND | display-authors=etal| title=Descriptive Epidemiology of Unintentional Burn Injuries Admitted to a Tertiary-Level Government Hospital in Nepal: Gender-Specific Patterns. | journal=Asia Pac J Public Health | year= 2015 | volume= 27 | issue= 5 | pages= 551-60 | pmid=25957289 | doi=10.1177/1010539515585386 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25957289  }}</ref>,Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove so that children can't grab them and they can't be accidentally knocked over.<ref name="pmid19594274">{{cite journal| author=Schwebel DC, Swart D, Simpson J, Hobe P, Hui SK| title=An intervention to reduce kerosene-related burns and poisonings in low-income South African communities. | journal=Health Psychol | year= 2009 | volume= 28 | issue= 4 | pages= 493-500 | pmid=19594274 | doi=10.1037/a0014531 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19594274  }}</ref>
*Place fire extinguishers in key locations at home, work, and school.
*Place fire extinguishers in key locations at home, work, and school.
*Remove electrical cords from floors and keep them out of reach.
*Remove electrical cords from floors and keep them out of reach.
*Know about and practice fire escape routes at home, work, and school.
*Know about and practice fire escape routes at home, work, and school.<ref name="pmid15475134">{{cite journal| author=Greenbaum AR, Donne J, Wilson D, Dunn KW| title=Intentional burn injury: an evidence-based, clinical and forensic review. | journal=Burns | year= 2004 | volume= 30 | issue= 7 | pages= 628-42 | pmid=15475134 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2004.03.019 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15475134  }}</ref>
*Set the temperature of a water heater to 120 degrees or less.
*Set the temperature of a water heater to 120 degrees or less.<ref name="pmid1881739">{{cite journal| author=Erdmann TC, Feldman KW, Rivara FP, Heimbach DM, Wall HA| title=Tap water burn prevention: the effect of legislation. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1991 | volume= 88 | issue= 3 | pages= 572-7 | pmid=1881739 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1881739  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29776861">{{cite journal| author=Makhubalo O, Schulman D, Rode H, Cox S| title=Acceptability and functionality of the "Kettle Strap": An attempt to decrease kettle related burns in children. | journal=Burns | year= 2018 | volume= 44 | issue= 5 | pages= 1361-1365 | pmid=29776861 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2018.04.013 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29776861  }}</ref>
*
 
== ELECTRICAL INJURY PREVENTION ==
General prevention includes the following:<ref name="pmid3057947">{{cite journal| author=Baxter CR, Waeckerle JF| title=Emergency treatment of burn injury. | journal=Ann Emerg Med | year= 1988 | volume= 17 | issue= 12 | pages= 1305-15 | pmid=3057947 | doi=10.1016/s0196-0644(88)80356-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3057947  }}</ref>
 
*Do not touch electrical appliances (or anything electrical) with wet hands, while standing in or immersed in water, or while showering.
 
*Cover unused electrical outlets with child safety plugs.
 
*Use a power strip for multiple cords; do not overload sockets.
 
*Protect electrical cords by placing through appropriate conduits and away from children and pets.
 
*Do not use frayed or broken electrical cords or plugs.


*Remove plugs by gently pulling the plug from the outlet, rather than pulling directly on the cord.


==Lifestyle and home remedies==
==Lifestyle and home remedies(secondary prevention)==
To treat [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Minor%20burns minor burns], follow these steps:
To treat [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Minor%20burns minor burns], follow these steps:<ref name="pmid7561227">{{cite journal| author=Ptacek JT, Patterson DR, Montgomery BK, Heimbach DM| title=Pain, coping, and adjustment in patients with burns: preliminary findings from a prospective study. | journal=J Pain Symptom Manage | year= 1995 | volume= 10 | issue= 6 | pages= 446-55 | pmid=7561227 | doi=10.1016/0885-3924(95)00083-b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7561227  }}</ref>


*'''Cool the burn.''' apply a cool water  (not cold) , wet compress until the pain eases. Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause further damage to the tissue<ref name="pmid7150995">{{cite journal| author=Pushkar NS, Sandorminsky BP| title=Cold treatment of burns. | journal=Burns Incl Therm Inj | year= 1982 | volume= 9 | issue= 2 | pages= 101-10 | pmid=7150995 | doi=10.1016/0305-4179(82)90056-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7150995  }}</ref>.
*'''Cool the burn.''' apply a cool water  (not cold) , wet compress until the pain eases. Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause further damage to the tissue<ref name="pmid7150995">{{cite journal| author=Pushkar NS, Sandorminsky BP| title=Cold treatment of burns. | journal=Burns Incl Therm Inj | year= 1982 | volume= 9 | issue= 2 | pages= 101-10 | pmid=7150995 | doi=10.1016/0305-4179(82)90056-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7150995  }}</ref>.
Line 24: Line 45:
*'''Don't break blisters.''' Fluid-filled blisters protect against infection. If a blister breaks, clean the area with water (mild soap is optional). Apply an antibiotic ointment. But if a rash appears, stop using the ointment.
*'''Don't break blisters.''' Fluid-filled blisters protect against infection. If a blister breaks, clean the area with water (mild soap is optional). Apply an antibiotic ointment. But if a rash appears, stop using the ointment.
*'''Apply lotion.''' Once a burn is completely cooled, apply a lotion, such as one that contains aloe vera or a moisturizer. This helps prevent drying and provides relief.
*'''Apply lotion.''' Once a burn is completely cooled, apply a lotion, such as one that contains aloe vera or a moisturizer. This helps prevent drying and provides relief.
*'''Bandage the burn.''' Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage (not fluffy cotton). Wrap it loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the area, reduces pain and protects blistered skin.
*'''Bandage the burn.''' Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage (not fluffy cotton). Wrap it loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the area, reduces pain and protects blistered skin.<ref name="pmid10752749">{{cite journal| author=Weinberg K, Birdsall C, Vail D, Marano MA, Petrone SJ, Mansour EH| title=Pain and anxiety with burn dressing changes: patient self-report. | journal=J Burn Care Rehabil | year= 2000 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 155-6; discussion 157-61 | pmid=10752749 | doi=10.1097/00004630-200021020-00013 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10752749  }}</ref>
*'''Take a pain reliever.''' Over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), can help relieve pain.
*'''Take a pain reliever.''' Over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), can help relieve pain.
*'''Consider a tetanus shot.''' Make sure that your tetanus booster is up to date. Doctors recommend that people get a tetanus shot at least every 10 years.
*'''Consider a tetanus shot.''' Make sure that your tetanus booster is up to date. Doctors recommend that people get a tetanus shot at least every 10 years.


Whether your burn was minor or serious, use sunscreen and moisturizer regularly once the wound is healed.<ref name="urlBurns - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic">{{cite web |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burns/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370545 |title=Burns - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
Whether your burn was minor or serious, use sunscreen and moisturizer regularly once the wound is healed.<ref name="pmid21292345">{{cite journal| author=Sambandan DR, Ratner D| title=Sunscreens: an overview and update. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2011 | volume= 64 | issue= 4 | pages= 748-58 | pmid=21292345 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2010.01.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21292345  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12374537">{{cite journal| author=Neale R, Williams G, Green A| title=Application patterns among participants randomized to daily sunscreen use in a skin cancer prevention trial. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2002 | volume= 138 | issue= 10 | pages= 1319-25 | pmid=12374537 | doi=10.1001/archderm.138.10.1319 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12374537  }}</ref><ref name="pmid24313722">{{cite journal| author=Petersen B, Wulf HC| title=Application of sunscreen--theory and reality. | journal=Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed | year= 2014 | volume= 30 | issue= 2-3 | pages= 96-101 | pmid=24313722 | doi=10.1111/phpp.12099 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24313722  }}</ref>
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 06:10, 21 February 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eman Alademi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Education, engineering, and enforcement are often recommended as both a possible prevention and a sensible way of managing the burn injury. Combination of prevention and care strategies have made progress reducing the incidence of burn injuries and burn severity and lowering rates of burn death and length of hospital stay.

Primary Prevention

To help prevent burns:[1][2]

  • Install household smoke alarms. Check and change batteries regularly.[3][4][5]
  • Fireworks[6]
  • Flame-retardant materials[7][8]
  • Low ignition propensity cigarettes[9][10]
  • Reducing self-harm: teach children about fire safety and the hazards of matches and fireworks.[11][12]
  • Keep children from climbing on top of a stove or grabbing hot items like irons and oven doors.[13][14][15]
  • Kitchen stoves and lamps[16],Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove so that children can't grab them and they can't be accidentally knocked over.[17]
  • Place fire extinguishers in key locations at home, work, and school.
  • Remove electrical cords from floors and keep them out of reach.
  • Know about and practice fire escape routes at home, work, and school.[18]
  • Set the temperature of a water heater to 120 degrees or less.[19][20]

ELECTRICAL INJURY PREVENTION

General prevention includes the following:[21]

  • Do not touch electrical appliances (or anything electrical) with wet hands, while standing in or immersed in water, or while showering.
  • Cover unused electrical outlets with child safety plugs.
  • Use a power strip for multiple cords; do not overload sockets.
  • Protect electrical cords by placing through appropriate conduits and away from children and pets.
  • Do not use frayed or broken electrical cords or plugs.
  • Remove plugs by gently pulling the plug from the outlet, rather than pulling directly on the cord.

Lifestyle and home remedies(secondary prevention)

To treat minor burns, follow these steps:[22]

  • Cool the burn. apply a cool water (not cold) , wet compress until the pain eases. Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause further damage to the tissue[23].
  • Remove rings or other tight items. Try to do this quickly and gently, before the burned area swells.
  • Don't break blisters. Fluid-filled blisters protect against infection. If a blister breaks, clean the area with water (mild soap is optional). Apply an antibiotic ointment. But if a rash appears, stop using the ointment.
  • Apply lotion. Once a burn is completely cooled, apply a lotion, such as one that contains aloe vera or a moisturizer. This helps prevent drying and provides relief.
  • Bandage the burn. Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage (not fluffy cotton). Wrap it loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the area, reduces pain and protects blistered skin.[24]
  • Take a pain reliever. Over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), can help relieve pain.
  • Consider a tetanus shot. Make sure that your tetanus booster is up to date. Doctors recommend that people get a tetanus shot at least every 10 years.

Whether your burn was minor or serious, use sunscreen and moisturizer regularly once the wound is healed.[25][26][27]

References

  1. ↑ DiGuiseppi C, Higgins JP (2000). "Systematic review of controlled trials of interventions to promote smoke alarms". Arch Dis Child. 82 (5): 341–8. doi:10.1136/adc.82.5.341. PMC 1718310. PMID 10799419.
  2. ↑ Rybarczyk MM, Schafer JM, Elm CM, Sarvepalli S, Vaswani PA, Balhara KS; et al. (2016). "Prevention of burn injuries in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review". Burns. 42 (6): 1183–92. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2016.04.014. PMID 27161088.
  3. ↑ Liao CC, Rossignol AM (2000). "Landmarks in burn prevention". Burns. 26 (5): 422–34. doi:10.1016/s0305-4179(00)00026-7. PMID 10812263.
  4. ↑ Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN (2009). "Burn prevention mechanisms and outcomes: pitfalls, failures and successes". Burns. 35 (2): 181–93. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.002. PMID 18926639.
  5. ↑ Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN (2009). "Burn prevention mechanisms and outcomes: pitfalls, failures and successes". Burns. 35 (2): 181–93. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.002. PMID 18926639.
  6. ↑ Puri V, Mahendru S, Rana R, Deshpande M (2009). "Firework injuries: a ten-year study". J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 62 (9): 1103–11. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2007.12.080. PMID 18603491.
  7. ↑ Liao CC, Rossignol AM (2000). "Landmarks in burn prevention". Burns. 26 (5): 422–34. doi:10.1016/s0305-4179(00)00026-7. PMID 10812263.
  8. ↑ Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN (2009). "Burn prevention mechanisms and outcomes: pitfalls, failures and successes". Burns. 35 (2): 181–93. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.002. PMID 18926639.
  9. ↑ Brunnemann KD, Hoffmann D, Gairola CG, Lee BC (1994). "Low ignition propensity cigarettes: smoke analysis for carcinogens and testing for mutagenic activity of the smoke particulate matter". Food Chem Toxicol. 32 (10): 917–22. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(94)90090-6. PMID 7959447.
  10. ↑ Alpert HR, Christiani DC, Orav EJ, Dockery DW, Connolly GN (2014). "Effectiveness of the cigarette ignition propensity standard in preventing unintentional residential fires in Massachusetts". Am J Public Health. 104 (4): e56–61. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301837. PMC 4025697. PMID 24524537.
  11. ↑ Cox SG, Burahee A, Albertyn R, Makahabane J, Rode H (2016). "Parent knowledge on paediatric burn prevention related to the home environment". Burns. 42 (8): 1854–1860. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2016.05.015. PMID 27325218.
  12. ↑ Heard JP, Latenser BA, Liao J (2013). "Burn prevention in Zambia: a work in progress". J Burn Care Res. 34 (6): 598–606. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e3182a2aa27. PMID 24043246.
  13. ↑ Forjuoh SN (2006). "Burns in low- and middle-income countries: a review of available literature on descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention". Burns. 32 (5): 529–37. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.002. PMID 16777340.
  14. ↑ Daisy S, Mostaque AK, Bari TS, Khan AR, Karim S, Quamruzzaman Q (2001). "Socioeconomic and cultural influence in the causation of burns in the urban children of Bangladesh". J Burn Care Rehabil. 22 (4): 269–73. doi:10.1097/00004630-200107000-00004. PMID 11482685.
  15. ↑ Peleg K, Goldman S, Sikron F (2005). "Burn prevention programs for children: do they reduce burn-related hospitalizations?". Burns. 31 (3): 347–50. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2004.10.028. PMID 15774292.
  16. ↑ Sharma NP, Duke JM, Lama BB, Thapa B, Dahal P, Bariya ND; et al. (2015). "Descriptive Epidemiology of Unintentional Burn Injuries Admitted to a Tertiary-Level Government Hospital in Nepal: Gender-Specific Patterns". Asia Pac J Public Health. 27 (5): 551–60. doi:10.1177/1010539515585386. PMID 25957289.
  17. ↑ Schwebel DC, Swart D, Simpson J, Hobe P, Hui SK (2009). "An intervention to reduce kerosene-related burns and poisonings in low-income South African communities". Health Psychol. 28 (4): 493–500. doi:10.1037/a0014531. PMID 19594274.
  18. ↑ Greenbaum AR, Donne J, Wilson D, Dunn KW (2004). "Intentional burn injury: an evidence-based, clinical and forensic review". Burns. 30 (7): 628–42. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2004.03.019. PMID 15475134.
  19. ↑ Erdmann TC, Feldman KW, Rivara FP, Heimbach DM, Wall HA (1991). "Tap water burn prevention: the effect of legislation". Pediatrics. 88 (3): 572–7. PMID 1881739.
  20. ↑ Makhubalo O, Schulman D, Rode H, Cox S (2018). "Acceptability and functionality of the "Kettle Strap": An attempt to decrease kettle related burns in children". Burns. 44 (5): 1361–1365. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2018.04.013. PMID 29776861.
  21. ↑ Baxter CR, Waeckerle JF (1988). "Emergency treatment of burn injury". Ann Emerg Med. 17 (12): 1305–15. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(88)80356-1. PMID 3057947.
  22. ↑ Ptacek JT, Patterson DR, Montgomery BK, Heimbach DM (1995). "Pain, coping, and adjustment in patients with burns: preliminary findings from a prospective study". J Pain Symptom Manage. 10 (6): 446–55. doi:10.1016/0885-3924(95)00083-b. PMID 7561227.
  23. ↑ Pushkar NS, Sandorminsky BP (1982). "Cold treatment of burns". Burns Incl Therm Inj. 9 (2): 101–10. doi:10.1016/0305-4179(82)90056-0. PMID 7150995.
  24. ↑ Weinberg K, Birdsall C, Vail D, Marano MA, Petrone SJ, Mansour EH (2000). "Pain and anxiety with burn dressing changes: patient self-report". J Burn Care Rehabil. 21 (2): 155–6, discussion 157-61. doi:10.1097/00004630-200021020-00013. PMID 10752749.
  25. ↑ Sambandan DR, Ratner D (2011). "Sunscreens: an overview and update". J Am Acad Dermatol. 64 (4): 748–58. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.01.005. PMID 21292345.
  26. ↑ Neale R, Williams G, Green A (2002). "Application patterns among participants randomized to daily sunscreen use in a skin cancer prevention trial". Arch Dermatol. 138 (10): 1319–25. doi:10.1001/archderm.138.10.1319. PMID 12374537.
  27. ↑ Petersen B, Wulf HC (2014). "Application of sunscreen--theory and reality". Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 30 (2–3): 96–101. doi:10.1111/phpp.12099. PMID 24313722.

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