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==Overview==
==Overview==
Common causes of insomnia include [[alcoholism]], [[anxiety]], [[caffeine]], [[depression]], [[medication]], [[sleep disorders]](e.g., [[circadian rhythm sleep disorder]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], movement disorders, [[narcolepsy]], etc.), and [[Stress (medicine)|stress]].
Common causes of insomnia include [[alcoholism]], [[anxiety]], [[caffeine]], [[depression]], [[medication]], [[sleep disorders]](e.g., [[circadian rhythm sleep disorder]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], movement disorders, [[narcolepsy]], etc.), and [[Stress (medicine)|stress]]. Causes that have a bidirectional relationship with insomnia or sleep disturbances include [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]], [[fibromyalgia]], [[epilepsy]], [[migraine]] and other type of headaches.


==Causes==
==Causes==
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*[[Depression]]  
*[[Depression]]  
*[[Medication]]
*[[Medication]]
*[[Sleep disorder]]<ref name="pmid33683929">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sutton EL |title=Insomnia |journal=Ann Intern Med |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=ITC33–ITC48 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33683929 |doi=10.7326/AITC202103160 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Stress (medicine)|Stress]]
*[[Sleep disorders]], further divided into:<ref name="pmid33683929">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sutton EL |title=Insomnia |journal=Ann Intern Med |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=ITC33–ITC48 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33683929 |doi=10.7326/AITC202103160 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Circadian rhythm sleep disorder]]
**[[Circadian rhythm sleep disorder]]
***[[Jet lag]]
***[[Jet lag]]
Line 28: Line 29:
***[[Periodic limb movement disorder]]
***[[Periodic limb movement disorder]]
**[[Narcolepsy]]
**[[Narcolepsy]]
*[[Stress (medicine)|Stress]]
Causes that have a bidirectional relationship with insomnia or sleep disturbances include:<ref name="pmid33683929">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sutton EL |title=Insomnia |journal=Ann Intern Med |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=ITC33–ITC48 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33683929 |doi=10.7326/AITC202103160 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]]
*[[Fibromyalgia]]
*[[Epilepsy]]
*[[Migraine]] and other type of headaches


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===

Latest revision as of 11:01, 20 June 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Adnan Ezici, M.D[2]

Overview

Common causes of insomnia include alcoholism, anxiety, caffeine, depression, medication, sleep disorders(e.g., circadian rhythm sleep disorder, obstructive sleep apnea, movement disorders, narcolepsy, etc.), and stress. Causes that have a bidirectional relationship with insomnia or sleep disturbances include gastroesophageal reflux disease, fibromyalgia, epilepsy, migraine and other type of headaches.

Causes

There are many underlying associations, including psychiatric disorders.[1][2][3]

Common Causes

Causes that have a bidirectional relationship with insomnia or sleep disturbances include:[4]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Cardiac arrhythmia, Angina, buerger's disease, congestive cardiac failure, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, ischemic heart disease, nocturnal angina, sleep apnea
Chemical/Poisoning Acrodynia, Aldehyde syndrome, antimony, asbestosis, benzoate , cathinone poisoning, celery, chemical-related eczema, cumin, erythrosine, ethylbenzene, gasoline, gasoline, irritant contact eczema, lead, mercury poisoning, monocrotophos, Msg, parsley, quinoline yellow, rdx, silo unloader syndrome, sulfite, sunset yellow, tartrazine, tetryl, toluene
Dental Dental problems
Dermatologic Chemical-related eczema, eczema, environmental allergen related eczema, erythrodermic eczema,chemical-related eczema, eyelid eczema,irritant contact eczema, lyme disease, mycosis fungoides,familial, pruritus, sle related fibromyalgias, stress-related eczema, temperature-related eczema
Drug Side Effect 4-Aminopyridine,abecarnil, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, alemtuzumab, amantadine, ambien withdrawal, amifampridine, aminophylline, amobarbital sodium, amoxicillin, antidepressants, armodafinil, aspirin, ativan withdrawal, benzphetamine, beta antagonists, bronchodilators, bupropion, Caffeine, central nervous system depressants, central nervous system stimulants, chronic amphetamine use, clomifene , clonazepam, clonidine, cocaine withdrawal, crack withdrawal, dalfampridine, dapsone, demerol withdrawal, desmopressin, desmopressin, morphine withdrawal, dexamfetamine, dexedrine withdrawal, diazepam, diflunisal , dilaudid withdrawal, dimebon, dxedrine withdrawal, ecstasy withdrawal, eculizumab,efavirenz, eribulin, escitalopram, felbamate,fluvoxamine, flibanserin, glucocorticoids, levofloxacin, hydrocodone withdrawal, isoproterenol (aerosol), lacosamidemepenzolate, lamotrigine, lisdexamfetamine, lorazepam, lysergic acid diethylamide, melatonin,lacosamidemepenzolate, meropenem, meropenem, methcathinone, methcathinone, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methylphenidate, middle ear infection, milnacipran hydrochloride, modafinil, opioid withdrawal,naltrexone, oxazepam, ofloxacin, oxymetazoline, oxycontin withdrawal, peramivir, percocet withdrawal, pergolide, paroxetine,phentermine, phentermine,posaconazole, pramipexole, pregabalin, propranolol, pyrimethamine, ramelteon, ritalin withdrawal, rotigotine, selegiline, sesame, sibutramine, sulindac, smoking especially at bedtime, steroid withdrawal syndrome, suvorexant, tacrolimus, tartrazine, tasimelteon, temazepam, temozolomide , terbutaline, tetryl, thalidomide, tolcapone, toluene, |topiramate, ,tribavirin, rifaximin, romiplostim,varenicline, vicodin withdrawal, vilazodone, withdrawal of sleeping pills, xanax withdrawal, zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat Acute sinusitis, earache, middle ear infection,
Endocrine Andropause, cushing's diseases, hyperthyroidism, melatonin, menopause, menstruation, pituitary tumors, alcohol-induced pseudo-cushing syndrome, calcium deficiency, cushing's diseases, diabetes, graves disease, autoimmune thyroid diseases, hyperthyroidism, calcium deficiency, melatonin, menopause, menstruation, pineal teratoma, pinealoma, pituitary tumors, premenstrual dysphoric disorders, premenstrual syndrome, resistance to thyroid stimulating hormone,
Environmental disrupted sleep schedules, dyssomnia, environmental allergen related eczema, high altitude,injury,chronic stress, inadequate sleep hygiene, jet lag, light, noise
Gastroenterologic Acute intermittent porphyria, cirrhosis of liver, colic,congenital hepatic porphyria, Glucocorticoids,Indigestion,Inflammatory bowel disease, congenital hepatic porphyria, duodenal ulcers, Food allergies, gastroesophageal reflux disease, glenard syndrome, gluten allergy, heartburn, indigestion, inflammatory bowel disease, peptic ulcer disease, reflux esophagitis, seafood allergy
Genetic Acute intermittent porphyria, congenital hepatic porphyria,Down's syndrome associated alzheimer's disease, down's syndrome associated alzheimer's disease, huntington's disease, inborn amino acid metabolism disorder, Neuromuscular disorders including painful peripheral neuropathies, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy type 1, perry syndrome, phenol sulfotransferase deficiency, pick's disease, prion fatal familial insomnia, variegate porphyria, wiskott-aldrich syndrome, x-linked angelman-like syndrome
Hematologic Aplastic anemia, iron-deficiency anemia, mycosis fungoides,familial, wiskott-aldrich syndrome
Iatrogenic no underlying causes
Infectious Disease Acquired immunodeficiency syndromes, ascariasis , creutzfeldt-jakob disease, Duodenal ulcers, east african trypanosomiasis, Epstein barr virus related fibromyalgias, Lyme disease, peptic ulcer disease, trigeminal neuralgia, west african trypanosomiasis, worms, urinary tract infection
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Arthritis,Restless legs syndrome, fibromyalgia, Epstein barr virus related fibromyalgias,leg cramps, tension myositis related fibromyalgias
Neurologic Acute mountain sickness, allergic tension-fatigue syndrome, alzheimer disease, brain injury, brain tumor, chronic pain, central sleep apnea, cerebral hemispheric and brainstem strokes, cluster headache,brain concussion, creutzfeldt-jakob disease, diaphragmatic paralysis, epstein barr virus related fibromyalgias, fatal familial insomnia, glut-1 deficiency syndrome, headache syndromes, huntington's disease, inborn amino acid metabolism disorder, irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder, jet lag, mild traumatic brain injury, movement disorders, neuromuscular disorders including painful peripheral neuropathies, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy type 1,glucose transport defect, nocturnal myoclonus, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, pain, parkinson's disease, perry syndrome, pick's disease,respiratory muscle paralysis, pickwickian syndrome, prion fatal familial insomnia, restless leg syndrome,seizures, right parietal lobe syndrome, rolandic epilepsy, sleep apnea, sleep paralysis, sopite syndrome, traumatic brain injury causing post-traumatic insomnia, trigeminal neuralgia, ulcer pain, wernicke-korsakoff syndrome, x-linked angelman-like syndrome,
Nutritional/Metabolic aldehyde syndrome, alzheimer disease, amaranth, aniseed, Annatto, antioxidants, bell pepper, bha, bht, calcium deficiency, carageenan gum, carmine, chestnut, cinnamon, dementia, fennel, folic acid toxicity, glut-1 deficiency syndrome, guar gum, gum acacia, hops, iron deficiency anemia, lecithin, lentil, lettuce, milk, msg, mussel,niacin, parkinson's disease, phenol sulfotransferase deficiency, pyridoxine deficiency, quorn, thiamine deficiency, thyme, vitamin B12 deficiency, wernicke-korsakoff syndrome, wheat, xanthan gum, zucchini
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Brain tumor, cancer, mycosis fungoides, familial, pineal teratoma, pinealoma, pituitary tumors
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity Acrodynia, alcoholism, amphetamine intoxication, chronic amphetamine use, chronic vitamin a toxicity, excessive caffeine, folic acid toxicity, ginseng overuse, guarana overuse, vitamin b1 toxicity, Marie-seé syndrome
Psychiatric Advanced sleep-wake phase disorder, alzheimer disease, amphetamine abuse, chronic amphetamine use, pain killer addiction, anger, anxiety disorder, fear of not sleeping, barbiturate abuse, benzodiazepine abuse, bipolar affective disorder, disturbing thoughts, teeth grinding, burnout syndrome, butorphanol, allergic tension-fatigue syndrome, chronic pain, chronic stress, irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder, cluster headache, cocaine abuse, combat stress reaction, crack addiction, crystal meth addiction, delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, dementia, primary affective disorder, dyssomnia, double depression, alcohol-induced pseudo-cushing syndrome, exhilaration or excitement, prion fatal familial insomnia, generalized anxiety disorder, grief, heroin dependence, increased arousal, illness, jet lag, lsd addiction, lysergic acid diethylamide, mania, ecstasy abuse, mood disorder, narcolepsy, daytime napping, narcotic addiction, night eating syndrome,nightmares, nocturia, nocturnal myoclonus, opioid addiction, overeating, oxycontin addiction, nocturnal panic disorder, parasomnias, parkinson's disease, pick's disease, post-traumatic stress, postpartum depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorders, primary insomnia, psychiatric disorders, abuse dwarfism syndrome, rape trauma syndromes, rem-behavior disorder, rett's syndromes, schizophrenia, holiday depression, sedative dependence, sleeping pill addiction, tranquilizer addiction, tranquilizer withdrawal, not enough exercise, endogenous insomnia, shift work, chronic sleep restriction, sleep disorder, situational/acute insomnia, chronic insomnia disorder, somnambulism, stress, substance abuse, tension myositis related fibromyalgias, discontinuation syndrome, perry syndrome
Pulmonary Acute mountain sickness,breathing-related sleep disorder, nocturnal asthma, diaphragmatic paralysis,

asbestosis, bronchial asthma including nocturnal asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, shortness of breath, nocturnal asthma, pickwickian syndrome, respiratory muscle paralysis, silo unloader syndrome, sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea

Renal/Electrolyte Calcium deficiency, chronic renal disease, kidney disease, renal failure, SLE related fibromyalgias, uremia
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Autoimmune thyroid diseases, Epstein barr virus related fibromyalgias,Inflammatory bowel disease, Bronchial asthma including nocturnal asthma, chronic insomnia disorder, fibromyalgias, buerger's disease, allergic tension-fatigue syndrome, environmental allergen related eczema, eyelid eczema, seafood allergy, graves disease, autoimmune thyroid diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis related fibromyalgias, SLE related fibromyalgias, resistance to thyroid stimulating hormone, gluten allergy, wiskott-aldrich syndrome
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Brain concussion, mild traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress, postconcussive syndrome, traumatic brain injury causing post-traumatic insomnia, whiplashs
Urologic enlarged prostate, Bladder distention, enlarged bladder, Enlarged prostate, uremia, cystitis , prostatitis, urinary tract infection
Miscellaneous Ageing, Chronic pain, Chronic stress, dyssomnia, hunger, illness, injury, pregnancy

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Causes of Insomnia Based On Severity

Acute

  • Environment changes
  • Extremes of temperature
  • Illness
  • Injury
  • Light
  • Noise
  • Poor bed
  • Situational stress

Chronic

References

  1. ↑ Arroll B, Fernando A, Falloon K, Goodyear-Smith F, Samaranayake C, Warman G (2012). "Prevalence of causes of insomnia in primary care: a cross-sectional study". Br J Gen Pract. 62 (595): e99–103. doi:10.3399/bjgp12X625157. PMC 3268500. PMID 22520782.
  2. ↑ Maggi S, Langlois JA, Minicuci N, Grigoletto F, Pavan M, Foley DJ; et al. (1998). "Sleep complaints in community-dwelling older persons: prevalence, associated factors, and reported causes". J Am Geriatr Soc. 46 (2): 161–8. PMID 9475443.
  3. ↑ Ford DE, Kamerow DB (1989). "Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention?". JAMA. 262 (11): 1479–84. PMID 2769898.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Sutton EL (March 2021). "Insomnia". Ann Intern Med. 174 (3): ITC33–ITC48. doi:10.7326/AITC202103160. PMID 33683929 Check |pmid= value (help).
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