Mental retardation risk factors: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
The risk factors for intellectual disability are divided into three categories which are pre-natal, perinatal, and post-natal risk factors.
 
OR
 
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
 
OR
 
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
 
OR
 
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
[[Prenatal]] causes <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref>
 
OR


The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
#[[Genetic]] [[syndromes]]
#[[Inborn errors of metabolism]]
#[[Brain malformations]]
#[[Maternal disease]]
#[[Environmental]] factors such as the [[history]] of [[alcoholism]], [[teratogens]], and other [[drugs]]


OR
[[Perinatal]] [[causes]] include events during [[labor]] and [[delivery]] that ultimately lead to [[ischemic injury]] to [[neonates']] [[brains]]. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref>


Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
[[Postnatal]] causes <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref>
===Common Risk Factors===
*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
**[Risk factor 1]
**[Risk factor 2]
**[Risk factor 3]


===Less Common Risk Factors===
#[[Hypoxic-ischemic injury]]
*Less common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
#[[Traumatic brain injury]]
**[Risk factor 1]
#[[Infections]]
**[Risk factor 2]
#[[Demyelinating]] [[disorders]]
**[Risk factor 3]
#[[Infantile spasms]]
#[[Severe]] and [[chronic social deprivation]]
#[[Heavy metal poisoning]]
#[[Toxic metabolic syndromes]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 01:58, 20 July 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chelsea Mae Nobleza, M.D.[2] Kiran Singh, M.D. [3]

Overview

The risk factors for intellectual disability are divided into three categories which are pre-natal, perinatal, and post-natal risk factors.

Risk Factors

Prenatal causes [1]

  1. Genetic syndromes
  2. Inborn errors of metabolism
  3. Brain malformations
  4. Maternal disease
  5. Environmental factors such as the history of alcoholism, teratogens, and other drugs

Perinatal causes include events during labor and delivery that ultimately lead to ischemic injury to neonates' brains. [2]

Postnatal causes [3]

  1. Hypoxic-ischemic injury
  2. Traumatic brain injury
  3. Infections
  4. Demyelinating disorders
  5. Infantile spasms
  6. Severe and chronic social deprivation
  7. Heavy metal poisoning
  8. Toxic metabolic syndromes

References

  1. ↑ "Neurodevelopmental Disorders". 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01.
  2. ↑ "Neurodevelopmental Disorders". 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01.
  3. ↑ "Neurodevelopmental Disorders". 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01.

Overview

Risk factors for mental retardation include genetic syndromes, hypoxic ischemic injury, and seizure disorders among others.[1]

Risk Factors

  • Genetic syndromes (e.g., sequence variations or copy number variants involving one or more genes; chromosomal disorders)
  • Inborn errors of metabolism
  • Brain malformations
  • Maternal disease (including placental disease)
  • Environmental influences (e.g., alcohol, other drugs, toxins, teratogens)
  • Variety of labor and delivery-related events leading toneonatal encephalopathy
  • Hypoxic ischemic injury
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Infections
  • Demyelinating disorders
  • Seizure disorders (e.g., infantile spasms)
  • Severe and chronic social deprivation
  • Toxic metabolic syndromes and intoxications(e.g., lead, mercury)[2]

References

  1. ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.
  2. ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.

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