Urethritis diagnostic study of choice: Difference between revisions
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==Diagnostic Study of Choice== | ==Diagnostic Study of Choice== | ||
Urethritis is primarily [[diagnosed]] based on [[symptoms]], [[signs]] of [[urethral]] [[inflammation]] and [[microscopic]] findings. | Urethritis is primarily [[diagnosed]] based on [[symptoms]], [[signs]] of [[urethral]] [[inflammation]] and [[microscopic]] findings.<ref name="pmid67816">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacobs NF, Kraus SJ |title=Gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis in men. Clinical and laboratory differentiation |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=7–12 |year=1975 |pmid=67816 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Bennett |first = John |title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases |publisher = Elsevier/Saunders |location = Philadelphia, PA |year = 2015 |isbn=9781455748013}}</ref><ref name="pmid26042815">{{cite journal |vauthors=Workowski KA, Bolan GA |title=Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015 |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=64 |issue=RR-03 |pages=1–137 |year=2015 |pmid=26042815 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Symptoms include [[dysuria]], [[urethral pruritus]], burning | *Symptoms include [[dysuria]], [[urethral pruritus]], burning | ||
*[[Signs]] of [[urethral]] [[inflammation]] include urethral discharge, which can be mucoid, mucopurulent, or purulent. | *[[Signs]] of [[urethral]] [[inflammation]] include urethral discharge, which can be mucoid, mucopurulent, or purulent. | ||
*[[Microscopic]] findings | *[[Microscopic]] findings on [[gram stain]] include: | ||
**Gonorrheal urethritis include, identification of [[gram-negative]] [[intracellular]] [[diplococci]] ([[GNID]]) or purple [[intracellular]] [[diplococci]] on [[methylene blue]], or [[gentian violet]] stain. Presence of Invaded [[epithelial cells]], [[vacuoles]] that contain multiple [[organisms]] and >2 [[WBC]] per oil immersion field. | **Gonorrheal urethritis include, identification of [[gram-negative]] [[intracellular]] [[diplococci]] ([[GNID]]) or purple [[intracellular]] [[diplococci]] on [[methylene blue]], or [[gentian violet]] stain. Presence of Invaded [[epithelial cells]], [[vacuoles]] that contain multiple [[organisms]] and >2 [[WBC]] per oil immersion field. | ||
**Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is microscopically characterized by [[signs]] of [[inflammation]] with absence of [[gram-negative]] [[intracellular]] [[diplococci]]. | **Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is microscopically characterized by [[signs]] of [[inflammation]] with absence of [[gram-negative]] [[intracellular]] [[diplococci]]. | ||
*If [[symptoms]] are present but no evidence of [[urethral]] [[inflammation]] is present, [[Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests]] (NAATs) for [[C. trachomatis]] and [[N. gonorrhoeae]] might identify [[infections]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 15:49, 27 August 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zehra Malik, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Urethritis is primarily diagnosed based on symptoms, signs of urethral inflammation and microscopic findings. Symptoms may comprise of dysuria, urethral pruritus, burning, Signs of urethral inflammation include urethral discharge, which can be mucoid, mucopurulent, or purulent. Microscopic findings in gonorrheal urethritis include, identification of gram-negative intracellular diplococci (GNID) or purple intracellular diplococci on methylene blue, or gentian violet stain. Presence of Invaded epithelial cells, vacuoles that contain multiple organisms and >2 WBC per oil immersion field. Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is microscopically characterized by signs of inflammation with absence of gram-negative intracellular diplococci.
Diagnostic Study of Choice
Urethritis is primarily diagnosed based on symptoms, signs of urethral inflammation and microscopic findings.[1][2][3]
- Symptoms include dysuria, urethral pruritus, burning
- Signs of urethral inflammation include urethral discharge, which can be mucoid, mucopurulent, or purulent.
- Microscopic findings on gram stain include:
- Gonorrheal urethritis include, identification of gram-negative intracellular diplococci (GNID) or purple intracellular diplococci on methylene blue, or gentian violet stain. Presence of Invaded epithelial cells, vacuoles that contain multiple organisms and >2 WBC per oil immersion field.
- Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is microscopically characterized by signs of inflammation with absence of gram-negative intracellular diplococci.
- If symptoms are present but no evidence of urethral inflammation is present, Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae might identify infections.
References
- ↑ Jacobs NF, Kraus SJ (1975). "Gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis in men. Clinical and laboratory differentiation". Ann. Intern. Med. 82 (1): 7–12. PMID 67816.
- ↑ Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 9781455748013.
- ↑ Workowski KA, Bolan GA (2015). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015". MMWR Recomm Rep. 64 (RR-03): 1–137. PMID 26042815.