Atrial fibrillation primary prevention: Difference between revisions

	Atrial Fibrillation Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Atrial Fibrillation from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Special Groups Postoperative AF Acute Myocardial Infarction Wolff-Parkinson-White Preexcitation Syndrome Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Hyperthyroidism Pulmonary Diseases Pregnancy ACS and/or PCI or valve intervention Heart failure
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram EKG Examples A-Fib with LBBB
Chest X Ray
Echocardiography
Holter Monitoring and Exercise Stress Testing
Cardiac MRI
Treatment
Rate and Rhythm Control
Cardioversion Overview Electrical Cardioversion Pharmacological Cardioversion
Anticoagulation Overview Warfarin Converting from or to Warfarin Converting from or to Parenteral Anticoagulants Dabigatran
Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm
Surgery Catheter Ablation AV Nodal Ablation Surgical Ablation Cardiac Surgery
Specific Patient Groups
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Supportive Trial Data
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Case Studies
Case #1
Atrial fibrillation primary prevention On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Atrial fibrillation primary prevention
CDC on Atrial fibrillation primary prevention
Atrial fibrillation primary prevention in the news
Blogs on Atrial fibrillation primary prevention
Directions to Hospitals Treating Atrial fibrillation primary prevention
Risk calculators and risk factors for Atrial fibrillation primary prevention

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 03:26, 14 December 2022

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[2] Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3] Laith Adnan Allaham, M.D.[4]

Overview

Although no certain primary prevention has been introduced for atrial fibrillation (AF), some medications may prevent the atrial fibrillation development in specific patients. Amiodarone, a beta blocker, or a Calcium-channel blocker may be helpful to prevent atrial fibrillation in patients who undergone cardiac surgery. Moreover, treatment with ACE inhibitor or ARB may lower the chance of atrial fibrillation development in hypertensive patients.

Atrial Fibrillation Primary Prevention

Preventing Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation

One of the following could be offered to prevent atrial fibrillation development in patients who have been undergone cardiac surgery:^[1]
- Amiodarone
- Beta blocker (a standard beta blocker is suggested)
- Calcium-channel blockers such as diltiazem or verapamil
In patients who have been undergone cardiac surgery and were on a beta blocker before the surgery, continuing the treatment in the absence of any complications (such as postoperative bradycardia or hypotension) is recommended.
Offering digoxin in patients who have been undergone cardiac surgery in order to prevent atrial fibrillation should be avoided.^[1]
Do not use statins for the purpose of atrial fibrillation prevention in patients who have been undergone cardiac surgery. Nevertheless continuing statins in patients who had been on statins before the surgery is recommended.^[1]
Treatment with ACE inhibitor or ARB may lower the chance of atrial fibrillation development in hypertensive patients.^[2]

2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society^[3]

Recommendation for Weight Loss in Patients with AF Referenced studies that support the new recommendation are summarized in Online Data Supplement 10

Class I
1. For overweight and obese patients with AF, weight loss, combined with risk factor modification, is recommended.S7.13-1–S7.13-3NEW: New data demonstrate the beneficial effects of weight loss and risk factor modification on controlling AF(Level of Evidence: B-R)

2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)^[2]

Rhythm Control

Pharmacological Agents for Preventing AF and Maintaining Sinus Rhythm

Upstream Therapy

Class III: No Benefit
"1. Therapy with an ACE inhibitor, ARB, or statin is not beneficial for primary prevention of AF in patients without cardiovascular disease. (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIa
"1. An ACE inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) is reasonable for primary prevention of new-onset AF in patients with HF with reduced LVEF. (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIb
"1. Therapy with an ACE inhibitor or ARB may be considered for primary prevention of new-onset AF in the setting of hypertension. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"2. Statin therapy may be reasonable for primary prevention of new-onset AF after coronary artery surgery. (Level of Evidence: A)"

Sources

2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation^[2]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Perry M, Kemmis Betty S, Downes N, Andrews N, Mackenzie S, Guideline Committee (2021). "Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management-summary of NICE guidance". BMJ. 373: n1150. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1150. PMID 34020968 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 January, C. T.; Wann, L. S.; Alpert, J. S.; Calkins, H.; Cleveland, J. C.; Cigarroa, J. E.; Conti, J. B.; Ellinor, P. T.; Ezekowitz, M. D.; Field, M. E.; Murray, K. T.; Sacco, R. L.; Stevenson, W. G.; Tchou, P. J.; Tracy, C. M.; Yancy, C. W. (2014). "2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041. ISSN 0009-7322.
↑ January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, Chen LY, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC; et al. (2019). "2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society in Collaboration With the Society of Thoracic Surgeons". Circulation. 140 (2): e125–e151. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000665. PMID 30686041.

Template:WikiDoc Sources CME Category::Cardiology

[pmid34020968-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Perry M, Kemmis Betty S, Downes N, Andrews N, Mackenzie S, Guideline Committee (2021). "Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management-summary of NICE guidance". BMJ. 373: n1150. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1150. PMID 34020968 Check |pmid= value (help).

[JanuaryWann2014-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 January, C. T.; Wann, L. S.; Alpert, J. S.; Calkins, H.; Cleveland, J. C.; Cigarroa, J. E.; Conti, J. B.; Ellinor, P. T.; Ezekowitz, M. D.; Field, M. E.; Murray, K. T.; Sacco, R. L.; Stevenson, W. G.; Tchou, P. J.; Tracy, C. M.; Yancy, C. W. (2014). "2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041. ISSN 0009-7322.

[pmid30686041-3] January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, Chen LY, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC; et al. (2019). "2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society in Collaboration With the Society of Thoracic Surgeons". Circulation. 140 (2): e125–e151. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000665. PMID 30686041.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 |}
 {{Atrial fibrillation}}
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Anahita}} {{CZ}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Anahita}} {{CZ}} {{Laith}}
 ==Overview==
+Although no certain [[Prevention (medical)|primary prevention]] has been introduced for [[atrial fibrillation]] ([[AF]]), some [[medications]] may prevent the [[atrial fibrillation]] development in specific [[patients]]. [[Amiodarone]], a [[beta blocker]], or a [[Calcium-channel blocker]] may be helpful to prevent [[atrial fibrillation]] in [[patients]] who undergone [[heart|cardiac]] [[surgery]]. Moreover, [[treatment]] with [[ACE inhibitor]] or [[ARB]] may lower the chance of [[atrial fibrillation]] development in [[hypertension|hypertensive]] [[patients]].
 ==Atrial Fibrillation Primary Prevention==
 ===Preventing Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation ===
-*Offer on of the following in order to prevent [[atrial fibrillation]] development in [[patients]] who have been undergone [[heart|cardiac]] [[surgery]]:<ref name="pmid34020968">{{cite journal| author=Perry M, Kemmis Betty S, Downes N, Andrews N, Mackenzie S, Guideline Committee| title=Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management-summary of NICE guidance. | journal=BMJ | year= 2021 | volume= 373 | issue=  | pages= n1150 | pmid=34020968 | doi=10.1136/bmj.n1150 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34020968  }} </ref>
+*One of the following could be offered to [[Prevention (medical)|prevent]] [[atrial fibrillation]] development in [[patients]] who have been undergone [[heart|cardiac]] [[surgery]]:<ref name="pmid34020968">{{cite journal| author=Perry M, Kemmis Betty S, Downes N, Andrews N, Mackenzie S, Guideline Committee| title=Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management-summary of NICE guidance. | journal=BMJ | year= 2021 | volume= 373 | issue=  | pages= n1150 | pmid=34020968 | doi=10.1136/bmj.n1150 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34020968  }} </ref>
 **[[Amiodarone]]
 **[[Beta blocker]] (a standard [[beta blocker]] is suggested)
 **[[Calcium-channel blockers]] such as [[diltiazem]] or [[verapamil]]
-*In [[patients]] who have been undergone [[heart|cardiac]] [[surgery]] and were on a [[beta blocker]] before the [[surgery]], continue the [[treatment]] in the absence of any [[complications]] (such as [[surgery|postoperative]] [[bradycardia]] or [[hypotension]]).
+*In [[patients]] who have been undergone [[heart|cardiac]] [[surgery]] and were on a [[beta blocker]] before the [[surgery]], continuing the [[treatment]] in the absence of any [[complications]] (such as [[surgery|postoperative]] [[bradycardia]] or [[hypotension]]) is recommended.
-*Avoid offering [[digoxin]] in [[patients]] who have been undergone [[heart|cardiac]] [[surgery]] in order to prevent [[atrial fibrillation]].<ref name="pmid34020968">{{cite journal| author=Perry M, Kemmis Betty S, Downes N, Andrews N, Mackenzie S, Guideline Committee| title=Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management-summary of NICE guidance. | journal=BMJ | year= 2021 | volume= 373 | issue=  | pages= n1150 | pmid=34020968 | doi=10.1136/bmj.n1150 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34020968  }} </ref>
+*Offering [[digoxin]] in [[patients]] who have been undergone [[heart|cardiac]] [[surgery]] in order to prevent [[atrial fibrillation]] should be avoided.<ref name="pmid34020968">{{cite journal| author=Perry M, Kemmis Betty S, Downes N, Andrews N, Mackenzie S, Guideline Committee| title=Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management-summary of NICE guidance. | journal=BMJ | year= 2021 | volume= 373 | issue=  | pages= n1150 | pmid=34020968 | doi=10.1136/bmj.n1150 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34020968  }} </ref>
+*Do not use [[statins]] for the purpose of [[atrial fibrillation]] [[Prevention (medical)|prevention]] in [[patients]] who have been undergone [[heart|cardiac]] [[surgery]]. Nevertheless continuing [[statins]] in [[patients]] who had been on [[statins]] before the [[surgery]] is recommended.<ref name="pmid34020968">{{cite journal| author=Perry M, Kemmis Betty S, Downes N, Andrews N, Mackenzie S, Guideline Committee| title=Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management-summary of NICE guidance. | journal=BMJ | year= 2021 | volume= 373 | issue=  | pages= n1150 | pmid=34020968 | doi=10.1136/bmj.n1150 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34020968  }} </ref>
+*[[Treatment]] with [[ACE inhibitor]] or [[ARB]] may lower the chance of [[atrial fibrillation]] development in [[hypertension|hypertensive]] [[patients]].<ref name="JanuaryWann2014">{{cite journal|last1=January|first1=C. T.|last2=Wann|first2=L. S.|last3=Alpert|first3=J. S.|last4=Calkins|first4=H.|last5=Cleveland|first5=J. C.|last6=Cigarroa|first6=J. E.|last7=Conti|first7=J. B.|last8=Ellinor|first8=P. T.|last9=Ezekowitz|first9=M. D.|last10=Field|first10=M. E.|last11=Murray|first11=K. T.|last12=Sacco|first12=R. L.|last13=Stevenson|first13=W. G.|last14=Tchou|first14=P. J.|last15=Tracy|first15=C. M.|last16=Yancy|first16=C. W.|title=2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society|journal=Circulation|year=2014|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041}}</ref>
+== 2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society<ref name="pmid30686041">{{cite journal| author=January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, Chen LY, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC | display-authors=etal| title=2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society in Collaboration With the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=Circulation | year= 2019 | volume= 140 | issue= 2 | pages= e125-e151 | pmid=30686041 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000665 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30686041  }}</ref> ==
+=== Recommendation for Weight Loss in Patients with AF Referenced studies that support the new recommendation are summarized in Online Data Supplement 10 ===
+{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%;"
+|-
+| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen" |[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
+|-
+| bgcolor="LightGreen" |1.   For overweight and obese patients with AF, weight loss, combined with risk factor modification, is recommended.S7.13-1–S7.13-3NEW: New data demonstrate the beneficial effects of weight loss and risk factor modification on controlling AF''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])''
+|}
 ==2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="JanuaryWann2014">{{cite journal|last1=January|first1=C. T.|last2=Wann|first2=L. S.|last3=Alpert|first3=J. S.|last4=Calkins|first4=H.|last5=Cleveland|first5=J. C.|last6=Cigarroa|first6=J. E.|last7=Conti|first7=J. B.|last8=Ellinor|first8=P. T.|last9=Ezekowitz|first9=M. D.|last10=Field|first10=M. E.|last11=Murray|first11=K. T.|last12=Sacco|first12=R. L.|last13=Stevenson|first13=W. G.|last14=Tchou|first14=P. J.|last15=Tracy|first15=C. M.|last16=Yancy|first16=C. W.|title=2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society|journal=Circulation|year=2014|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041}}</ref>==

v t e Electrocardiography
Overview	History of the EKG • EKG interpretation basics • Normal sinus rhythm
EKG Complexes	P wave • QRS complex • ST Segment • T wave • T wave alternans • Tombstone T wave • U wave Osborn wave • H wave • K wave • Delta wave NSSTW changes
EKG Intervals	PR Interval • QRS Interval • ST Interval • QT Interval
Conduction System & Bradycardia	Cardiac pacemaker • SA node • AV node• Bundle of His • Purkinje fibers • Sinus bradycardia • First Degree AV Block • Second Degree AV Block • Complete or Third-Degree AV Block • Concealed conduction • AV Junctional Rhythms • LBBB • LAHB • LPHB • RBBB • Trifascicular block
Atrial Arrhythmias	Sinus tachycardia • Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs) • Ectopic Atrial Rhythm • Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) • Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) with Block • Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) • Atrial Flutter • Atrial Fibrillation • Wandering atrial pacemaker
Ventricular Arrhythmias	Differential Diagnosis of Tachycardia with a Wide QRS Complex • Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm • Ventricular Parasystole • Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) • Ventricular tachycardia • Ventricular Fibrillation • Sudden cardiac death
EKG Abnormalities in Disease States	Hypertrophy & Dilatation • Right atrial enlargement • Left atrial enlargement • Biatrial enlargement • Left Ventricular Hypertrophy • Right Ventricular Hypertrophy • Biventricular Hypertrophy • Acute myocardial infarction • NSTEMI • STEMI • Tombstone ST elevation • Right ventricular myocardial infarction • Atrial infarction Pre-excitation Syndromes • Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome • Lown Ganong Levine Syndrome • Mahaim Type Preexcitation Cardiomyopathies • Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia • Dilated Cardiomyopathy • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Drug Effects on the EKG • Adenosine • β-blockers • Digitalis • Quinidine • Procainamide • Disopyramide • Lidocaine • Tocainide and Mexiletine • Phenytoin • Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone • Amiodarone • Bretylium • Ca Channel Blockers • Phenothiazines • Tricyclic Antidepressants • Lithium Congenital Heart Disease • Dextrocardia • Atrial Septal Defect • Ventricular Septal Defect • Tetralogy of Fallot • Conjoined Twins or Siamese Twins • Congenital heart block Electrolyte Disturbances • Hyperkalemia • Hypokalemia • Hypercalcemia • Hypocalcemia • Nonspecific Changes Other Heart Diseases • Pericarditis • Myocarditis • Tamponade • Heart Transplantation • Sick Sinus Syndrome • Long QT Syndrome Inherited Disease • Brugada Syndrome Systemic Diseases • CNS Disease • Cardiac Tumors Heart Transplantation • EKG Changes in patient with Heart Transplantation Exogenous Effects • Hypothermia • Chest Trauma • Insect Bites • Electric Injuries
Technical Issues and Potential Errors in Interpretation	Artifacts • Lead Placement Errors • The EKG in a Patient with a Pacemaker • EKG in athletes


Atrial Fibrillation Microchapters
Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Atrial Fibrillation from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Special Groups Postoperative AF Acute Myocardial Infarction Wolff-Parkinson-White Preexcitation Syndrome Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Hyperthyroidism Pulmonary Diseases Pregnancy ACS and/or PCI or valve intervention Heart failure

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram EKG Examples A-Fib with LBBB

Chest X Ray

Echocardiography

Holter Monitoring and Exercise Stress Testing

Cardiac MRI

Treatment

Rate and Rhythm Control

Cardioversion Overview Electrical Cardioversion Pharmacological Cardioversion

Anticoagulation Overview Warfarin Converting from or to Warfarin Converting from or to Parenteral Anticoagulants Dabigatran

Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm

Surgery Catheter Ablation AV Nodal Ablation Surgical Ablation Cardiac Surgery
Specific Patient Groups

Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention

Supportive Trial Data

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Case Studies

Case #1

Atrial fibrillation primary prevention On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Atrial fibrillation primary prevention

CDC on Atrial fibrillation primary prevention

Atrial fibrillation primary prevention in the news

Blogs on Atrial fibrillation primary prevention

Directions to Hospitals Treating Atrial fibrillation primary prevention

Risk calculators and risk factors for Atrial fibrillation primary prevention

Atrial fibrillation primary prevention: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 03:26, 14 December 2022

Overview

Atrial Fibrillation Primary Prevention

Preventing Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation

2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society[3]

Recommendation for Weight Loss in Patients with AF Referenced studies that support the new recommendation are summarized in Online Data Supplement 10

2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)[2]

Rhythm Control

Pharmacological Agents for Preventing AF and Maintaining Sinus Rhythm

Upstream Therapy

Sources

References

Navigation menu

2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society^[3]

2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)^[2]