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Jose Loyola (talk | contribs) (/* Chest pain suggestive of cardiac ischemia as the underlying cause: {{cite journal| author=Yelland M, Cayley WE, Vach W| title=An algorithm for the diagnosis and management of chest pain in primary care. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 2010 | volume= 94 | issue= 2 | pages= 349-74 | pmid=20380960 | doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2010.01.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20380960 }}{{cite journal| a...) |
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The | The patient's history must be thoroughly investigated to exclude the life-threatening causes of [[chest pain]], such as the [[cardiovascular]] ones: [[acute coronary syndrome]], [[aortic dissection]], [[pulmonary embolism]] but also the non-cardiac such as [[tension pneumothorax]] and [[esophageal rupture]]. [[Chest pain]] in [[myocardial ischemia]] presented as deep, difficult to localization, and diffuse. Point tenderness is less likely to be [[symptom]] of [[myocardial ischemia]]. [[Chest pain]] characterized by [[duration]], [[provoking factors]], [[relieving factors]], [[age]], [[cardiac risk factors]]. [[Patient]] [[history]] is the most important basis of defining [[myocardial ischemia]]. Because of complexity of [[cardiac symptoms]] and variable expression of [[chest pain]], [[ischemic chest pain]] may be present as non-[[cardiac]] [[chest pain]].[[Characteristic]] of [[chest pain]] with high likelihood of [[myocardial ischemia]] including: central, [[pressure]], [[squeezing]], [[gripping]], [[heaviness]], [[tighness]], [[exertional]], [[stress related]], [[retrosternal]], [[left-sided]], [[dull]], [[aching]], [[Characteristic]] of [[chest pain]] with less likelihood of [[myocardial ischemia]] include [[right-sided]], [[tearing]], [[ripping]], [[burning]], [[sharp]], [[fleeting]], [[shifting]], [[pleuritic]], [[positional]]. | ||
==History | ==History == | ||
The patient's history must be thoroughly investigated to exclude the life-threatening causes of [[chest pain]], such as the cardiovascular ones: [[acute coronary syndrome]], [[aortic dissection]], [[pulmonary embolism]] but also the non-cardiac such as [[tension pneumothorax]] and [[esophageal rupture]]. | The patient's history must be thoroughly investigated to exclude the life-threatening causes of [[chest pain]], such as the cardiovascular ones: [[acute coronary syndrome]], [[aortic dissection]], [[pulmonary embolism]] but also the non-cardiac such as [[tension pneumothorax]] and [[esophageal rupture]]. | ||
* [[Chest pain]] in [[myocardial ischemia]] presented as deep, difficult to localization, and diffuse. | |||
* Point tenderness is less likely to be [[symptom]] of [[myocardial ischemia]]. | |||
* [[Chest pain]] characterized by [[duration]], [[provoking factors]], [[relieving factors]], [[age]], [[cardiac risk factors]]. | |||
* [[Patient]] [[history]] is the most important basis of defining [[myocardial ischemia]]. | |||
* Because of complexity of [[cardiac symptoms]] and variable expression of [[chest pain]], [[ischemic chest pain]] may be present as non-[[cardiac]] [[chest pain]]. | |||
* [[Characteristic]] of [[chest pain]] with high likelihood of [[myocardial ischemia]] including: | |||
*::Central | |||
*::[[Pressure]] | |||
*::[[Squeezing]] | |||
*::[[Gripping]] | |||
*::[[Heaviness]] | |||
*::[[Tighness]] | |||
*::[[Exertional]] | |||
*::[[Stress related]] | |||
*::[[Retrosternal]] | |||
*::[[Left-sided]] | |||
*::[[Dull]] | |||
*::[[Aching]] | |||
* [[Characteristic]] of [[chest pain]] with less likelihood of [[myocardial ischemia]] including: | |||
*::[[Right-sided]] | |||
*::[[Tearing]] | |||
*::[[Ripping]] | |||
*::[[Burning]] | |||
*::[[Sharp]] | |||
*::[[Fleeting]] | |||
*::[[Shifting]] | |||
*::[[Pleuritic]] | |||
*::[[Positional]] | |||
*Be mindful that women and patients with [[diabetes mellitus]] may present with the other symptoms rather than [[chest pain]]. | |||
*The [[discomfort]] caused by [[cardiac ischemia]] is usually deep, sometimes vaguely described, and hard to pinpoint, being characteristically diffuse. | |||
*Aspects such as duration, location, triggers, worsening and [[relieving factors]], radiation are also very valuable on establishing if [[chest pain]] is suggestive of a [[cardiac]] or [[cardiovascular]] cause. Pain that is suggestive of [[acute coronary syndrome]] is usually retrosternal, triggered by emotional or physical distress or at rest, becomes progressively more intense in a few minutes and is worsened by [[exercise]]. It is relieved by resting or with the use of [[nitrates]], it radiates to the left [[shoulder]], [[arm]] or [[neck]], but it may indeed radiate to basically any location between the [[jaw]] and the [[umbilicus]]. It often is accompanied by [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[sweating]], [[paleness]], [[dyspnea]] and [[lightheadedness]]. | |||
====Special considerations for specific groups==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| Colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]] | |||
|- | |||
| Bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1''' In [[patients]]> 75 years old and [[chest pain]], [[ACS]] should be considered, especially when accompanied with other [[symptoms]] including [[shortness of breath]], [[syncope]], acute [[delirium]], [[unexplained fall]]'' ([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence C]])<nowiki>"</nowiki>'' | |||
|- | |||
| Colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]] | |||
|- | |||
| Bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2''' In [[woman]] with [[chest pain]], the risk of undiagnostic [[cardiac]] etiology is more common and taking exact history about accompanying [[symptoms]] of [[ACS]] is recommended'' ([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence B]])<nowiki>"</nowiki>'' | |||
|} | |||
{| | |||
! colspan="2" style="background: PapayaWhip;" align="center" + |The above table adopted from 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE Guideline<ref name="pmid34709879">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, Blankstein R, Boyd J, Bullock-Palmer RP, Conejo T, Diercks DB, Gentile F, Greenwood JP, Hess EP, Hollenberg SM, Jaber WA, Jneid H, Joglar JA, Morrow DA, O'Connor RE, Ross MA, Shaw LJ |title=2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=144 |issue=22 |pages=e368–e454 |date=November 2021 |pmid=34709879 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001029 |url=}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
*In recent studies, women are more likely to present with associated symptoms than men, and those presenting with moderate-to-severe [[ischemia]] are more symptomatic than men. [[Chest pain]] is still the predominant symptom in women. | |||
*Considerations for older patients: older patients presenting with [[chest pain]] require a more extensive workup for alternative diagnoses associated with [[chest pain]], besides [[acute coronary syndromes]]. Increased age is a very important [[risk factor]] for [[comorbidities]] that predispose to other causes of [[chest pain]]. | |||
*Studies have showed that black patients are less likely to be treated urgently for [[chest pain]] and to be monitored than other groups. This also happens with [[hispanics]] and [[South Asians]], which leads to worse outcomes in both of these [[population]] subgroups. It is of utmost importance to take into consideration the patient's [[ethnicity]], [[race]] and sociocultural differences while assessing them. | |||
===Chest pain not characteristic of myocardial ischemia: <ref name="pmid203809602">{{cite journal| author=Yelland M, Cayley WE, Vach W| title=An algorithm for the diagnosis and management of chest pain in primary care. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 2010 | volume= 94 | issue= 2 | pages= 349-74 | pmid=20380960 | doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2010.01.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20380960 }}</ref>=== | ===Chest pain not characteristic of myocardial ischemia: <ref name="pmid203809602">{{cite journal| author=Yelland M, Cayley WE, Vach W| title=An algorithm for the diagnosis and management of chest pain in primary care. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 2010 | volume= 94 | issue= 2 | pages= 349-74 | pmid=20380960 | doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2010.01.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20380960 }}</ref>=== | ||
Latest revision as of 19:31, 8 March 2022
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aisha Adigun, B.Sc., M.D.[2], Nuha Al-Howthi, MD[3], José Eduardo Riceto Loyola Junior, M.D.[4]
Overview
The patient's history must be thoroughly investigated to exclude the life-threatening causes of chest pain, such as the cardiovascular ones: acute coronary syndrome, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism but also the non-cardiac such as tension pneumothorax and esophageal rupture. Chest pain in myocardial ischemia presented as deep, difficult to localization, and diffuse. Point tenderness is less likely to be symptom of myocardial ischemia. Chest pain characterized by duration, provoking factors, relieving factors, age, cardiac risk factors. Patient history is the most important basis of defining myocardial ischemia. Because of complexity of cardiac symptoms and variable expression of chest pain, ischemic chest pain may be present as non-cardiac chest pain.Characteristic of chest pain with high likelihood of myocardial ischemia including: central, pressure, squeezing, gripping, heaviness, tighness, exertional, stress related, retrosternal, left-sided, dull, aching, Characteristic of chest pain with less likelihood of myocardial ischemia include right-sided, tearing, ripping, burning, sharp, fleeting, shifting, pleuritic, positional.
History
The patient's history must be thoroughly investigated to exclude the life-threatening causes of chest pain, such as the cardiovascular ones: acute coronary syndrome, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism but also the non-cardiac such as tension pneumothorax and esophageal rupture.
- Chest pain in myocardial ischemia presented as deep, difficult to localization, and diffuse.
- Point tenderness is less likely to be symptom of myocardial ischemia.
- Chest pain characterized by duration, provoking factors, relieving factors, age, cardiac risk factors.
- Patient history is the most important basis of defining myocardial ischemia.
- Because of complexity of cardiac symptoms and variable expression of chest pain, ischemic chest pain may be present as non-cardiac chest pain.
- Characteristic of chest pain with high likelihood of myocardial ischemia including:
- Characteristic of chest pain with less likelihood of myocardial ischemia including:
- Be mindful that women and patients with diabetes mellitus may present with the other symptoms rather than chest pain.
- The discomfort caused by cardiac ischemia is usually deep, sometimes vaguely described, and hard to pinpoint, being characteristically diffuse.
- Aspects such as duration, location, triggers, worsening and relieving factors, radiation are also very valuable on establishing if chest pain is suggestive of a cardiac or cardiovascular cause. Pain that is suggestive of acute coronary syndrome is usually retrosternal, triggered by emotional or physical distress or at rest, becomes progressively more intense in a few minutes and is worsened by exercise. It is relieved by resting or with the use of nitrates, it radiates to the left shoulder, arm or neck, but it may indeed radiate to basically any location between the jaw and the umbilicus. It often is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, sweating, paleness, dyspnea and lightheadedness.
Special considerations for specific groups
| Class I | |
| "1 In patients> 75 years old and chest pain, ACS should be considered, especially when accompanied with other symptoms including shortness of breath, syncope, acute delirium, unexplained fall (Level of Evidence C)" | |
| Class I | |
| "2 In woman with chest pain, the risk of undiagnostic cardiac etiology is more common and taking exact history about accompanying symptoms of ACS is recommended (Level of Evidence B)" | |
| The above table adopted from 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE Guideline[1] |
|---|
- In recent studies, women are more likely to present with associated symptoms than men, and those presenting with moderate-to-severe ischemia are more symptomatic than men. Chest pain is still the predominant symptom in women.
- Considerations for older patients: older patients presenting with chest pain require a more extensive workup for alternative diagnoses associated with chest pain, besides acute coronary syndromes. Increased age is a very important risk factor for comorbidities that predispose to other causes of chest pain.
- Studies have showed that black patients are less likely to be treated urgently for chest pain and to be monitored than other groups. This also happens with hispanics and South Asians, which leads to worse outcomes in both of these population subgroups. It is of utmost importance to take into consideration the patient's ethnicity, race and sociocultural differences while assessing them.
Chest pain not characteristic of myocardial ischemia: [2]
- Muscular pain; reproduced with or brought on by shoulder and/or forearm movements or postural changes,
- Pleura related pain (pleuritic pain); a sharp or knife-like pain brought on by respiratory movements as deep breathing or cough
- Primary or sole location of discomfort in the middle or lower abdominal region
- Pain that may be localized at the tip of one finger, particularly over the left ventricular apex or a costochondral junction
- Pain reproduced with movement or palpation of the chest wall or arms
- Very brief episodes of pain that last a few seconds or less
- Pain that radiates into the lower extremities
The relief of chest pain by administration of sublingual nitroglycerin in an outpatient setting is not diagnostic of coronary artery disease. For instance, esophageal pain can be relieved by the administration of nitroglycerin. Likewise, the relief of chest pain by the administration of liquid or chewable antacids and anti-reflux drugs does not exclude coronary artery disease as the underlying etiology of the pain.
References
- ↑ Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, Blankstein R, Boyd J, Bullock-Palmer RP, Conejo T, Diercks DB, Gentile F, Greenwood JP, Hess EP, Hollenberg SM, Jaber WA, Jneid H, Joglar JA, Morrow DA, O'Connor RE, Ross MA, Shaw LJ (November 2021). "2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 144 (22): e368–e454. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001029. PMID 34709879 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Yelland M, Cayley WE, Vach W (2010). "An algorithm for the diagnosis and management of chest pain in primary care". Med Clin North Am. 94 (2): 349–74. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2010.01.011. PMID 20380960.