Eczema natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
(39 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 2: Line 2:
{{Eczema}}
{{Eczema}}
{{CMG}}, {{AE}} [[User:Edzelco|Edzel Lorraine Co, D.M.D., M.D.]]
{{CMG}}, {{AE}} [[User:Edzelco|Edzel Lorraine Co, D.M.D., M.D.]]


==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Bacterial]], [[viral]] and [[fungal]] [[infections]], as well as some [[psychological]] problems are some known [[complications]] of [[eczema]].  
[[Eczema]] has regarded as a [[medical]] condition with a natural history that occurs consistently. It is characterized as a [[disease]] with an early onset, mostly during the [[childhood]] period, and remits during the [[adolescence]] period.
 
If [[eczema]] is left untreated, it can lead to [[viral]], [[bacterial]] and [[fungal]] [[infections]]. [[Psychological]] problems could also arise brought about by constant itching.


==Eczema Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
==Eczema Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
*[[Bacterial]], [[viral]] and [[fungal]] [[infections]], as well as some [[psychological]] problems are some known [[complications]] of [[eczema]].
*Table 1 presents the associated [[comorbidities]] and [[complications]] of [[eczema]].
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 1px; width: " align="center" 1000px;"
| valign="top" |
|+<big>''' Table 1. [[Complications]] of [[Eczema]].'''
! align="center" style="background: #00CED1; width: 500px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|[[Complications]]}}
! align="center" style="background: #00CED1; width: 500px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Description}}
|-
|align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |[[Bacterial Infections]]
| align="left" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''<ref name="pmiddoi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.023.">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.023. | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref><ref name="pmiddoi: 10.2500/aap.2017.38.4005.">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=doi: 10.2500/aap.2017.38.4005. | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref> and ''[[Methicillin-resistant S. aureus]]'' colonization. <ref name="pmiddoi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08905.x.">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08905.x. | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref> <ref name="pmiddoi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09679.x.">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09679.x. | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref> <ref name="pmiddoi: 10.1007/s12016-016-8548-5.">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=doi: 10.1007/s12016-016-8548-5. | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>
|-


|align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |[[Viral Infections]]
=== Natural History ===
| align="left" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Eczema herpeticum]] <ref name="pmiddoi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700657.">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700657. | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>, [[herpes simplex virus]] <ref name="pmiddoi: 10.3390/jcm4050884.">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=doi: 10.3390/jcm4050884. | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>, and [[Molluscum contagiosum]] <ref name="pmidhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpha.2016.06.004.">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpha.2016.06.004. | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref>.
*[[Eczema]] has regarded as a [[medical]] condition with a natural history that occurs consistently.
|-
*It is characterized as a [[disease]] with an early onset, mostly during the [[childhood]] period, and remits during the [[adolescence]] period. <ref name="pmid29129583">{{cite journal| author=Paternoster L, Savenije OEM, Heron J, Evans DM, Vonk JM, Brunekreef B | display-authors=etal| title=Identification of atopic dermatitis subgroups in children from 2 longitudinal birth cohorts. | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 2018 | volume= 141 | issue= 3 | pages= 964-971 | pmid=29129583 | doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.044 | pmc=5840507 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29129583 }} </ref>


|align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |[[Fungal Infections]]
=== Comorbidities ===
| align="left" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tinea]] <ref name="pmiddoi: 10.3390/jcm4050884.">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=doi: 10.3390/jcm4050884. | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref>
* [[Individuals]] suffering from [[eczema]] often have comorbidities like [[asthma]] <ref name="pmid17466594">{{cite journal| author=Holgate ST| title=The epithelium takes centre stage in asthma and atopic dermatitis. | journal=Trends Immunol | year= 2007 | volume= 28 | issue= 6 | pages= 248-51 | pmid=17466594 | doi=10.1016/j.it.2007.04.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17466594  }} </ref>, [[allergic rhinitis]] <ref name="pmid21461244">{{cite journal| author=Zheng T, Yu J, Oh MH, Zhu Z| title=The atopic march: progression from atopic dermatitis to allergic rhinitis and asthma. | journal=Allergy Asthma Immunol Res | year= 2011 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 67-73 | pmid=21461244 | doi=10.4168/aair.2011.3.2.67 | pmc=3062798 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21461244  }} </ref>, [[contact dermatitis]] <ref name="pmid2383986">{{cite journal| author=de Groot AC| title=The frequency of contact allergy in atopic patients with dermatitis. | journal=Contact Dermatitis | year= 1990 | volume= 22 | issue= 5 | pages= 273-7 | pmid=2383986 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01595.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2383986  }} </ref>, [[food allergy]], <ref name="pmid6112605">{{cite journal| author=Jackson PG, Lessof MH, Baker RW, Ferrett J, MacDonald DM| title=Intestinal permeability in patients with eczema and food allergy. | journal=Lancet | year= 1981 | volume= 1 | issue= 8233 | pages= 1285-6 | pmid=6112605 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92459-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6112605  }} </ref> and [[atopy]]-associated [[eye diseases]].<ref name="pmid34246205">{{cite journal| author=Kulthanan K, Tuchinda P, Nitiyarom R, Chunharas A, Chantaphakul H, Aunhachoke K | display-authors=etal| title=Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atopic dermatitis. | journal=Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol | year= 2021 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 145-155 | pmid=34246205 | doi=10.12932/AP-010221-1050 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34246205  }} </ref>
|-
** [[Peanut allergy]] is the most common form of [[food allergy]] associated with [[eczema]]. <ref name="pmid6112605">{{cite journal| author=Jackson PG, Lessof MH, Baker RW, Ferrett J, MacDonald DM| title=Intestinal permeability in patients with eczema and food allergy. | journal=Lancet | year= 1981 | volume= 1 | issue= 8233 | pages= 1285-6 | pmid=6112605 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92459-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6112605  }} </ref>
**The National Institute of [[Allergy]] and [[Infectious Diseases]] 2017 guidelines recommend that all [[infants]] suffering from severe [[eczema]] should undergo [[skin prick testing]] or peanut-specific [[IgE]] evaluation to assess for possible occurrence of [[peanut allergy]] and be prevented as early as possible. <ref name="pmid28137368">{{cite journal| author=Togias A, Cooper SF, Acebal ML, Assa'ad A, Baker JR, Beck LA | display-authors=etal| title=Addendum Guidelines for the Prevention of Peanut Allergy in the United States: Report of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-Sponsored Expert Panel. | journal=J Pediatr Nurs | year= 2017 | volume= 32 | issue=  | pages= 91-98 | pmid=28137368 | doi=10.1016/j.pedn.2016.12.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28137368 }} </ref>
* [[Eczema]] is also associated with [[metabolic]] problems such as [[obesity]]. <ref name="pmid21411132">{{cite journal| author=Silverberg JI, Kleiman E, Lev-Tov H, Silverberg NB, Durkin HG, Joks R | display-authors=etal| title=Association between obesity and atopic dermatitis in childhood: a case-control study. | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 127 | issue= 5 | pages= 1180-6.e1 | pmid=21411132 | doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.063 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21411132  }} </ref>


|align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |[[Psychological]]
=== Complications ===
| align="left" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder]] and [[speech disorders]]. <ref name="pmiddoi: 10.1111/bjd.14697.">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=doi: 10.1111/bjd.14697. | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref> <ref name="pmiddoi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.066.">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.066. | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref>
*[[Eczema]] can lead to [[viral]], [[bacterial]] and [[fungal]] [[infections]].
|-
*[[Psychological]] problems could also arise brought about by constant itching.
** 92,642 [[children]] participants with [[eczema]] in a [[cross-sectional study]] were observed to have a two-fold increase in having an [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] ([[ADHD]]). <ref name="pmid23245818">{{cite journal| author=Yaghmaie P, Koudelka CW, Simpson EL| title=Mental health comorbidity in patients with atopic dermatitis. | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 2013 | volume= 131 | issue= 2 | pages= 428-33 | pmid=23245818 | doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.041 | pmc=3565469 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23245818 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid23141851">{{cite journal| author=Buske-Kirschbaum A, Schmitt J, Plessow F, Romanos M, Weidinger S, Roessner V| title=Psychoendocrine and psychoneuroimmunological mechanisms in the comorbidity of atopic eczema and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. | journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology | year= 2013 | volume= 38 | issue= 1 | pages= 12-23 | pmid=23141851 | doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23141851  }} </ref>
**A higher [[incidence rate]] of [[anxiety disorders]] in [[adolescence]] is observed. These include [[generalized anxiety disorder]] and [[social anxiety disorder]].
**The [[elderly people]] with [[eczema]] are the most commonly affected with [[depression]]. <ref name="pmid28300443">{{cite journal| author=Nicholas MN, Gooderham MJ| title=Atopic Dermatitis, Depression, and Suicidality. | journal=J Cutan Med Surg | year= 2017 | volume= 21 | issue= 3 | pages= 237-242 | pmid=28300443 | doi=10.1177/1203475416685078 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28300443 }} </ref>


|}
=== Prognosis ===
*In those [[patients]] who have an onset of [[eczema]] during their first two years of [[life]], a higher [[remission rate]] is expected than those who have a later onset of [[disease]]. <ref name="pmid27544489">{{cite journal| author=Kim JP, Chao LX, Simpson EL, Silverberg JI| title=Persistence of atopic dermatitis (AD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2016 | volume= 75 | issue= 4 | pages= 681-687.e11 | pmid=27544489 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2016.05.028 | pmc=5216177 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27544489  }} </ref>
*[[Hand eczema]] has poor [[prognosis]] with accounted 44% manifestation of [[symptoms]] in a 15-year follow-up study. <ref name="pmid15888155">{{cite journal| author=Meding B, Wrangsjö K, Järvholm B| title=Fifteen-year follow-up of hand eczema: persistence and consequences. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2005 | volume= 152 | issue= 5 | pages= 975-80 | pmid=15888155 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06494.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15888155  }} </ref>
*In another study, complete [[healing]] was only observed among 19.3% of the [[patients]] after a 5-year follow-up. <ref name="pmid30851194">{{cite journal| author=Olesen CM, Agner T, Ebbehøj NE, Carøe TK| title=Factors influencing prognosis for occupational hand eczema: new trends. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2019 | volume= 181 | issue= 6 | pages= 1280-1286 | pmid=30851194 | doi=10.1111/bjd.17870 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30851194  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 41: Line 35:
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Needs content]]
[[category:needs english review]]

Latest revision as of 19:44, 4 July 2022

Eczema Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Eczema from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Social Impact

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Eczema On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Eczema

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Eczema

CDC on Eczema

Eczema in the news

Blogs on Eczema

Directions to Hospitals Treating Eczema

Risk calculators and risk factors for Eczema

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1], Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Edzel Lorraine Co, D.M.D., M.D.

Overview

Eczema has regarded as a medical condition with a natural history that occurs consistently. It is characterized as a disease with an early onset, mostly during the childhood period, and remits during the adolescence period. If eczema is left untreated, it can lead to viral, bacterial and fungal infections. Psychological problems could also arise brought about by constant itching.

Eczema Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

  • Eczema has regarded as a medical condition with a natural history that occurs consistently.
  • It is characterized as a disease with an early onset, mostly during the childhood period, and remits during the adolescence period. [1]

Comorbidities

Complications

Prognosis

References

  1. ↑ Paternoster L, Savenije OEM, Heron J, Evans DM, Vonk JM, Brunekreef B; et al. (2018). "Identification of atopic dermatitis subgroups in children from 2 longitudinal birth cohorts". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 141 (3): 964–971. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.044. PMC 5840507. PMID 29129583.
  2. ↑ Holgate ST (2007). "The epithelium takes centre stage in asthma and atopic dermatitis". Trends Immunol. 28 (6): 248–51. doi:10.1016/j.it.2007.04.007. PMID 17466594.
  3. ↑ Zheng T, Yu J, Oh MH, Zhu Z (2011). "The atopic march: progression from atopic dermatitis to allergic rhinitis and asthma". Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 3 (2): 67–73. doi:10.4168/aair.2011.3.2.67. PMC 3062798. PMID 21461244.
  4. ↑ de Groot AC (1990). "The frequency of contact allergy in atopic patients with dermatitis". Contact Dermatitis. 22 (5): 273–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01595.x. PMID 2383986.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Jackson PG, Lessof MH, Baker RW, Ferrett J, MacDonald DM (1981). "Intestinal permeability in patients with eczema and food allergy". Lancet. 1 (8233): 1285–6. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92459-4. PMID 6112605.
  6. ↑ Kulthanan K, Tuchinda P, Nitiyarom R, Chunharas A, Chantaphakul H, Aunhachoke K; et al. (2021). "Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atopic dermatitis". Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 39 (3): 145–155. doi:10.12932/AP-010221-1050. PMID 34246205 Check |pmid= value (help).
  7. ↑ Togias A, Cooper SF, Acebal ML, Assa'ad A, Baker JR, Beck LA; et al. (2017). "Addendum Guidelines for the Prevention of Peanut Allergy in the United States: Report of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-Sponsored Expert Panel". J Pediatr Nurs. 32: 91–98. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2016.12.006. PMID 28137368.
  8. ↑ Silverberg JI, Kleiman E, Lev-Tov H, Silverberg NB, Durkin HG, Joks R; et al. (2011). "Association between obesity and atopic dermatitis in childhood: a case-control study". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 127 (5): 1180–6.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.063. PMID 21411132.
  9. ↑ Yaghmaie P, Koudelka CW, Simpson EL (2013). "Mental health comorbidity in patients with atopic dermatitis". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 131 (2): 428–33. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.041. PMC 3565469. PMID 23245818.
  10. ↑ Buske-Kirschbaum A, Schmitt J, Plessow F, Romanos M, Weidinger S, Roessner V (2013). "Psychoendocrine and psychoneuroimmunological mechanisms in the comorbidity of atopic eczema and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 38 (1): 12–23. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.017. PMID 23141851.
  11. ↑ Nicholas MN, Gooderham MJ (2017). "Atopic Dermatitis, Depression, and Suicidality". J Cutan Med Surg. 21 (3): 237–242. doi:10.1177/1203475416685078. PMID 28300443.
  12. ↑ Kim JP, Chao LX, Simpson EL, Silverberg JI (2016). "Persistence of atopic dermatitis (AD): A systematic review and meta-analysis". J Am Acad Dermatol. 75 (4): 681–687.e11. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2016.05.028. PMC 5216177. PMID 27544489.
  13. ↑ Meding B, Wrangsjö K, Järvholm B (2005). "Fifteen-year follow-up of hand eczema: persistence and consequences". Br J Dermatol. 152 (5): 975–80. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06494.x. PMID 15888155.
  14. ↑ Olesen CM, Agner T, Ebbehøj NE, Carøe TK (2019). "Factors influencing prognosis for occupational hand eczema: new trends". Br J Dermatol. 181 (6): 1280–1286. doi:10.1111/bjd.17870. PMID 30851194.
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Eczema_natural_history,_complications_and_prognosis&oldid=1727189"