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{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
__NOTOC__
  Name        = Hyperchloremia |
'''For patient information, click [[Hyperchloremia (patient information)|here]]'''
  ICD10      = {{ICD10|E|87|8|e|70}} |
{{Hyperchloremia}}
  ICD9        = {{ICD9|276.9}} |
{{CMG}}
}}


{{SI}}
==[[Hyperchloremia overview|Overview]]==


{{CMG}}
==[[Hyperchloremia classification|Classification]]==


{{EH}}
==[[Hyperchloremia pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


==Overview==
==[[Hyperchloremia causes|Causes]]==
'''Hyperchloremia''' is an [[electrolyte disturbance]] in which there is an abnormally elevated level of the [[chloride]] ion in the [[blood]]. The normal serum range for chloride is 97 to 107 mEq/L. Hyperchloremia is defined as a chloride concentration exceeding this level.


==Symptoms==
==[[Hyperchloremia differential diagnosis|Differentiating Hyperchloremia from other Diseases]]==
Often hyperchloremia does not produce any symptoms. However, hyperchloremia is sometimes associated with excess fluid loss such as vomiting and diarrhea. If the sufferer is a diabetic, hyperchloremia may lead to poor control of blood sugar levels, causing them to become elevated. Hyperchloremia can be symptomatic with signs of Kussmaul's breathing, weakness, and intense thirst.
==Causes==
Elevations in chloride may be associated with [[diarrhea]], certain [[kidney]] diseases, and overactivity of the [[parathyroid gland]]s.  Hyperchloremia is often [[comorbidity|comorbid]] with [[diabetes]] or [[hyponatremia]]. Certain drugs, especially [[diuretic]]s such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, [[hormone|hormonal]] treatments, and [[polypharmacy]], may contribute to this disorder.


== Differential Diagnosis ==
==[[Hyperchloremia epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
* Artifact (low anion gap)
* [[Dehydration]]
* Drugs
* [[Hypernatremia]]
* [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
* Ileul loops
* Loss of pancreatic secretion
* [[Metabolic acidosis]]
* [[Nephrotic Syndrome]]
* Prolonged [[diarrhea]]
* [[Renal failure]]
* [[Renal Tubular Acidosis]]
* [[Respiratory alkalosis]]
* Ureteral colonic anastamosis


==Treatment==
==[[Hyperchloremia risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
As with most types of electrolyte imbalance, the treatment of high blood chloride levels is based on correcting the underlying cause.


*If the patient is dehydrated, therapy consists of establishing and maintaining adequate hydration.
==[[Hyperchloremia natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==


*If the condition is caused or exacerbated by medications or treatments, these may be altered or discontinued, if deemed prudent.
==Diagnosis==


*If there is underlying kidney disease (which is likely if there are other electrolyte disturbances), then the patient will be referred to a [[nephrologist]] for further care.
[[Hyperchloremia history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Hyperchloremia physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Hyperchloremia laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Hyperchloremia other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


*If there is an underlying dysfunction of the endocrine or hormone system, the patient will likely be referred to an [[endocrinologist]] for further assessment.
==Treatment==


==References==
[[Hyperchloremia medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Hyperchloremia primary prevention|Primary Prevention]]
==Case Studies==
[[Hyperchloremia case study one|Case #1]]


==External links==
==Related Chapters==
* [http://www.fpnotebook.com/REN11.htm FP Notebook]
*[[Renal tubular acidosis|Renal Tubular Acidosis]]


{{Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic pathology}}
{{Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic pathology}}

Latest revision as of 15:12, 8 February 2013

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