Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy invasive therapy guidelines: Difference between revisions

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(/* Septal Reduction Therapy (DO NOT EDIT){{cite journal |author=Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rakowski H, Seidman CE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE, Yancy CW |title=2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline f...)
 
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{{Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy}}


'''Editors-In-Chief:''' C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [mailto:mgibson@perfuse.org], Cafer Zorkun, M.D. [mailto:zorkun@perfuse.org], Caitlin J. Harrigan [mailto:charrigan@perfuse.org], Martin S. Maron, M.D., and Barry J. Maron, M.D.
'''Editor-In-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com]; {{AOEIC}} [[Cafer Zorkun, M.D.]] [mailto:zorkun@perfuse.org]; Caitlin J. Harrigan [mailto:charrigan@perfuse.org]; Martin S. Maron, M.D.; Barry J. Maron, M.D.; {{LG}}


{{EH}}
==2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid22075469">{{cite journal |author=Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rakowski H, Seidman CE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE, Yancy CW |title=2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=58 |issue=25 |pages=e212–60 |year=2011 |month=December |pmid=22075469 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.011 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(11)02275-3 |accessdate=2011-12-19}}</ref>==


==Interventional cardiology and device based therapy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy==
===Septal Reduction Therapy (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid22075469">{{cite journal |author=Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rakowski H, Seidman CE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE, Yancy CW |title=2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=58 |issue=25 |pages=e212–60 |year=2011 |month=December |pmid=22075469 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.011 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(11)02275-3 |accessdate=2011-12-19}}</ref>===


===Alcohol septal ablation===
{|class="wikitable"
[[Alcohol septal ablation]], introduced by Ulrich Sigwart in 1994, is a percutaneous technique that involves injection of alcohol into the first septal perferator of the [[coronary circulation|left anterior descending artery]]. This is a technique with results similar to the surgical septal myectomy procedure but is less invasive, since it does not involve general anaesthesia and opening of the chest wall and pericardium (which are done in a septal myomectomy). In a select population with symptoms secondary to a high outflow tract gradient, alcohol septal ablation can reduce the symptoms of HCM.<ref name="pmid11886323">{{cite journal| author=Maron BJ| title=Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. | journal=JAMA | year= 2002 | volume= 287 | issue= 10 | pages= 1308-20 | pmid=11886323 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11886323  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7671349">{{cite journal| author=Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, Williams WG| title=Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clinical spectrum and treatment. | journal=Circulation | year= 1995 | volume= 92 | issue= 7 | pages= 1680-92 | pmid=7671349 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="Brilakis and Nishimura 2003">Brilakis ES, Nishimura RA. Severe pulmonary hypertension in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: response to alcohol septal ablation. ''[[Heart (journal)|Heart]]''. 2003 Jul; '''89'''(7):790. ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12807862 Medline abstract])</ref> When performed properly, an alcohol septal ablation induces a controlled [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], in which the portion of the interventricular septum that involves the left ventricular outflow tract is infarcted and will contract into a scar.
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]


Non-randomized data from the Netherlands suggests caution in the utilization of alcohol septal ablation, which may be inferior to surgical myectomy <ref name="pmid20332420">{{cite journal |author=Ten Cate FJ, Soliman OI, Michels M, Theuns DA, de Jong PL, Geleijnse ML, Serruys PW |title=Long-Term Outcome of Alcohol Septal Ablation in Patients with Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Word of Caution |journal=Circulation. Heart Failure |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2010 |month=March |pmid=20332420 |doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.862359 |url=http://circheartfailure.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20332420 |issn=}}</ref>. Outcomes (the risk of cardiac death and aborted sudden cardiac death including appropriate cardioverter-defibrillator discharges for fast ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation)of 91 consecutive alcohol septal ablation patients were compared with 40 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who underwent septal myectomy. The 1-, 5-, and 8-year event free survival was 96%, 86%, and 67%, respectively in the alcohol septal ablation patients which was poorer than the 100%, 96%, and 96%, event free rates in the myectomy patients over 6.6±2.7 years (P=0.01). Stated differently, the alcohol septal ablation patients faced 5-fold increase in the risk of the primary endpoint on an annual basis (4.4% versus 0.9%) even when adjustments were made in a multivariable model that adjusted for a propensity score (p=0.02).  Based upon these non-randomized data, myectomy appears to be preffered to alcohol septal ablation.
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Septal reduction therapy should be performed only by experienced operators in the context of a comprehensive [[HCM]] clinical program and only for the treatment of eligible patients with severe [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy medical treatment|drug-refractory symptoms]] and LVOT obstruction<ref name="pmid18435964">{{cite journal |author=van der Lee C, Scholzel B, ten Berg JM, ''et al.'' |title=Usefulness of clinical, echocardiographic, and procedural characteristics to predict outcome after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=101 |issue=9 |pages=1315–20 |year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18435964 |doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.01.003 |url=}}</ref>. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


===Ventricular pacing===
{|class="wikitable"
The use of a [[artificial pacemaker|pacemaker]] has been advocated in a subset of individuals, in order to cause asynchronous contraction of the left ventricle. Since the pacemaker activates the interventricular septum before the left ventricular free wall, the gradient across the left ventricular outflow tract may decrease. The AV interval must be shortened to do this, but not at the expense of diastolic filling. This form of treatment has been shown to provide less relief of symptoms and less of a reduction in the left ventricular outflow tract gradient when compared to surgical myectomy
|-
<ref name="Ommen, Nishimura et al 1999">Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Squires RW, Schaff HV, Danielson GK, Tajik AJ. Comparison of dual-chamber pacing versus septal myectomy for the treatment of patients with hypertropic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a comparison of objective hemodynamic and exercise end points. ''[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology|J Am Coll Cardiol]]''. 1999 Jul; '''34'''(1):191–6. ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10400010 Medline abstract])</ref>. Dual chamber pacing does not decrease the risk of [[sudden cardiac death]] in these patients.
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (Harm)
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Septal reduction therapy should not be done for adult patients with [[HCM]] who are asymptomatic with normal exercise tolerance or whose symptoms are controlled or minimized on [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy medical treatment|optimal medical therapy]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Septal reduction therapy should not be done unless performed as part of a program dedicated to the longitudinal and multidisciplinary care of patients with [[HCM]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' [[Mitral valve replacement]] for relief of LVOT obstruction should not be performed in patients with [[HCM]] in whom septal reduction therapy is an option. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


===2008 ACC/AHA Guidelines for Pacing in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="Epstein"> Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices). Circulation. 2008; 117: 2820–2840. PMID 18483207 </ref>===
==Sources==
{{cquote| 
*[http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/117/21/e350.full.pdf ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities] <ref name="Epstein"> Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices). Circulation. 2008; 117: 2820–2840. PMID 18483207 </ref>
====Class I====
1. Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] is indicated for [[SND]] or [[AV block]] in patients with [[HCM]] as described previously in [[Sick sinus syndrome#Treatment|Sinus Node Dysfunction]], [[Atrioventricular block#Surgery and Device Based Therapy |Acquired Atrioventricular Block in Adults]]). ''(Level of Evidence: C)''


====Class IIb====
*[http://europace.oxfordjournals.org/content/9/10/959.full.pdf The Task Force for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in Collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association] <ref name="pmid17726043">{{cite journal| author=Vardas PE, Auricchio A, Blanc JJ, Daubert JC, Drexler H, Ector H et al.| title=Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. The Task Force for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association. | journal=Europace | year= 2007 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 959-98 | pmid=17726043 | doi=10.1093/europace/eum189 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17726043  }} </ref>
1. Permanent [[pacemaker|pacing]] may be considered in medically refractory symptomatic patients with [[HCM]] and significant resting or provoked LV outflow tract obstruction. ''(Level of Evidence: A)'' As for Class I indications, when risk factors for [[SCD]] are present, consider a DDD [[ICD]] .


====Class III====
*[http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/58/25/e212.pdf 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy] <ref name="pmid22075468">{{cite journal |author=Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rakowski H, Seidman CE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE, Yancy CW |title=2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=58 |issue=25 |pages=2703–38 |year=2011 |month=December |pmid=22075468 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.10.825 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(11)04383-X |accessdate=2011-12-19}}</ref><ref name="pmid22075469">{{cite journal |author=Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rakowski H, Seidman CE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE, Yancy CW |title=2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=58 |issue=25 |pages=e212–60 |year=2011 |month=December |pmid=22075469 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.011 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(11)02275-3 |accessdate=2011-12-19}}</ref>
1. Permanent [[pacemaker]] implantation is not indicated for patients who are asymptomatic or whose symptoms are medically controlled. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
 
2. Permanent [[pacemaker]] implantation is not indicated for symptomatic patients without evidence of LV outflow tract obstruction. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''}}
 
===2007 ESC Guidelines for Cardiac Pacing in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy<ref name="pmid17726043">{{cite journal| author=Vardas PE, Auricchio A, Blanc JJ, Daubert JC, Drexler H, Ector H et al.| title=Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. The Task Force for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association. | journal=Europace | year= 2007 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 959-98 | pmid=17726043 | doi=10.1093/europace/eum189 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17726043  }} </ref>===
{{cquote|
====Class IIa====
Symptomatic [[bradycardia]] due to beta-blockade when alternative therapies are unacceptable. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
 
====Class IIb====
Patients with drug refractory hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with significant resting or provoked LVOT gradient and contraindications for septal ablation or myectomy. ''(Level of Evidence: A)''
 
====Class III====
# Asymptomatic patients Class III C. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
# Symptomatic patients who do not have LVOT obstruction. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''}}
 
===AICD (automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator) placement===
The role of AICD (automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator) placement in HCM is controversial. It offers the best potential benefit for survival and should probably be implanted in survivors of SCD and those deemed at high risk by clinical parameters. Nonetheless, the impact on prognosis is unclear because tachyarrhythmias may not always be the mechanism for syncope and sudden death. In addition, older patients may be self-selected “survivors” that stand to gain less from ICD placement. One recent retrospective study showed that at an average follow-up of 128 patients at 3.1 years, 23 percent had shocks for VT (ventricular tachycardia) and 25% had inappropriate shocks. Of those receiving the ICD prophylactically, 5% were shocked per year. This study did not evaluate the role of clinical predictors, evaluate total mortality and was a non-randomized retrospective design that does not establish the need for ICD placement in all patients with HCM or superiority to amiodarone therapy.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 20:52, 8 November 2012

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D. [2]; Caitlin J. Harrigan [3]; Martin S. Maron, M.D.; Barry J. Maron, M.D.; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [4]

2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (DO NOT EDIT)[1]

Septal Reduction Therapy (DO NOT EDIT)[1]

Class I
"1. Septal reduction therapy should be performed only by experienced operators in the context of a comprehensive HCM clinical program and only for the treatment of eligible patients with severe drug-refractory symptoms and LVOT obstruction[2]. (Level of Evidence: C)"
Class III (Harm)
"1. Septal reduction therapy should not be done for adult patients with HCM who are asymptomatic with normal exercise tolerance or whose symptoms are controlled or minimized on optimal medical therapy. (Level of Evidence: C) "
"2. Septal reduction therapy should not be done unless performed as part of a program dedicated to the longitudinal and multidisciplinary care of patients with HCM. (Level of Evidence: C) "
"3. Mitral valve replacement for relief of LVOT obstruction should not be performed in patients with HCM in whom septal reduction therapy is an option. (Level of Evidence: C) "

Sources

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rakowski H, Seidman CE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE, Yancy CW (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 58 (25): e212–60. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.011. PMID 22075469. Retrieved 2011-12-19. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ van der Lee C, Scholzel B, ten Berg JM; et al. (2008). "Usefulness of clinical, echocardiographic, and procedural characteristics to predict outcome after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation". Am. J. Cardiol. 101 (9): 1315–20. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.01.003. PMID 18435964. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices). Circulation. 2008; 117: 2820–2840. PMID 18483207
  4. ↑ Vardas PE, Auricchio A, Blanc JJ, Daubert JC, Drexler H, Ector H; et al. (2007). "Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. The Task Force for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association". Europace. 9 (10): 959–98. doi:10.1093/europace/eum189. PMID 17726043.
  5. ↑ Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rakowski H, Seidman CE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE, Yancy CW (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 58 (25): 2703–38. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.10.825. PMID 22075468. Retrieved 2011-12-19. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)


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