Hand-foot-and-mouth disease risk factors: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
The risk factors predisposing for hand foot mouth disease include: close contact with infected patient, attendance at a kindergarten/child care center, residence in rural areas and poor hygiene.


== Risk Factors ==
== Risk Factors ==
Because enteroviruses, including those causing HFMD, are very common, pregnant women are frequently exposed to them, especially during summer and fall months. As for any other adults, the risk of infection is higher for pregnant women who do not have antibodies from earlier exposures to these viruses, and who are exposed to young children - the primary spreaders of enteroviruses.
The risk factors for development of hand foot mouth disease include:
 
*Close contact with infected patient
Most enterovirus infections during pregnancy cause mild or no illness in the mother. Although the available information is limited, currently there is no clear evidence that maternal enteroviral infection causes adverse outcomes of pregnancy such as abortion, stillbirth, or congenital defects. However, mothers infected shortly before delivery may pass the virus to the newborn. Babies born to mothers who have symptoms of enteroviral illness around the time of delivery are more likely to be infected. Most newborns infected with an enterovirus have mild illness, but, in rare cases, they may develop an overwhelming infection of many organs, including liver and heart, and die from the infection. The risk of this severe illness in newborns is higher during the first two weeks of life.
* Attendance at a kindergarten/child care center
 
* Residence in rural areas
Strict adherence to generally recommended good hygienic practices by the pregnant woman (see "Can HFMD be prevented?" below) may help to decrease the risk of infection during pregnancy and around the time of delivery.  
* Overcrowding
* Poor hygiene
* Low socioeconomic status
*Sharing toys with other children<ref name="WuZhu2014">{{cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=Guiyun|last2=Zhu|first2=Weibo|last3=Gao|first3=Yuexia|last4=Li|first4=Yichen|last5=Chen|first5=Dexi|last6=Duan|first6=Zhiqing|last7=Wang|first7=Qi|last8=Xiao|first8=Jing|title=The Risk Factors of Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease in Chinese Mainland People|journal=The Indian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=81|issue=12|year=2014|pages=1405–1406|issn=0019-5456|doi=10.1007/s12098-014-1420-9}}</ref>
*Not washing hands before meal and after using the toilet<ref name="WuZhu2014">{{cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=Guiyun|last2=Zhu|first2=Weibo|last3=Gao|first3=Yuexia|last4=Li|first4=Yichen|last5=Chen|first5=Dexi|last6=Duan|first6=Zhiqing|last7=Wang|first7=Qi|last8=Xiao|first8=Jing|title=The Risk Factors of Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease in Chinese Mainland People|journal=The Indian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=81|issue=12|year=2014|pages=1405–1406|issn=0019-5456|doi=10.1007/s12098-014-1420-9}}</ref>
*Risk factors predisposing the patients for the developing severe manifestations of [[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease|hand foot mouth disease]] include:<ref name="pmid27276744">{{cite journal| author=Owatanapanich S, Wutthanarungsan R, Jaksupa W, Thisyakorn U| title=Risk Factors for Severe Enteroviral Infections in Children. | journal=J Med Assoc Thai | year= 2016 | volume= 99 | issue= 3 | pages= 322-30 | pmid=27276744 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27276744  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26521518">{{cite journal| author=Owatanapanich S, Wutthanarungsan R, Jaksupa W, Thisyakorn U| title=RISK FACTORS FOR SEVERE HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. | journal=Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 3 | pages= 449-59 | pmid=26521518 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26521518  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24577041">{{cite journal| author=He Y, Yang J, Zeng G, Shen T, Fontaine RE, Zhang L et al.| title=Risk factors for critical disease and death from hand, foot and mouth disease. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2014 | volume= 33 | issue= 9 | pages= 966-70 | pmid=24577041 | doi=10.1097/INF.0000000000000319 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24577041  }} </ref>
**Infection in children age of less than one year
**[[Body temperature]] greater than 39.0°C
**Duration of [[fever]] greater than three days
**Absence of [[skin lesion]]<nowiki/>s, [[diarrhea]], [[dyspnea]], and [[hyperglycemia]]
**[[Vomiting]]
**Increased [[neutrophil]] count<ref name="pmid24832848">{{cite journal| author=Fang Y, Wang S, Zhang L, Guo Z, Huang Z, Tu C et al.| title=Risk factors of severe hand, foot and mouth disease: a meta-analysis. | journal=Scand J Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 46 | issue= 7 | pages= 515-22 | pmid=24832848 | doi=10.3109/00365548.2014.907929 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24832848  }} </ref>
**[[Respiratory rate]] greater than 24/minute<ref name="pmid24489943">{{cite journal| author=Li W, Teng G, Tong H, Jiao Y, Zhang T, Chen H et al.| title=Study on risk factors for severe hand, foot and mouth disease in China. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2014 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 | pages= e87603 | pmid=24489943 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087603 | pmc=3906182 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24489943  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
 
{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
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[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

The risk factors predisposing for hand foot mouth disease include: close contact with infected patient, attendance at a kindergarten/child care center, residence in rural areas and poor hygiene.

Risk Factors

The risk factors for development of hand foot mouth disease include:

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wu, Guiyun; Zhu, Weibo; Gao, Yuexia; Li, Yichen; Chen, Dexi; Duan, Zhiqing; Wang, Qi; Xiao, Jing (2014). "The Risk Factors of Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease in Chinese Mainland People". The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 81 (12): 1405–1406. doi:10.1007/s12098-014-1420-9. ISSN 0019-5456.
  2. ↑ Owatanapanich S, Wutthanarungsan R, Jaksupa W, Thisyakorn U (2016). "Risk Factors for Severe Enteroviral Infections in Children". J Med Assoc Thai. 99 (3): 322–30. PMID 27276744.
  3. ↑ Owatanapanich S, Wutthanarungsan R, Jaksupa W, Thisyakorn U (2015). "RISK FACTORS FOR SEVERE HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE". Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 46 (3): 449–59. PMID 26521518.
  4. ↑ He Y, Yang J, Zeng G, Shen T, Fontaine RE, Zhang L; et al. (2014). "Risk factors for critical disease and death from hand, foot and mouth disease". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 33 (9): 966–70. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000000319. PMID 24577041.
  5. ↑ Fang Y, Wang S, Zhang L, Guo Z, Huang Z, Tu C; et al. (2014). "Risk factors of severe hand, foot and mouth disease: a meta-analysis". Scand J Infect Dis. 46 (7): 515–22. doi:10.3109/00365548.2014.907929. PMID 24832848.
  6. ↑ Li W, Teng G, Tong H, Jiao Y, Zhang T, Chen H; et al. (2014). "Study on risk factors for severe hand, foot and mouth disease in China". PLoS One. 9 (1): e87603. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087603. PMC 3906182. PMID 24489943.

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