Conjunctivitis causes: Difference between revisions

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{{CMG}}
__NOTOC__
{{Conjunctivitis}}
{{Conjunctivitis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}, {{SaraM}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Common causes of conjunctivitis include [[bacteria]], [[viruses]], and environmental factors.<ref name= Conjunctivitis > National Eye Institute (2015). [https://nei.nih.gov/health/pinkeye/pink_facts] Accessed on June 23, 2016</ref>
[[Viral]] conjunctivitis is the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis both overall and in the adult population. Bacterial conjunctivitis is the second most common cause and is responsible for the majority of cases in children. [[Allergic conjunctivitis]] is the most frequent cause, affecting 15% to 40% of the population.
Noninfectious conjunctivitis includes [[keratoconjunctivitis sicca|keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome)]] and superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis may cause by [[inflammation]] secondary to [[immune-mediated]] diseases or mechanical [[irritation]].<ref name="pmid24150468">{{cite journal| author=Azari AA, Barney NP| title=Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment. | journal=JAMA | year= 2013 | volume= 310 | issue= 16 | pages= 1721-9 | pmid=24150468 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.280318 | pmc=4049531 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24150468  }} </ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==
Conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by [[viruses]], often [[adenovirus]], but many other factors can lead to its occurrence.  Other causes include:
'''Viral conjunctivitis'''<ref name= Bacterial & Viral Conjunctivitis > Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). [http://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/about/diagnosis.html] Accessed on June 23, 2016</ref>
* [[Allergies]] ([[allergic conjunctivitis]])
*[[Adenovirus]] (most common)
* [[Bacteria]]
*[[Herpes simplex virus|Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2]]
* Certain diseases
*[[Varicella zoster virus]]
* Chemical exposure
*[[Picornaviruses]] ([[Coxsackievirus|Coxsackievirus A24]] and [[Enterovirus|Enterovirus 70]])
* [[Chlamydia]]
*''[[Molluscum contagiosum]]''
* [[Fungi]]
*[[Rubella virus]]
* [[Parasites]] (rarely)
*[[Epstein-Barr virus|Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)]]
* Use of [[contact lenses]] (especially extended-wear lenses)
'''Bacterial conjunctivitis'''<ref> name= Bacterial Conjunctivitis > Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). [http://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/about/diagnosis.html] Accessed on June 23, 2016</ref>
Conjunctivitis is spread from person-to-person by:
*[[Gram-positive bacteria]]
* Direct contact with the infected person’s [[eye]] drainage or drainage from the person’s [[cough]], [[sneeze]], or [[runny nose]].
**''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''
* Indirect contact with objects that may have the infected person’s drainage on them (e.g. eye makeup applicators, towels, shared eye medications).
**[[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]] (common in nursing homes)
* Contact with the infected person’s [[fingers]] or [[hands]] which may contain the [[virus]] or [[bacteria]].
**''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]''
[[Newborns]] can be infected by [[bacteria]] in the [[birth canal]]. This condition is called [[ophthalmia neonatorum]], and it must be treated immediately to preserve [[eyesight]].  Additionally, [[neonatal]] conjunctivitis is a red eye in a [[newborn]] caused by [[irritation]], a blocked [[tear duct]], or [[infection]].
*[[Gram-negative bacteria]]
===Common Causes===
**''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''
**''[[Serratia marcescens]]''
**''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' (most common pathogen in children)
**''[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]''
**''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]'' ([[sexually transmitted|sexually transmitted bacteria]])
**''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'' ([[sexually transmitted|sexually transmitted bacteria]])
'''Neonatal conjunctivitis'''<ref name="pmid25606121">{{cite journal| author=Mallika P, Asok T, Faisal H, Aziz S, Tan A, Intan G| title=Neonatal conjunctivitis - a review. | journal=Malays Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 77-81 | pmid=25606121 | doi= | pmc=4170304 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25606121  }} </ref><ref name=Conjun-One>Woods, Charles R. "Gonococcal infections in neonates and young children." Seminars in pediatric infectious diseases. Vol. 16. No. 4. WB Saunders, 2005.</ref>
*[[Septic]]
**''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]''
**''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]''
**[[Herpes simplex virus]]
**''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'' (non–sexually transmitted bacteria)
**''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''  (non–sexually transmitted bacteria)
*[[Aseptic]]  
**[[Chemical]] (silver nitrate solution)
'''Allergic conjunctivitis'''<ref name= Bacterial & Viral Conjunctivitis > Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). [http://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/about/diagnosis.html] Access on June 23, 2016</ref>
*[[Allergens]] ([[pollen]], [[animal dander]], dust mites, or molds)
'''Keratoconjunctivitis'''<ref name="pmid17264493">{{cite journal| author=Barabino S, Dana MR| title=Dry eye syndromes. | journal=Chem Immunol Allergy | year= 2007 | volume= 92 | issue=  | pages= 176-84 | pmid=17264493 | doi=10.1159/000099268 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17264493 }} </ref>
*[[Lacrimal gland]] dysfunction ([[Sjögren's syndrome]]) with reduced tear production
*Reflex hyposecretion
*Mucin deficiency
*Low blink rate
*Mechanical trauma
*[[Vitamin A deficiency]]
*[[Autoimmune diseases]]
*Unknown etiology
'''Irritative Conjunctivitis'''
*[[Contact lenses]]
*Lens solutions
*[[Chlorine]] in a swimming pool
*[[Smog]]
*Cosmetics
 
 
===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Kawasaki disease ]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis ]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Kawasaki disease]], [[plasminogen|plasminogen deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetaldehyde ]], [[Acetic acid ]], [[Acetic anhydride ]], [[Ammonia ]], [[Anisole ]], [[Arsenic]], [[Arsenic trioxide]], [[Beryllium ]], [[Calcium Sulfate ]], [[Caterpillar poisoning ]], [[Chlorine Dioxide ]], [[Cobra poisoning ]], [[Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether ]], [[Dimethylamine ]], [[Ether ]], [[Ethylene Oxide ]], [[Furfural ]], [[Green Lynx spider poisoning ]], [[Hydroquinone ]], [[Lewisite ]], [[Mayapple poisoning ]], [[Metaldehyde ]], [[Methylene Diisocyanate ]], [[Morpholine ]], [[Osmium ]], [[Phosgene oxime]], [[Propylene glycol dinitrate ]], [[Quinone ]], [[Rapeseed oil ]], [[Sulfuric Acid ]], [[Sulfuryl Fluoride ]], [[Toluene Diisocyanate ]], [[Vanadium]], [[Xylene ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetaldehyde]], [[acetic acid]], [[acetic anhydride]], [[acetylcarbromal]], [[ammonia]], [[anisole]], [[arsenic trioxide]], [[arsenic]], [[arsenicals]], [[beryllium]], [[boric acid]], [[jellyfish|box jellyfish poisoning]], [[calcium sulfate]], [[envenomation|caterpillar poisoning]], [[irritation|chemical irritation]], [[chlorine dioxide]], [[chloroacetophenone]], [[cobra poisoning]], [[CS gas]], [[diethylene glycol monobutyl ether]], [[dimethylamine]], [[ether]], [[ethylene oxide]], [[euphorbiaceae]], [[Green Lynx spider poisoning|green lynx spider poisoning]], [[hydrogen sulfide]], [[lewisite]], [[mayapple poisoning]], [[metaldehyde]], [[Methylene Diisocyanate|methylene diisocyanate]], [[osmium]], [[phosgene oxime]], [[propylene glycol dinitrate]], [[sulfuric acid]], [[Sulfuryl Fluoride|sulfuryl fluoride]], [[toluene diisocyanate]], [[vanadium]], [[xylene]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis]], [[Behcet's disease]], [[cicatricial pemphigoid]], [[dyskeratosis congenita]], [[erythema multiformae]], [[euphorbiaceae]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[Kindler syndrome]], [[lepidopterism]], [[leprosy]], [[cicatricial pemphigoid|ocular cicatricial pemphigoid]], [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[rosacea]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], [[Sweet's syndrome]], [[xeroderma pigmentosum]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cetuximab]], [[Cytosine arabinose syndrome ]], [[Nitisinone]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetylcarbromal]], [[apraclonidine]], [[artemether and lumefantrin]], [[Brimonidine tartrate and Timolol maleate|brimonidine tartrate and timolol maleate]], [[cetuximab]], [[clomethiazole]], [[cyclopentolate]], [[cytarabine]], [[cytosine arabinose syndrome ]], [[desmopressin]], [[dexamethasone]], [[dimercaprol]], [[dipivefrin]], [[dornase alfa]], [[doxorubicin hydrochloride]], [[epirubicin hydrochloride]], [[erythromycin]], [[etretinate]], [[flurbiprofen]], [[fluticasone|fluticasone (spray)]], [[fosaprepitant]], [[furfural]], [[gadopentetate]], [[galsulfase]], [[hydroquinone]], [[latanoprost]],[[meclofenamate]], [[medrysone]],[[melarsoprol]], [[methocarbamol]], [[metipranolol]], [[morpholine]], [[moxifloxacin ophthalmic]], [[nitisinone]], [[Orache (Atriplex)|orache (atriplex)]], [[pemetrexed]], [[penicillium]], [[pentamidine isethionate]], [[Pyridoxine hydrochloride|pyridoxine hydrochloride]], [[quinone]], [[rasagiline]], [[rifampin]], [[rifapentin]], [[secukinumab]], [[sertraline]], [[silver nitrate|silver nitrate drops]], [[tetracycline]], [[Thallous Chloride Tl 201|thallous chloride tl 201]], [[tocilizumab]], [[travoprost]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cogan syndrome]], [[oral allergy syndrome]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aesculus pollen ]], [[Alder ]], [[Alternaria ]], [[American feverfew]], [[Ash juniper tree ]], [[ash tree ]], [[Aureobasidium]], [[Beech tree ]], [[Bermuda grass ]], [[Birch tree ]], [[box elder tree ]], [[Canary grass ]], [[Capeweed ]], [[Cocklebur ]], [[Cypress tree ]], [[Daisy ]], [[Dandelion]], [[Dust mite ]], [[Elm tree ]], [[Epicoccum ]], [[Euphorbiaceae ]], [[European Ash tree ]], [[Goosefoot ]], [[Guayule ]], [[Helminthosporium ]], [[Hemp ]], [[Hickory tree ]], [[Hornbeam tree ]], [[Horse chestnut tree ]], [[Johnson grass ]], [[Kentucky bluegrass ]], [[Maple tree ]], [[Marshelder ]], [[Monteroy pine tree ]], [[Mountain cedar tree ]], [[Mugwort tree ]], [[Oak tree ]], [[Olea tree ]], [[Olive tree ]], [[Orache (Atriplex) ]], [[Orchard grass ]], [[Pecan trees ]], [[Pigweed ]], [[Plane tree ]], [[Poplar tree]], [[Ragweed ]], [[Redtop grass ]], [[Rhizopus ]], [[Ryegrass ]], [[Smut ]], [[Sunflower ]], [[Sweet vernal grass ]], [[Tilia tree  ]], [[Timothy grass ]], [[Tumble weed  ]], [[Velvet grass ]], [[Wall pellitory ]], [[Walnut tree ]], [[White cedar tree ]], [[Willow tree]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aesculus pollen]], [[alder]], [[dust mite]], [[pollution|environmental pollution]],[[smog]], [[smoke]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Common Variable Immunodeficiency ]], [[Crouzon Syndrome ]], [[Dyskeratosis congenita ]], [[Familial hibernian fever ]], [[Job syndrome ]], [[Severe combined immunodeficiency]], [[Tyrosinaemia]], [[Xeroderma pigmentosum]], [[X-linked agammaglobulinaemia ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crouzon syndrome]], [[dyskeratosis congenita]], [[familial cold urticaria]], [[Job syndrome]], [[Kindler syndrome]], [[type II tyrosinemia]], [[xeroderma pigmentosum]], [[x-linked agammaglobulinaemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hemorrhage]], [[plasminogen|plasminogen deficiency]], [[x-linked agammaglobulinaemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 67: Line 104:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acanthamoeba]], [[adenovirus]], [[alternaria]], [[aspergillus]], [[aureobasidium]], [[candida albicans]], [[cat scratch disease]], [[chikungunya fever]], [[chlamydia]], [[cladosporium]], [[chlamydia|congenital chlamydia]], [[gonorrhea|congenital gonorrhea]], [[coxsackie virus]], [[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever]], [[enterovirus 70]], [[epicoccum]], [[fusarium]], [[gonorrhea]], [[haemophilus influenzae]], [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]], [[helminth infections]], [[helminthosporium]], [[herpes simplex]], [[herpes virus 2]], [[herpes zoster]], [[enterovirus|human enterovirus A]], [[Kikuchi disease]], [[Koch-Weeks conjunctivitis]], [[leprosy]], [[leptospirosis]], [[listeria monocytogenes]], [[Lyme disease]], [[measles]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[moraxella catarrhalis]], [[mucor]], [[neisseria gonorrhoeae]], [[neisseria meningiditis]], [[Newcastle disease]], [[non-specific urethritis]], [[omsk hemorrhagic fever]], [[onchocerciasis]], [[pasteurella multocida]], [[pediculosis|pediculosis ciliaris]], [[pfiesteria piscicida]], [[picornavirus]], [[pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[psittacosis]], [[respiratory syncytial virus]], [[rhizopus]], [[rosacea]], [[rubella]], [[sabia virus]], [[serratia]], [[smut]], [[staphylococcus aureus]], [[streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[the clap]], [[toxic-shock syndrome]], [[trachoma]], [[tularemia]], [[viral conjunctivitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Burns]], [[Crouzon Syndrome ]], [[polychondritis ]]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bell's palsy|7th cranial nerve disorder]], [[facial nerve palsy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Type II tyrosinemia]], [[pyridoxine deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ocular oncology|Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma]], [[gestational trophoblastic neoplasia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allergic conjunctivitis]], [[Angelucci's syndrome]], [[bacterial conjunctivitis]], [[blepharitis]], [[Cogan syndrome]], [[ocular oncology|conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma]], [[contact lens]], [[corneal abrasion]], [[dacryocystitis]], [[ectropion]], [[entropion]], [[keratoconjunctivitis|epidemic keratoconjunctivitis]], [[familial cold urticaria]], [[conjunctivitis|follicular conjunctivitis]], [[giant papillary conjunctivitis]], [[keratoconjunctivitis sicca]], [[lacrimal canaliculitis]], [[conjunctivitis|ligneous conjunctivitis]], [[cicatricial pemphigoid|ocular cicatricial pemphigoid]], [[ocular rosacea]], [[ophthalmia neonatorum]], [[phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis]], [[Theodore's superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis]], [[trachoma]], [[vernal conjunctivitis]], [[vernal keratoconjunctivitis]], [[viral conjunctivitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Churg-Strauss syndrome|Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]], [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allergic conjunctivitis]], [[allergy]], [[Behcet disease]], [[cicatricial pemphigoid]], [[common variable immunodeficiency]], [[familial cold urticaria]], [[familial hibernian fever]], [[Churg-Strauss syndrome|granulomatosis with polyangiitis]], [[hay fever]], [[hypersensitivity to pollen]], [[Job syndrome]], [[mold allergy]], [[cicatricial pemphigoid|ocular cicatricial pemphigoid]], [[oral allergy syndrome]], [[polychondritis]], [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[Reiter's syndrome]], [[relapsing polychondritis]], [[severe combined immunodeficiency]], [[sicca syndrome]], [[Sjogren's syndrome]], [[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]], [[x-linked agammaglobulinaemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Blunt injury]], [[burns]], [[penetrating trauma]], [[trauma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Non-specific urethritis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Crouzon syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[American feverfew]], [[ash juniper tree]], [[ash tree]], [[beech tree]], [[bermuda grass]], [[birch tree]], [[box elder tree]], [[canary grass]], [[capeweed]], [[cocklebur]], [[cypress tree]], [[daisy]], [[dandelion]], [[elm tree]], [[foreign body]], [[goosefoot]], [[guayule]], [[hemp]], [[hickory tree]], [[hornbeam tree]], [[horse chestnut tree]], [[johnson grass]], [[kentucky bluegrass]], [[maple tree]], [[marshelder]], [[monteroy pine tree]], [[mountain cedar tree]], [[Mugwort tree|mugwort tree]], [[oak tree]], [[olea tree]], [[olive tree]], [[orchard grass]], [[pecan trees]], [[pigweed]], [[plane tree]], [[pollen]], [[poplar tree]], [[ragweed]], [[rapeseed oil]], [[Redtop grass|redtop grass]], [[ryegrass]], [[sunflower]], [[tilia tree]], [[timothy grass]], [[tumble weed]], [[velvet grass]], [[wall pellitory]], [[Walnut tree|walnut tree]], [[white cedar tree]], [[willow tree]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
{{columns-list|
*[[Bell's palsy|7th cranial nerve disorder]]
*[[Acanthamoeba]]
*[[Acanthamoeba]]
 
*[[Acetaldehyde]]
*[[Acetaldehyde ]]
*[[Acetic acid]]
 
*[[Acetic anhydride]]
*[[Acetic acid ]]
*[[Acetylcarbromal]]
 
*[[Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis]]
*[[Acetic anhydride ]]
 
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Adenovirus]]
 
*[[Aesculus pollen]]
*[[Aesculus pollen ]]
*[[Alder]]
 
*[[Alder ]]
 
*[[Allergic conjunctivitis]]
*[[Allergic conjunctivitis]]
 
*[[Allergy]]
*[[Alternaria ]]
*[[Alternaria]]
 
*[[American feverfew]]
*[[American feverfew]]
 
*[[Ammonia]]
*[[Ammonia ]]
*[[Angelucci's syndrome]]
 
*[[Anisole]]
*[[Angelucci's syndrome ]]
 
*[[Anisole ]]
 
*[[Arsenic]]
*[[Arsenic]]
*[[Arsenic trioxide]]
*[[Arsenic trioxide]]
 
*[[Arsenicals]]
*[[Ash juniper tree ]]
*[[Artemether and lumefantrin]]
 
*[[Ash juniper tree]]
*[[ash tree ]]
*[[Ash tree]]
 
*[[Aspergillus]]
*[[Aspergillus]]
*[[Aureobasidium]]
*[[Aureobasidium]]
 
*[[Bacterial conjunctivitis]]  
*[[Bacterial conjunctivitis]]
*[[Beech tree]]
 
*[[Behcet disease]]
*[[Beech tree ]]
*[[Bermuda grass]]
 
*[[Beryllium]]
*[[Bermuda grass ]]
*[[Birch tree]]
 
*[[Blepharitis]]
*[[Beryllium ]]
*[[Blunt injury]]
 
*[[Boric acid]]
*[[Birch tree ]]
*[[Box elder tree]]
 
*[[jellyfish|Box jellyfish poisoning]]
*[[box elder tree ]]
*[[Burns]]
 
*[[Calcium sulfate]]
*[[Calcium Sulfate ]]
*[[Canary grass]]  
 
*[[Candida albicans]]
*[[Canary grass ]]
*[[Capeweed]]
 
*[[Cat scratch disease]]
*[[Candida albicans ]]
*[[envenomation|Caterpillar poisoning]]  
 
*[[Capeweed ]]
 
*[[Caterpillar poisoning ]]
 
*[[Cetuximab]]
*[[Cetuximab]]
 
*[[irritation|Chemical irritation]]
*[[Chlorine Dioxide ]]
*[[Chikungunya fever]]
 
*[[Chlamydia]]
*[[Chlorine dioxide]]
*[[Chloroacetophenone]]
*[[Cicatricial pemphigoid]]
*[[Cicatricial pemphigoid]]
 
*[[Cladosporium]]
*[[Cladosporium ]]
*[[Clomethiazole]]
 
*[[Cobra poisoning]]
*[[Cobra poisoning ]]
*[[Cocklebur]]  
 
*[[Cogan syndrome]]
*[[Cocklebur ]]
*[[Common variable immunodeficiency]]
 
*[[chlamydia|Congenital chlamydia]]
*[[Common Variable Immunodeficiency ]]
*[[gonorrhea|Congenital gonorrhea]]
 
*[[ocular oncology|Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma]]
*[[Congenital chlamydia - maternal  chlamydia causing conjunctivitis in newborns]]
*[[Contact lens]]
 
*[[Corneal abrasion]]
*[[Congenital gonorrhea - maternal  gonorrhea causing conjunctivitis in newborns]]
 
*[[Coxsackie virus]]
*[[Coxsackie virus]]
 
*[[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Crouzon Syndrome ]]
*[[Crouzon syndrome]]
 
*[[CS gas]]
*[[Cypress tree ]]
*[[Cypress tree]]  
 
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Cytosine arabinose syndrome ]]
*[[Cytosine arabinose syndrome]]
 
*[[Dacryocystitis]]
*[[Dacryocystitis ]]
*[[Daisy]]
 
*[[Daisy ]]
 
*[[Dandelion]]
*[[Dandelion]]
 
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether ]]
*[[Dexamethasone]]
 
*[[Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether]]
*[[Dimethylamine ]]
*[[Dimethylamine]]
 
*[[Dipivefrin]]
*[[Dust mite ]]
*[[Doxorubicin hydrochloride]]
 
*[[Dust mite]]
*[[Dyskeratosis congenita ]]
*[[Dyskeratosis congenita]]
 
*[[Ectropion]]
*[[Ectropion ]]
*[[Elm tree]]
 
*[[Elm tree ]]
 
*[[Enterovirus 70]]
*[[Enterovirus 70]]
*[[Entropion]]
*[[Entropion]]
 
*[[pollution|Environmental pollution]]
*[[Epicoccum ]]
*[[Epicoccum]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[keratoconjunctivitis|Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis]]
 
*[[Epirubicin hydrochloride]]
*[[Ether ]]
*[[Erythema multiformae]]
 
*[[Erythromycin]]
*[[Ethylene Oxide ]]
*[[Ether]]
 
*[[Ethylene oxide]]
*[[Euphorbiaceae ]]
*[[Etretinate]]
 
*[[Euphorbiaceae]]
*[[European Ash tree ]]
*[[Facial nerve palsy]]
 
*[[Familial cold urticaria]]
*[[Familial hibernian fever ]]
*[[Familial hibernian fever]]
 
*[[Flurbiprofen]]
*[[Furfural ]]
*[[fluticasone|Fluticasone (spray)]]
 
*[[conjunctivitis|Follicular conjunctivitis]]
*[[Fusarium ]]
*[[Foreign body]]
 
*[[Furfural]]
*[[Fusarium]]
*[[Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia]]
*[[Giant papillary conjunctivitis]]
*[[Giant papillary conjunctivitis]]
 
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*[[Gonorrhea ]]
*[[Goosefoot]]
 
*[[Churg-Strauss syndrome|Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]]
*[[Goosefoot ]]
*[[Green Lynx spider poisoning]]
 
*[[Guayule]]
*[[Green Lynx spider poisoning ]]
 
*[[Guayule ]]
 
*[[Haemophilus influenzae]]
*[[Haemophilus influenzae]]
 
*[[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]
*[[Hay fever ]]
*[[Hay fever]]  
 
*[[Helminth infections]]
*[[Helminth infections ]]
*[[Helminthosporium]]
 
*[[Hemorrhage]]
*[[Helminthosporium ]]
*[[Hemp]]
 
*[[Hemp ]]
 
*[[Herpes simplex]]
*[[Herpes simplex]]
*[[Herpes virus 2]]
*[[Herpes virus 2]]
 
*[[Herpes zoster]]
*[[Hickory tree ]]
*[[Hickory tree]]
 
*[[Hornbeam tree]]
*[[Hornbeam tree ]]
*[[Horse chestnut tree]]
 
*[[enterovirus|Human enterovirus A]]
*[[Horse chestnut tree ]]
*[[Hydrogen sulfide]]
 
*[[Hydroquinone]]
*[[Hydroquinone ]]
*[[Hypersensitivity to pollen]]
 
*[[Job syndrome]]
*[[Hypersensitivity to pollen ]]
*[[Johnson grass]]
 
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*[[Job syndrome ]]
*[[Kentucky bluegrass]]
 
*[[Keratoconjunctivitis sicca]]
*[[Johnson grass ]]
*[[Kikuchi disease]]
 
*[[Kindler syndrome]]
*[[Kawasaki disease ]]
 
*[[Kentucky bluegrass ]]
 
*[[Koch-Weeks conjunctivitis]]
*[[Koch-Weeks conjunctivitis]]
*[[Lacrimal canaliculitis]]
*[[Lacrimal canaliculitis]]
 
*[[Lepidopterism]]
*[[Lepidopterism ]]
 
*[[Leprosy]]
*[[Leprosy]]
 
*[[Leptospirosis]]  
*[[Leptospirosis ]]
*[[Lewisite]]
 
*[[conjunctivitis|Ligneous conjunctivitis]]
*[[Lewisite ]]
 
*[[Listeria monocytogenes]]
*[[Listeria monocytogenes]]
 
*[[Lyme disease]]
*[[Lyme disease ]]
*[[Maple tree]]
 
*[[Marshelder]]
*[[Maple tree ]]
*[[Mayapple poisoning]]
 
*[[Measles]]
*[[Marshelder ]]
*[[Medrysone]]
 
*[[Melarsoprol]]
*[[Mayapple poisoning ]]
*[[Metaldehyde]]
 
*[[Methylene Diisocyanate|Methylene diisocyanate]]
*[[Measles ]]
*[[Mold allergy]]
 
*[[Molluscum contagiosum]]
*[[Metaldehyde ]]
*[[Monteroy pine tree]]
 
*[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]
*[[Methylene Diisocyanate ]]
*[[Morpholine]]
 
*[[Mountain cedar tree]]  
*[[Mold allergy ]]
*[[Mucor]]
 
*[[Mugwort tree]]
*[[Monteroy pine tree ]]
*[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]
 
*[[Neisseria meningiditis]]
*[[Morpholine ]]
*[[Newcastle disease]]
 
*[[Mountain cedar tree ]]
 
*[[Mucor ]]
 
*[[Mugwort tree ]]
 
*[[Nitisinone]]
*[[Nitisinone]]
 
*[[Non-specific urethritis]]
*[[Non-Specific Urethritis ]]
*[[Oak tree]]
 
*[[cicatricial pemphigoid|Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid]]
*[[Oak tree ]]
*[[Ocular rosacea]]
 
*[[Olea tree]]
*[[Olea tree ]]
*[[Olive tree]]  
 
*[[Omsk hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Olive tree ]]
 
*[[Omsk hemorrhagic fever ]]
 
*[[Onchocerciasis]]
*[[Onchocerciasis]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Ophthalmia neonatorum]]
*[[Ophthalmia neonatorum]]
 
*[[Orache (Atriplex)]]
*[[Orache (Atriplex) ]]
*[[Oral allergy syndrome]]
 
*[[Orchard grass]]
*[[Orchard grass ]]
*[[Osmium]]
 
*[[Pasteurella multocida]]
*[[Osmium ]]
*[[Pecan trees]]
 
*[[pediculosis|Pediculosis ciliaris]]
*[[Pasteurella multocida ]]
*[[Pemetrexed]]
 
*[[Penetrating trauma]]
*[[Pecan trees ]]
*[[Penicillium]]
 
*[[Pfiesteria piscicida]]
*[[Penicillium ]]
 
*[[Pfiesteria piscicida ]]
 
*[[Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis]]
*[[Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis]]
*[[Phosgene oxime]]
*[[Phosgene oxime]]
 
*[[Picornavirus]]
*[[Pigweed ]]
*[[Pigweed]]
 
*[[Plane tree]]
*[[Plane tree ]]
*[[plasminogen|Plasminogen deficiency]]
 
*[[Pollen]]
*[[Polychondritis ]]
*[[Polychondritis]]
 
*[[Poplar tree]]
*[[Poplar tree]]
 
*[[Propylene glycol dinitrate]]  
*[[Propylene glycol dinitrate ]]
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
 
*[[Psittacosis]]
*[[Quinone ]]
*[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
 
*[[Pyridoxine deficiency]]
*[[Ragweed ]]
*[[Quinone]]
 
*[[Ragweed]]
*[[Rapeseed oil ]]
*[[Rapeseed oil]]
 
*[[Rasagiline]]
*[[Redtop grass ]]
*[[Reactive arthritis]]
 
*[[Redtop grass]]
*[[Reiter's syndrome ]]
*[[Reiter's syndrome]]
 
*[[Relapsing polychondritis]]
*[[Rhizopus ]]
*[[Respiratory syncytial virus]]
 
*[[Rhizopus]]
*[[Ryegrass ]]
*[[Rosacea]]
 
*[[Rubella]]
*[[Sabia virus ]]
*[[Ryegrass]]
 
*[[Sabia virus]]
*[[Serratia]]
*[[Severe combined immunodeficiency]]
*[[Severe combined immunodeficiency]]
 
*[[Sicca syndrome]]
*[[Sjogren's syndrome ]]
*[[silver nitrate|Silver nitrate drops]]
 
*[[Sjogren's syndrome]]
*[[Smut ]]
*[[Smog]]
 
*[[Smoke]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Smut]]
 
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]  
*[[Stevens johnsons syndrome ]]
*[[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]
 
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
*[[Sulfuric Acid ]]
*[[Sulfuric acid]]
 
*[[Sulfuryl Fluoride|Sulfuryl fluoride]]  
*[[Sulfuryl Fluoride ]]
*[[Sunflower]]
 
*[[Sweet's syndrome]]
*[[Sunflower ]]
*[[Tetracycline]]
 
*[[The clap]]
*[[Sweet Syndrome ]]
*[[Theodore's superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis]]
 
*[[Tilia tree]]
*[[Sweet vernal grass ]]
*[[Timothy grass]]
 
*[[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
*[[Theodore's superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis]]
*[[Toluene diisocyanate]]
 
*[[Toxic-shock syndrome]]
*[[Tilia tree ]]
 
*[[Timothy grass ]]
 
*[[Toluene Diisocyanate ]]
 
*[[Toxic-shock syndrome ]]
 
*[[Trachoma]]
*[[Trachoma]]
 
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Tumble weed ]]
*[[Tularemia]]
 
*[[Tumble weed]]
*[[Tyrosinaemia]]
*[[Type II tyrosinemia]]
 
*[[Vanadium]]
*[[Vanadium]]
 
*[[Velvet grass]]
*[[Velvet grass ]]
 
*[[Vernal conjunctivitis]]
*[[Vernal conjunctivitis]]
 
*[[Vernal keratoconjunctivitis]]
*[[Viral conjunctivitis]]
*[[Viral conjunctivitis]]
 
*[[Wall pellitory]]
*[[Wall pellitory ]]
*[[Walnut tree]]
 
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
*[[Walnut tree ]]
*[[White cedar tree]]
 
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis ]]
 
*[[White cedar tree ]]
 
*[[Willow tree]]
*[[Willow tree]]
*[[Xeroderma pigmentosum]]
*[[Xeroderma pigmentosum]]
*[[X-linked agammaglobulinaemia]]
*[[Xylene]]
}}


*[[X-linked agammaglobulinaemia ]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


*[[Xylene ]]
{{WH}}
{{EndMultiCol}}
{{WS}}


==References==
[[Category:Immunology]]
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Ophthalmology]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
[[Category:FinalQCRequired]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Latest revision as of 21:06, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [4], Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [5]

Overview

Common causes of conjunctivitis include bacteria, viruses, and environmental factors.[1] Viral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis both overall and in the adult population. Bacterial conjunctivitis is the second most common cause and is responsible for the majority of cases in children. Allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause, affecting 15% to 40% of the population. Noninfectious conjunctivitis includes keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome) and superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis may cause by inflammation secondary to immune-mediated diseases or mechanical irritation.[2]

Causes

Viral conjunctivitis

Bacterial conjunctivitis[3]

Neonatal conjunctivitis[4][5]

Allergic conjunctivitis

Keratoconjunctivitis[6]

Irritative Conjunctivitis


Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Kawasaki disease, plasminogen deficiency
Chemical / poisoning Acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetylcarbromal, ammonia, anisole, arsenic trioxide, arsenic, arsenicals, beryllium, boric acid, box jellyfish poisoning, calcium sulfate, caterpillar poisoning, chemical irritation, chlorine dioxide, chloroacetophenone, cobra poisoning, CS gas, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dimethylamine, ether, ethylene oxide, euphorbiaceae, green lynx spider poisoning, hydrogen sulfide, lewisite, mayapple poisoning, metaldehyde, methylene diisocyanate, osmium, phosgene oxime, propylene glycol dinitrate, sulfuric acid, sulfuryl fluoride, toluene diisocyanate, vanadium, xylene
Dermatologic Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, Behcet's disease, cicatricial pemphigoid, dyskeratosis congenita, erythema multiformae, euphorbiaceae, Kawasaki disease, Kindler syndrome, lepidopterism, leprosy, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, psoriatic arthritis, rosacea, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Sweet's syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum
Drug Side Effect Acetylcarbromal, apraclonidine, artemether and lumefantrin, brimonidine tartrate and timolol maleate, cetuximab, clomethiazole, cyclopentolate, cytarabine, cytosine arabinose syndrome , desmopressin, dexamethasone, dimercaprol, dipivefrin, dornase alfa, doxorubicin hydrochloride, epirubicin hydrochloride, erythromycin, etretinate, flurbiprofen, fluticasone (spray), fosaprepitant, furfural, gadopentetate, galsulfase, hydroquinone, latanoprost,meclofenamate, medrysone,melarsoprol, methocarbamol, metipranolol, morpholine, moxifloxacin ophthalmic, nitisinone, orache (atriplex), pemetrexed, penicillium, pentamidine isethionate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, quinone, rasagiline, rifampin, rifapentin, secukinumab, sertraline, silver nitrate drops, tetracycline, thallous chloride tl 201, tocilizumab, travoprost
Ear Nose Throat Cogan syndrome, oral allergy syndrome
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental Aesculus pollen, alder, dust mite, environmental pollution,smog, smoke
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Crouzon syndrome, dyskeratosis congenita, familial cold urticaria, Job syndrome, Kindler syndrome, type II tyrosinemia, xeroderma pigmentosum, x-linked agammaglobulinaemia
Hematologic Hemorrhage, plasminogen deficiency, x-linked agammaglobulinaemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Acanthamoeba, adenovirus, alternaria, aspergillus, aureobasidium, candida albicans, cat scratch disease, chikungunya fever, chlamydia, cladosporium, congenital chlamydia, congenital gonorrhea, coxsackie virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, enterovirus 70, epicoccum, fusarium, gonorrhea, haemophilus influenzae, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, helminth infections, helminthosporium, herpes simplex, herpes virus 2, herpes zoster, human enterovirus A, Kikuchi disease, Koch-Weeks conjunctivitis, leprosy, leptospirosis, listeria monocytogenes, Lyme disease, measles, molluscum contagiosum, moraxella catarrhalis, mucor, neisseria gonorrhoeae, neisseria meningiditis, Newcastle disease, non-specific urethritis, omsk hemorrhagic fever, onchocerciasis, pasteurella multocida, pediculosis ciliaris, pfiesteria piscicida, picornavirus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, psittacosis, respiratory syncytial virus, rhizopus, rosacea, rubella, sabia virus, serratia, smut, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, the clap, toxic-shock syndrome, trachoma, tularemia, viral conjunctivitis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Burns, Crouzon Syndrome , polychondritis
Neurologic 7th cranial nerve disorder, facial nerve palsy
Nutritional / Metabolic Type II tyrosinemia, pyridoxine deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
Opthalmologic Allergic conjunctivitis, Angelucci's syndrome, bacterial conjunctivitis, blepharitis, Cogan syndrome, conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, contact lens, corneal abrasion, dacryocystitis, ectropion, entropion, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, familial cold urticaria, follicular conjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, lacrimal canaliculitis, ligneous conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, ocular rosacea, ophthalmia neonatorum, phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, Theodore's superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, trachoma, vernal conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, viral conjunctivitis
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis
Renal / Electrolyte Wegener's granulomatosis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Allergic conjunctivitis, allergy, Behcet disease, cicatricial pemphigoid, common variable immunodeficiency, familial cold urticaria, familial hibernian fever, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, hay fever, hypersensitivity to pollen, Job syndrome, mold allergy, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, oral allergy syndrome, polychondritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, relapsing polychondritis, severe combined immunodeficiency, sicca syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome, TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, x-linked agammaglobulinaemia
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Blunt injury, burns, penetrating trauma, trauma
Urologic Non-specific urethritis
Dental Crouzon syndrome
Miscellaneous American feverfew, ash juniper tree, ash tree, beech tree, bermuda grass, birch tree, box elder tree, canary grass, capeweed, cocklebur, cypress tree, daisy, dandelion, elm tree, foreign body, goosefoot, guayule, hemp, hickory tree, hornbeam tree, horse chestnut tree, johnson grass, kentucky bluegrass, maple tree, marshelder, monteroy pine tree, mountain cedar tree, mugwort tree, oak tree, olea tree, olive tree, orchard grass, pecan trees, pigweed, plane tree, pollen, poplar tree, ragweed, rapeseed oil, redtop grass, ryegrass, sunflower, tilia tree, timothy grass, tumble weed, velvet grass, wall pellitory, walnut tree, white cedar tree, willow tree

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ National Eye Institute (2015). [1] Accessed on June 23, 2016
  2. ↑ Azari AA, Barney NP (2013). "Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment". JAMA. 310 (16): 1721–9. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280318. PMC 4049531. PMID 24150468.
  3. ↑ name= Bacterial Conjunctivitis > Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). [2] Accessed on June 23, 2016
  4. ↑ Mallika P, Asok T, Faisal H, Aziz S, Tan A, Intan G (2008). "Neonatal conjunctivitis - a review". Malays Fam Physician. 3 (2): 77–81. PMC 4170304. PMID 25606121.
  5. ↑ Woods, Charles R. "Gonococcal infections in neonates and young children." Seminars in pediatric infectious diseases. Vol. 16. No. 4. WB Saunders, 2005.
  6. ↑ Barabino S, Dana MR (2007). "Dry eye syndromes". Chem Immunol Allergy. 92: 176–84. doi:10.1159/000099268. PMID 17264493.

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