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| {{Mental disorder}} | | {{Mental disorder}} |
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{KS}} |
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| == Differential Diagnosis ==
| | {{SK}} General learning disability; intellectual disability |
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| In alphabetical order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
| | == [[Mental disorder overview|Overview]] == |
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| === Anxiety Disorders === | | == [[Mental disorder historical perspective|Historical Perspective]] == |
| * Acute stress disorder
| | == [[Mental disorder classification|Classification]] == |
| * Agoraphobia
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| * Generalized anxiety disorder
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| * [[Obsessive compulsive disorder]]
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| * Panic disorder
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| * [[Posttraumatic Stress Disorder]]
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| * Social phobia
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| * Specific phobia
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| === Childhood Disorders === | | == [[Mental disorder pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| * Asperger's disorder
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| * Attention-Deficit disorder
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| * Autistic disorder
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| * Conduct disorder
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| * Oppositional defiant disorder
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| * [[Separation Anxiety Disorder]]
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| * [[Tourette's syndrome]]
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| === Cognitive Disorders === | | == [[Mental disorder causes|Causes]]== |
| * [[Ddx:Delirium|Delirium]]
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| * [[Dementia]] in alcoholism
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| * [[Dementia]] of Alzheimer type
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| * Multi-infarct dementia
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| * Other [[Dementia|dementia]]
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| === Eating Disorders === | | == [[Mental disorder differential diagnosis|Differentiating Mental Disorder from other Diseases]] == |
| * [[Anorexia Nervosa]]
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| * [[Bulimia Nervosa]]
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| === Mood Disorders ===
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| * [[Bipolar Disorder]]
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| * Cyclothymic disorder
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| * Dysthymic disorder
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| * Major depressive disorder
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| === Personality Disorders ===
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| * Antisocial personality
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| * Borderline personality
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| * Dependent personality
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| * Histrionic personality
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| * Obsessive-compulsive personality
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| === Schizophrenia (and other) ===
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| * Brief psychotic disorder
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| * Delusional disorder
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| * Psychotic disorders
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| * Schizoaffective disorder
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| * Schizophreniform disorder
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| * Shared psychotic disorder
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| === Substance-Related Disorders ===
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| * Alcoholism
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| * Amphetamines
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| * Cannabis
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| * Cocaine
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| * Hallucinogens
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| * Inhalants
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| * Nicotine
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| * Opinoids
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| * Phencyclidines
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| * Sedatives
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| == Treatment == | | == [[Mental disorder epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]] == |
| {{main|Treatment of mental disorders}}
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| Mental health services may be based in hospitals, clinics or the community. Often an individual may engage in different treatment modalities. They may be under [[case management]] (sometimes referred to as "service coordination"), use inpatient or [[partial hospitalization|day treatment]], utilize a [[Clubhouse Model of Psychosocial Rehabilitation|psychosocial rehabilitation]] program, and/or take part in an [[Assertive Community Treatment]] program. Individuals may be treated against their will in some cases, especially if assessed to be at high risk to themselves or others. Services in some countries are increasingly based on a [[Recovery model]] that supports an individual's journey to regain a meaningful life.
| | == [[Mental disorder risk factors|Risk Factors]] == |
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| ===Psychotherapy=== | | == [[Mental disorder screening|Screening]] == |
| A major option for many mental disorders is [[psychotherapy]]. There are several main types. [[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] (CBT) is widely used and is based on modifying the patterns of thought and behavior associated with a particular disorder. [[Psychoanalysis]], addressing underlying psychic conflicts and defenses, has been a dominant school of psychotherapy and is still in use. [[Systemic therapy]] or [[family therapy]] is sometimes used, addressing a network of signicant others as well as an individual. Some psychotherapies are based on a [[humanistic psychology|humanistic]] approach. There are a number of specific therapies used for particular disorders, which may be offshoots or hybrids of the above types. [[Mental health professionals]] often employ an [[Integrative Psychotherapy|eclectic or integrative approach]]. Much may depend on the [[therapeutic relationship]], and there may be problems with [[Trust (social sciences)|trust]], confidentiality and engagement.
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| ===Medication=== | | == [[Mental disorder natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] == |
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| ===Other=== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| Electroconvulsive therapy ([[ECT]]) is sometimes used in severe cases when other interventions for severe intractable depression have failed. [[Psychosurgery]], best known as the form known as a "frontal lobotomy", is no longer generally used. [[Psychoeducation]] may be used to provide people with the information to understand and manage their problems. Creative therapies are sometimes used, including [[music therapy]], [[art therapy]] or [[drama therapy]]. Lifestyle adjustments and supportive measures are often used, including [[peer support]], [[self-help]] and supported housing or employment. Some advocate [[dietary supplements]] based on published randomized double-blind, placebo controlled trials<ref>Lakhan SE; Vieira KF. [http://www.nutritionj.com/content/7/1/2 Nutritional therapies for mental disorders]. ''Nutrition Journal'' 2008;7(2).</ref>. Many things have been found to help at least some people. A [[placebo]] effect may play a role in any intervention.
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| == Professions and fields ==
| | [[Mental disorder diagnostic criteria|Diagnostic Criteria]] |[[Mental disorder history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Mental disorder physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Mental disorder laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Mental disorder electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Mental disorder CT|CT]] | [[Mental disorder MRI|MRI]] | [[Mental disorder other imaging findings |Other Imaging Findings]] |
| {{main|Mental health professional}}
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| A number of [[professions]] have developed that specialise in the treatment of mental disorders, including the [[Medicine|medical]] speciality of [[psychiatry]] (including psychiatric nursing)<ref name=AJP154Editorial>A, N.C. (1997). What is Psychiatry? ''The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154'', 591-593.</ref><ref name=UM>University of Melbourne. (2005, August 19). ''What is Psychiatry?''. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://www.psychiatry.unimelb.edu.au/info/what_is_psych.html</ref><ref name=CPA>California Psychiatric Association. (2007, February 28). ''Frequently Asked Questions About Psychiatry & Psychiatrists''. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://www.calpsych.org/publications/cpa/faqs.html</ref>, the division of [[psychology]] known as [[clinical psychology]]<ref>American Psychological Association, Division 12, http://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/aboutcp.html</ref>, [[social work|Social Work]]<ref>Golightley, M. (2004) Social work and Mental Health Learning Matters, UK</ref>, as well as Mental Health Counselors, Marriage and Family Therapists, [[Psychotherapists]], [[Counselors]] and [[Public Health]] professionals. Those with personal experience of using mental health services are also increasingly involved in researching and delivering mental health services and working as mental health professionals.<ref>Goldstrom ID, Campbell J, Rogers JA, et al (2006) [http://www.springerlink.com/content/u132325343qlw4r0/ National estimates for mental health mutual support groups, self-help organizations, and consumer-operated services.] ''Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research'', 33:92–102</ref><ref>The Joseph Rowntree Foundation (1998) [http://www.jrf.org.uk/knowledge/findings/socialcare/SCR488.asp The experiences of mental health service users as mental health professionals]</ref><ref>Chamberlin J. (2005) User/consumer involvement in mental health service delivery. ''Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc.'' Jan-Mar;14(1):10-4. PMID 15792289</ref><ref>Terence V. McCann, John Baird, Eileen Clark, Sai Lu (2006) [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2006.00432.x Beliefs about using consumer consultants in inpatient psychiatric units] ''International Journal of Mental Health Nursing'' 15 (4), 258–265.</ref> The different clinical and scientific perspectives draw on diverse fields of research and theory, and different disciplines may favor differing models, explanations and goals.<ref name="Rogers&Pilgram05">Rogers, A. & Pilgram, D. (2005) ''A Sociology of Mental Health and Illness'', Open University Press, 3rd Edition. ISBN 0335215831</ref>
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| == Movements ==
| | [[Mental disorder medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Mental disorder psychotherapy|Psychotherapy]] | [[Mental disorder surgery|Surgery]] | [[Mental disorder prevention|Prevention]] | [[Mental disorder social impacts|Social Impacts]] | [[Mental disorder cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Mental disorder future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| The [[Consumer/Survivor Movement]] (also known as user/survivor movement) is made up of individuals (and organizations representing them) who are clients of mental health services or who consider themselves "survivors" of mental health services. The movement campaigns for improved mental health services and for more involvement and empowerment within mental health services, policies and wider society.<ref>Everett, B. (1994) [http://www.umaine.edu/JMB/archives/volume15/15_1-2_1994winterspring.html#abstract4 Something is happening: the contemporary consumer and psychiatric survivor movement in historical context.] ''Journal of Mind and Behavior'', 15:55–7</ref><ref>Rissmiller DJ & Rissmiller JH (2006) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16754765&dopt=Abstract Evolution of the antipsychiatry movement into mental health consumerism. ] ''Psychiatric Services'', Jun;57(6):863-6.</ref><ref>Oaks, D. (2006) [http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/57/8/1212 The Evolution of the Consumer Movement] ''Psychiatric Services'' 57:1212</ref> [[Patient advocacy]] organizations have expanded with increasing [[deinstitutionalization]] in developed countries, working to challenge the [[stereotypes]], [[stigma]] and exclusion associated with psychiatric conditions. An [[antipsychiatry]] movement fundamentally challenges mainstream psychiatric theory and practice, including the reality or utility of psychiatric diagnoses of mental illnesses.<ref name=AntiPsychCoal>The Antipsychiatry Coalition. (2005, November 26). The Antipsychiatry Coalition. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from www.antipsychiatry.org</ref><ref>Anthony Paul O'Brien, Martin Woods, Christine Palmer (2001) [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1440-0979.2001.00183.x The emancipation of nursing practice: Applying anti-psychiatry to the therapeutic community.] Australian and New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing 10 (1), 3–9.</ref>
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| <ref>Weitz D. (2003) Call me antipsychiatry activist--not "consumer" ''Ethical Hum Sci Serv.'' Spring;5(1):71-2. PMID 15279009</ref>
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| == Laws and policies ==
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| Three quarters of countries around the world have mental
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| health legislation. Compulsory admission to mental health facilities (also known as [[Involuntary commitment]] or [[sectioning]]), is a controversial topic. From some points of view it can impinge on personal liberty and the right to choose, and carry the risk of abuse for political, social and other reasons; from other points of view, it can potentially prevent harm to self and others, and assist some people in attaining their right to healthcare when unable to decide in their own interests.<ref name="WHORIGHTS">World Health Organization (2005) [http://www.who.int/mental_health/policy/who_rb_mnh_hr_leg_FINAL_11_07_05.pdf WHO Resource Book on Mental Health: Human rights and legislation] ISBN 924156282 (PDF)</ref>
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| All human-rights orientated mental health laws require proof of the presence of a mental disorder as defined by internationally accepted standards, but the type and severity of disorder that counts can vary in different jurisdictions. The two most often utilized grounds for involuntary admission are said to be serious likelihood of immediate or imminent danger to self or others, and the need for treatment. Applications for someone to be involuntarily admitted may usually come from a mental health practitioner, a family member, a close relative, or a guardian. Human-rights-orientated laws usually stipulate that independent medical practitioners or other accredited mental health practitioners must examine the patient separately and that there should be regular, time-bound review by an independent review body.<ref name="WHORIGHTS"/> An individual must be shown to lack the capacity to give or withhold informed consent (i.e. to understand treatment information and its implications). Proxy consent (also known as [[substituted decision-making]]) may be given to a personal representative, a family member or a legally appointed guardian, or patients may have been able to enact an [[advance directive]] as to how they wish to be treated.<ref name="WHORIGHTS"/> The right to [[supported decision-making]] may also be included in legislation.<ref>Manitoba Family Services and Housing. The Vulnerable Persons Living with a Mental Disability Act, 1996</ref> Involuntary treatment laws may be extended to those living in the community, for example [[Community Treatment Order]]s (CTOs) are used in [[New Zealand]], [[Australia]] and 38 states in the [[US]] and are being planned in the [[UK]].<ref>[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/legal/article2137689.ece The Big Question: Will the new mental health Bill make Britain a safer place?]</ref>
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| The World Health Organization reports that in many instances national mental health legislation takes away the rights of persons with mental disorders rather than protecting rights, and is often outdated.<ref name="WHORIGHTS"/> In 1991, the [[United Nations]] adopted the [[Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care]], which established minimum human rights standards of practice in the mental health field. In 2006 the UN formally agreed the [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]] to protect and enhance the rights and opportunities of disabled people, including those with psychosocial disabilities<ref>[http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/ ENABLE website] UN section on disability</ref>
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| The term [[insanity]], sometimes used [[Colloquialism|colloquially]] as a [[synonym]] for mental illness, is often used technically as a legal term.
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| == Perception and discrimination ==
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| === Media ===
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| {{main|Mental disorders in art and literature}}
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| Media coverage of mental illness comprises predominantly negative depictions, for example, of incompetence, violence or criminality, with far less coverage of positive issues such as accomplishments or [[human rights]] issues.<ref>Coverdate, J., Nairn, R. & Claasen, D. (2001) [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.00998.x?journalCode=anpquick Depictions of mental illness in print media: a prospective national sample] ''Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry'', 36 (5), 697–700.</ref><ref>Edney, RD. (2004) [http://www.ontario.cmha.ca/content/about_mental_illness/mass_media.asp Mass Media and Mental Illness: A Literature Review] Canadian Mental Health Association</ref><ref>Diefenbach, D.L. (1998) [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/46099/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 The portrayal of mental illness on prime-time television] ''Journal of Community Psychology'' Vol 25, Issue 3, Pages 289-302</ref> Such negative depictions, including in children's cartoons, are thought to contribute to [[stigma]] and negative attitudes in the public and in those with mental health problems themselves, although more sensitive or serious cinematic portrayals have increased in prevalence.<ref>Sieff, E. (2003) [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cjmh/2003/00000012/00000003/art00006 Media frames of mental illnesses: The potential impact of negative frames] ''Journal of Mental Health'', Vol 12(3) pp. 259-269</ref><ref>Wahl, O.F. (2003) [http://abs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/46/12/1594 News Media Portrayal of Mental Illness: Implications for Public Policy] ''American Behavioral Scientist'' Vol. 46, No. 12, 1594-1600</ref>
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| === General public ===
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| The general public have been found to hold a strong stereotype of dangerousness and desire for social distance from individuals described as mentally ill.<ref>Link BG, Phelan JC, Bresnahan M, Stueve A, Pescosolido BA. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=abstractplus&db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=abstractplus&list_uids=10474548 Public conceptions of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance.] ''Am J Public Health.'' Sep;89(9):1328-33.</ref> Japan has been reported to have more negative attitudes than Australia, although stigma appears common in both countries.<ref>Griffiths KM, Nakane Y, Christensen H, Yoshioka K, Jorm AF, Nakane H. (2006) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16716231 Stigma in response to mental disorders: a comparison of Australia and Japan.] ''BMC Psychiatry.'' May 23;6:21.</ref>
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| ===Violence===
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| The public fear of violence due to mental illness is a contentious topic. One US national survey indicated that a far higher percentage of Americans rated individuals described as displaying the characteristics of a mental disorder (for example Schizophrenia or Substance Use Disorder) as "likely to do something violent to others" compared to those described as being 'troubled'.<ref>Pescosolido BA, Monahan J, Link BG, Stueve A, Kikuzawa S. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=10474550 The public's view of the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal coercion of persons with mental health problems.] ''American Journal of Public Health.'' Sep;89(9):1339-45.</ref> Research indicates, on balance, a higher than average number of violent acts by some individuals with certain diagnoses, notably antisocial or psychopathic personality disorders, but conflicting findings about specific symptoms (for example links between psychosis and violence in community settings) - but the mediating factors of such acts are most consistently found to be mainly socio-demographic and socio-economic factors such as being young, [[male]], of lower socio-economic [[status]] and, in particular, substance abuse (including [[alcohol]]).<ref name="Stuart03">Stuart, H. (2003) [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1525086 Violence and mental illness: an overview.] '' World Psychiatry. June; 2(2): 121–124</ref><ref>Steadman HJ, Mulvey EP, Monahan J, Robbins PC, Appelbaum PS, Grisso T, Roth LH, Silver E. (1998) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=9596041 Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods.] ''Archives of General Psychiatry.'' May;55(5):393-401.</ref><ref name="Rogers&Pilgram05"/> Findings consistently indicate that it is many times more likely that people diagnosed with a serious mental illness living in the community will be the victim rather than the perpetrator of violence.<ref name="Stuart03"/><ref>Brekke JS, Prindle C, Bae SW, Long JD (2001). Risks for individuals with schizophrenia who are living in the community. Psychiatric Services. Oct;52(10):1358–66. PMID 11585953</ref> Violence by or against individuals with mental illness typically occurs in the context of complex social interactions (including in atmosphere of mutually high "[[expressed emotion]]"), including within a family setting,<ref>Solomon, PL., Cavanaugh, MM., Gelles, RJ. (2005) [http://tva.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/6/1/40 Family Violence among Adults with Severe Mental Illness.] ''Trauma, Violence, & Abuse'', Vol. 6, No. 1, 40-54</ref> as well as being an issue in healthcare settings<ref>Chou, KR., Lu, RB., Chang, M. (2001) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11779087 Assaultive behavior by psychiatric in-patients and its related factors.] ''Journal of Nursing Research.'' Dec;9(5):139-51</ref> and the wider community.<ref>B. Lögdberg, L.-L. Nilsson, M. T. Levander, S. Levander (2004) [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00322.x/abs/ Schizophrenia, neighbourhood, and crime.] ''[[Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica]],'' 110(2) Page 92.</ref>
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| ===Employment===
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| [[Employment discrimination]] is reported to play a significant part in the high rate of [[unemployment]] among those with a diagnosis of mental illness<ref>Heather Stuart (2006) [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/542517 Mental Illness and Employment Discrimination] ''Current Opinion in Psychiatry'' 19(5):522-526.</ref> Schemes to combat [[stigma]] have been prioritized by global and national psychiatric organizations, but their methods and outcomes have been criticized as counterproductive.<ref>Read, J., Haslam, N., Sayce, L., Davies, E. (2006) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17022790 Prejudice and schizophrenia: a review of the 'mental illness is an illness like any other' approach] ''[[Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica]] Nov;114(5):303-18</ref>
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| | ==Case Studies== |
| | :[[Mental disorder case study one|Case #1]] |
| == See also == | | == See also == |
| * [[Psychopathology]] | | * [[Psychopathology]] |
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| * [[Anti-psychiatry]] | | * [[Anti-psychiatry]] |
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| ==Notes==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| === Further reading ===
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| * Atkinson, J. (2006) '''Private and Public Protection: Civil Mental Health Legislation''', Edinburgh, Dunedin Academic Press
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| * {{cite book | author=Hockenbury, Don and Sandy | title=Discovering Psychology | publisher=Worth Publishers | year=2004 | id=ISBN 0-7167-5704-4}}
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| * [[Roy Porter]], ''Madness. A Brief History'', Oxford University Press 2003
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| * Wiencke, Markus (2006) ''Schizophrenie als Ergebnis von Wechselwirkungen: Georg Simmels Individualitätskonzept in der Klinischen Psychologie''. In David Kim (ed.), ''Georg Simmel in Translation: Interdisciplinary Border-Crossings in Culture and Modernity'' (pp. 123-155). Cambridge Scholars Press, Cambridge, ISBN 1-84718-060-5
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| {{Mental illness (alphabetical list)}} | | {{Mental illness (alphabetical list)}} |
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| [[ar:مرض عقلي]]
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| [[zh-min-nan:Cheng-sîn-pēⁿ]]
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| [[ca:Malaltia mental]]
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| [[cs:Duševní porucha]]
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| [[da:Psykisk sygdom]]
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| [[de:Psychische Störung]]
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| [[et:Psüühika- ja käitumishäired]]
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| [[es:Enfermedad mental]]
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| [[eu:Buruko gaitza]]
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| [[fr:Maladie mentale]]
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| [[gl:Enfermidade mental]]
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| [[ko:정신과 질환]]
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| [[hi:मानसिक रोग]] | | [[hi:मानसिक रोग]] |
| [[he:הפרעה נפשית]]
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| [[id:Penyakit mental]]
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| [[is:Geðsjúkdómur]]
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| [[lt:Psichikos sutrikimas]]
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| [[nl:Psychische aandoening]]
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| [[ja:精神疾患]]
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| [[no:Psykisk lidelse]]
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| [[uz:Ruhiy kasallik]]
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| [[pl:Zaburzenie psychiczne]]
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| [[pt:Doença mental]]
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| [[ro:Boală mentală]]
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| [[ru:Психическое расстройство]]
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| [[simple:Mental illness]]
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| [[sk:Duševná choroba]]
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| [[sl:Duševna motnja]]
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| [[sr:Ментални поремећај]]
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| [[sh:Duševna bolest]]
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| [[sv:Psykisk störning]]
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| [[uk:Психічні захворювання]]
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| [[zh:心理疾病]]
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| {{jb1}}
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| {{WH}} | | {{WH}} |
| {{WS}} | | {{WS}} |