Mental retardation historical perspective: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 04:39, 22 July 2021

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chelsea Mae Nobleza, M.D.[2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Discovery

Intellectual disability traces its roots back to ancient civilizations. The Egyptians focused on treating disabilities and other ailments, while Greek and Roman Civilizations negatively viewed disability, killing those with disabilities. During the Middle Ages, intellectual disability revolved around religion and superstitions. The Church became a refuge for the individual with disabilities by providing shelter. The Restoration period associated "idiocy" and mental illness with immortality for which having a disability is a punishment. In the 17th century, John Locke differentiated intellectual disabilities from physical ones, where both mental and emotional deficits characterized intellectual disabilities. Oxford Philosopher Willis pinpointed various etiologies for a mental disability such as heredity, trauma, other diseases, and spirits. ^[1]

Impact on Cultural History

Previously, intellectual disability is known by the terms mental retardation that included the categories of an idiot, imbecile and moron. These terms are based on IQ test scores. In 2010, President Barack Obama signed Rosa's law, which removed "mental retardation" and mentally retarded from federal use. This change was also implemented in the DSM5. ^[2]

References

↑ Roth, Emily A.; Sarawgi, Shivali N.; Fodstad, Jill C. (2019). "History of Intellectual Disabilities": 3–16. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20843-1_1. ISSN 2192-922X.
↑ [+https://www.psychdb.com/child/intellectual-disability "Intellectual Disability (ID) - PsychDB"] Check |url= value (help).

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[RothSarawgi2019-1] Roth, Emily A.; Sarawgi, Shivali N.; Fodstad, Jill C. (2019). "History of Intellectual Disabilities": 3–16. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20843-1_1. ISSN 2192-922X.

[2] [+https://www.psychdb.com/child/intellectual-disability "Intellectual Disability (ID) - PsychDB"] Check |url= value (help).

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[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Mental retardation}}
+{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}
-{{CMG}}
+==Overview==
+==Historical Perspective==
-== Overview ==
-== Historical Perspective ==
-The term "Mental retardation" has acquired pejorative and shameful connotations over the last few decades and is now used almost exclusively in in The United States in technical or scientific contexts.
+===Discovery===
+Intellectual disability traces its roots back to [[ancient civilizations]]. The [[Egyptians]] focused on treating [[disabilities]] and other [[ailments]], while [[Greek]] and [[Roman]] [[Civilizations]] negatively viewed [[disability]], killing those with disabilities. During the [[Middle Ages]], [[intellectual disability]] revolved around [[religion]] and [[superstitions]]. The [[Church]] became a [[refuge]] for the [[individual]] with disabilities by providing shelter. The [[Restoration period]] associated [["idiocy"]] and [[mental illness]] with [[immortality]] for which having a [[disability]] is a [[punishment]].
+In the [[17th century]], [[John Locke]] differentiated intellectual disabilities from [[physical ones]], where both [[mental]] and [[emotional]] [[deficits]] characterized [[intellectual]] [[disabilities]]. [[Oxford]] [[Philosopher]] [[Willis]] pinpointed various [[etiologies]] for a [[mental disability]] such as [[heredity]], [[trauma]], other [[diseases]], and [[spirits]]. <ref name="RothSarawgi2019">{{cite journal|last1=Roth|first1=Emily A.|last2=Sarawgi|first2=Shivali N.|last3=Fodstad|first3=Jill C.|title=History of Intellectual Disabilities|year=2019|pages=3–16|issn=2192-922X|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-20843-1_1}}</ref>
-* In North America the broad term ''developmental delay'' has become an increasingly preferred synonym by many parents and direct support professionals. Elsewhere, however, ''developmental delay'' is generally used to imply that appropriate intervention will improve or completely eliminate the condition, allowing for "catching up."  Importantly, this term carries the emotionally powerful idea that the individual's current difficulties are likely to be temporary.
+===Impact on Cultural History===
-* ''Developmental disability'' is preferred by most physicians, but can also refer to any other physical or psychiatric delay, such as [[delayed puberty]].
+Previously, intellectual disability is known by the terms [[mental retardation]] that included the categories of an [[idiot]], [[imbecile]] and [[moron]]. These terms are based on [[IQ]] test scores. In 2010, President [[Barack Obama]] signed [[Rosa's law]], which removed "[[mental retardation]]" and [[mentally retarded]] from [[federal]] use. This change was also implemented in the [[DSM5]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=+https://www.psychdb.com/child/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability (ID) - PsychDB |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
-* The phrase ''intellectual disability'' is increasingly being used as a synonym for people with significantly below-average IQ.<ref>[http://www.mencap.org.uk/ MENCAP]: '''Website of the UK's leading learning disability charity.''' Retrieved 28 June 2006</ref> These terms are sometimes used as a means of separating general intellectual limitations from specific, limited deficits as well as indicating that it is not an emotional or psychological disability.  Intellectual disability is also used to describe the outcome of [[traumatic brain injury]] or [[lead poisoning]] or [[dementing]] conditions such as [[Alzheimer's disease]].  It is not specific to congenital conditions like [[Down syndrome]].
-The American Association on Mental Retardation continued to use the term ''mental retardation'' until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aamr.org/Policies/faq_mental_retardation.shtml |title=AAIDD POSITION STATEMENTS |accessdate=2007-08-23 |format= |work=}}</ref> In June 2006 its members voted to change the name of the organisation to the "American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities," rejecting the options to become the AAID or AADD. Part of the rationale for the double name was that many of the members worked with people with [[autism]] and [[Asperger syndrome]], also known as [[pervasive developmental disorder]]s, not all of whom were also mentally retarded.
+==References==
+{{Reflist|2}}
-In the UK, "mental handicap" had become the common medical term, replacing "mental subnormality" in Scotland and "mental deficiency" in England and Wales, until Stephen Dorrell, Secretary of State for Health in England and Wales from 1995-7, changed the [[National Health Service|NHS]]'s designation to "learning disability." The new term is not yet widely understood, and is often taken to refer to problems affecting schoolwork (the American usage): which are known in the UK as "learning difficulties." British social workers may use "learning difficulty" to refer to both people with MR and those with conditions such as dyslexia.
-In England and Wales the [[Mental Health Act 1983]] defines "mental impairment" and "severe mental impairment" as "a state of arrested or incomplete development of mind which includes significant/severe impairment of intelligence and social functioning and is associated with abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct on the part of the person concerned."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/PDF/Draft%20Illustrative%20Code%20of%20Practice%20July%202007.pdf |title=DRAFT ILLUSTRATIVE CODE OF PRACTICE |accessdate=2007-08-23 |format= |work=}}</ref> As behavior is involved, these are not necessarily permanent conditions: they are defined for the purpose of authorising detention in hospital or guardianship. However, English statute law uses "mental impairment" elsewhere in a less well-defined manner—''e.g.'' to allow exemption from taxes—implying that mental retardation without any behavioural problems is what is meant. Mental Impairment is scheduled to be removed from the Act when it is amended in 2008.
-== References ==
-{{reflist|2}}
 {{WH}}
 {{WS}}
+[[Category:Needs content]]
+[[Category:Psychiatry]]
+[[Category:Disability]]