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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Amnesia}} | | {{Amnesia}} |
| | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ZMalik}} |
| {{CMG}} ; {{AOEIC}}{{ADI}} | |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| Common causes of amnesia include medications, [[head trauma]], [[depression]] and aging. | | Common causes of amnesia include [[medications]], [[head trauma]], [[depression]] and [[aging]]. Less common cause of amnesia are childhood [[sexual]] [[abuse]], traumatic incident, [[psychological]] [[trauma]], [[hypoxia]], [[thiamine]] [[deficiency]], [[alcohol]] [[abuse]], [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Pick's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[hypoglycemia]], [[stroke]], [[electroconvulsive therapy]]. |
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| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
| ===Common Causes=== | | ===Common Causes=== |
| *[[Side effects]] of medication: Many drugs can cause cognitive problems and memory loss as a side effect. Common drugs that affect memory and brain function include sleeping pills, antihistamines, blood pressure and arthritis medication, antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, and painkillers. | | *Common causes of amnesia include [[medications]], [[head trauma]], [[depression]] and [[aging]].<ref name="pmid2154898">{{cite journal| author=Erickson KR| title=Amnestic disorders. Pathophysiology and patterns of memory dysfunction. | journal=West J Med | year= 1990 | volume= 152 | issue= 2 | pages= 159-66 | pmid=2154898 | doi= | pmc=1002292 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2154898 }} </ref> |
| *[[Depression]]: Depression mimics the signs of memory loss. It is a common problem in older adults—especially if one is less social and active than they used to be or if one has recently experienced a number of major life changes (retirement, a serious medical diagnosis, the loss of a loved one, moving away from home).
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| *[[Vitamin B12 Deficiency]]: Vitamin B12 protects neurons and is vital to healthy brain functioning. A lack of B12 can cause permanent damage to the brain.
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| *[[Trauma]]: This is the most common cause of preventable memory loss.
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| ===Causes by Organ System===
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| {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cardiac arrest]], [[Heart bypass surgery]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aluminium poisoning]], [[Barbiturate abuse]], [[Bromoform]], [[Cannabis]], [[Hobo spider poisoning]], [[Mercury poisoning ]], [[Stachybotrys chartarum]], [[Toluene]], [[Neurotoxicity syndromes]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dermatologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anagrelide]], [[Anisotropine Methylbromide]],[[Aripiprazole]], [[Benztropine]], [[Diazepam]], [[Dicyclomine]], [[Flecainide]], [[Lamotrigine]], [[Levetiracetam]], [[Midazolam]] <ref name="pmid9447768">{{cite journal |author=Nadin G, Coulthard P |title=Memory and midazolam conscious sedation |journal=Br Dent J |volume=183 |issue=11-12 |pages=399–407 |year=1997 |pmid=9447768 |doi= |url=}}</ref>, [[Modafinil]], [[Nefazodone]], [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Phenelzine]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Ropinirole]], [[Selegiline]], [[Temozolomide]], [[Trazodone]], [[Valium]], [[Zaleplon]], [[Zolpidem]], [[Chemotherapy]], [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]], [[Lovastatin]], [[Rosuvastatin]], [[Fluvastatin]], [[Atorvastatin]], [[Pravastatin]], [[Simvastatin]], [[Propranolol]], [[Pindolol]], [[Atenolol]], [[Metoprolol]], [[Scopolamine]]
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| |- | |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Endocrine'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hashimoto's Thyroiditis]], [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Hypothyroidism]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Environmental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anoxia]], [[Frostbite]], [[Heat stroke]], [[Hypoxia]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Genetic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Citrullinemia ]]<ref> http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/citrullinemia </ref>, [[Down Syndrome]], [[Graeck-Imerslund disease]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Hematologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bone marrow transplant]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Iatrogenic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bilateral temporal lobectomy]], [[Brain radiation]], [[Electroconvulsive therapy]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Infectious Disease'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[AIDS Dementia Complex]], [[Cryptococcal Meningitis]], [[Encephalitis]]
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| , [[Herpes simplex encephalitis]], [[HIV]], [[Human T-lymphotropic virus]], [[Lyme disease]], [[Neurosyphillis]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Neurologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Achromatopsia ]]<ref name="pmid8341415">{{cite journal |author=Ogden JA |title=Visual object agnosia, prosopagnosia, achromatopsia, loss of visual imagery, and autobiographical amnesia following recovery from cortical blindness: case M.H |journal=Neuropsychologia |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=571–89 |year=1993 |month=June |pmid=8341415 |doi= |url=}}</ref>, [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Corticobasal Degeneration]], [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]], [[Encephalitis]], [[Frontotemporal dementia]], [[Hydrocephalus]], [[Huntington's disease]], [[Intractible epilepsy]], [[Myelinopathies]], [[Multiple sclerosis]], [[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]], [[Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[Pick's disease of the brain]], [[Progressive supranuclear palsy]], [[Right parietal lobe syndrome]], [[Space occupying lesion]], [[Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis]], [[Transient global amnesia]], [[Vertebrobasilar disease]], [[Multi infarct dementia]], [[Human T-lymphotropic virus]], [[Neurosyphillis]], [[Hypothalamus tumor]], [[Tumors of the third ventricle]], [[Dialysis encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Neurosarcoidosis]], [[Sneddon Syndrome]], [[Arteriovenous Malformation]], [[Cerebrovascular accident]], [[Multi infarct dementia]], [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]], [[Transient ischemic attack]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Vitamin B12 deficiecny]], [[Dementia]], [[Depression]], [[Hyperthermia]], [[Hypothermia]], [[Hypoxia]], [[Malabsorption]], [[Megaloblastic Anemia ]], [[Nutritional deficiency]], [[Pellagra]], [[Thiamine deficiency]], [[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Menopause ]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Oncologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Brain cancer]], [[Hypothalamus tumor]], [[Malignant astrocytoma]], [[Malignant germ cell tumor]], [[Tumors of the third ventricle]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Opthalmologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Achromatopsia ]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Psychiatric'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amnestic disorder]], [[Bipolar disease]], [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]], [[Conversion disorder]], [[Fugue states]], [[Schizophrenia]]|-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Pulmonary'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypoxia]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dialysis encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Hypercalcemia]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's Disease]], [[Neurosarcoidosis]], [[Sneddon Syndrome]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Sexual'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Trauma'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Brain concussion]], [[Head injury]], [[Whiplash]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Urologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Miscellaneous'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcoholism]], [[Malingering]], [[Stress]]
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| |-
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| |}
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
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| {{col-begin}} {{col-break}}
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| *[[Achromatopsia ]]
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| *[[AIDS Dementia Complex]]
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| *[[Alcoholism]]
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| *[[Aluminium poisoning]]
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| *[[Alzheimer's disease]]
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| *[[Amnestic disorder]]
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| *[[Anagrelide]]
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| *[[Anisotropine Methylbromide]]
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| *[[Anoxia]]
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| *[[Aripiprazole]]
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| *[[Arteriovenous Malformation]]
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| *[[Atenolol]]
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| *[[Atorvastatin]]
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| *[[Barbiturate abuse]]
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| *[[Behcet's Disease]]
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| *[[Benztropine]]
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| *[[Bilateral temporal lobectomy]]
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| *[[Bipolar disease]]
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| *[[Bone marrow transplant]]
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| *[[Brain cancer]]
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| *[[Brain concussion]]
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| *[[Brain radiation]]
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| *[[Bromoform]]
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| *[[Cannabis]]
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| *[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
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| *[[Cardiac arrest]]
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| *[[Cerebrovascular accident]]
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| *[[Chemotherapy]]
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| *[[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]
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| *[[Citrullinemia ]]
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| *[[Conversion disorder]]
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| *[[Corticobasal Degeneration]]
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| *[[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]]
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| *[[Cryptococcal Meningitis]]
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| *[[Dementia]]
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| *[[Depression]]
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| *[[Dialysis encephalopathy syndrome]]
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| *[[Diazepam]]
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| *[[Dicyclomine]]
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| *[[Down Syndrome]]
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| *[[Electroconvulsive therapy]]
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| *[[Encephalitis]]
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| *[[Flecainide]]
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| *[[Fluvastatin]]
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| *[[Frontotemporal dementia]]
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| *[[Frostbite]]
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| *[[Fugue states]]
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| *[[Graeck-Imerslund disease]]
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| *[[Hashimoto's Thyroiditis]]
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| *[[Head injury]]
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| *[[Heart bypass surgery]]
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| *[[Heat stroke]]
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| *[[Herpes simplex encephalitis]]
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| *[[HIV]]
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| *[[Hobo spider poisoning]]
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| *[[Human T-lymphotropic virus]]
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| *[[Huntington's disease]]
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| *[[Hydrocephalus]]
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| *[[Hypercalcemia]]
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| *[[Hyperthermia]]
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| *[[Hyperthyroidism]]
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| *[[Hypothalamus tumor]]
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| *[[Hypothermia]]
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| {{col-break}}
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|
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| *[[Hypothyroidism]]
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| *[[Hypoxia]]
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| *[[Intractible epilepsy]]
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| *[[Lamotrigine]]
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| *[[Levetiracetam]]
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| *[[Lovastatin]]
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| *[[Lyme disease]]
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| *[[Malabsorption]]
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| *[[Malignant astrocytoma]]
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| *[[Malignant germ cell tumor]]
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| *[[Malingering]]
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| *[[Megaloblastic Anemia ]]
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| *[[Menopause ]]
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| *[[Mercury poisoning ]]
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| *[[Metoprolol]]
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| *[[Midazolam]]
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| *[[Modafinil]]
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| *[[Multi infarct dementia]]
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| *[[Multiple sclerosis]]
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| *[[Myelinopathies]]
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| *[[Nefazodone]]
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| *[[Neurosarcoidosis]]
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| *[[Neurosyphillis]]
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| *[[Neurotoxicity syndromes]]
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| *[[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]]
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| *[[Nutritional deficiency]]
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| *[[Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy]]
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| *[[Oxcarbazepine]]
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| *[[Parkinson's disease]]
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| *[[Pellagra]]
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| *[[Phenelzine]]
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| *[[Pick's disease of the brain]]
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| *[[Pindolol]]
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| *[[Pramipexole]]
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| *[[Pravastatin]]
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| *[[Progressive supranuclear palsy]]
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| *[[Propranolol]]
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| *[[Right parietal lobe syndrome]]
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| *[[Ropinirole]]
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| *[[Rosuvastatin]]
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| *[[Schizophrenia]]
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| *[[Scopolamine]]
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| *[[Selegiline]]
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| *[[Simvastatin]]
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| *[[Sneddon Syndrome]]
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| *[[Space occupying lesion]]
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| *[[Stachybotrys chartarum]]
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| *[[Stress]]
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| *[[Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis]]
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| *[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
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| *[[Temozolomide]]
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| *[[Thiamine deficiency]]
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| *[[Toluene]]
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| *[[Transient global amnesia]]
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| *[[Transient ischemic attack]]
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| *[[Trazodone]]
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| *[[Tumors of the third ventricle]]
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| *[[Valium]]
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| *[[Vertebrobasilar disease]]
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| *[[Vitamin B12 deficiecny]]
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| *[[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]]
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| *[[Whiplash]]
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| *[[Zaleplon]]
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| *[[Zolpidem]]
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| |} | | {{Family tree/start}} |
| | {{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01= Amnesia}} |
| | {{Family tree | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }} |
| | {{Family tree | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | }} |
| | {{Family tree | | | | | | B01 | | B02 | | B03 | | B04 | | B05 | | | | | | |B01=[[Neurological]]|B02=[[Trauma]]|B03=[[Psychological]]|B04=[[Drug]] Induced|B05=[[Nutrition]] [[deficiency]]}} |
| | {{Family tree | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | }} |
| | {{Family tree | | | | | | C01 | | C02 | | C03 | | C04 | | C05 | | | | | | | |C01=•[[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's Disease]]<br>•[[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's Disease]]<br>•[[Dementia with Lewy bodies]]<br>•[[Frontotemporal lobar degeneration]]<br>•[[Stroke]]|C02=•[[Vascular dementia]]<br>•[[Radiation]]<ref name="pmid30565571">{{cite journal| author=Cascella M, Di Napoli R, Carbone D, Cuomo GF, Bimonte S, Muzio MR| title=Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment: mechanisms, clinical features and research perspectives. | journal=Recenti Prog Med | year= 2018 | volume= 109 | issue= 11 | pages= 523-530 | pmid=30565571 | doi=10.1701/3031.30289 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30565571 }} </ref>|C03=•[[Depression]]<ref name="pmid2154898">{{cite journal| author=Erickson KR| title=Amnestic disorders. Pathophysiology and patterns of memory dysfunction. | journal=West J Med | year= 1990 | volume= 152 | issue= 2 | pages= 159-66 | pmid=2154898 | doi= | pmc=1002292 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2154898 }} </ref><br>•[[Anxiety]]<br>•Childhood [[sexual abuse]]|C04=•[[Marijuana abuse]]<br>•[[Benzodiazepine]]<ref> Sadock, Benjamin J., and Virginia A. Sadock. Kaplan & Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. Print</ref><br>•[[Chemotherapy]]<ref name="pmid30565571">{{cite journal| author=Cascella M, Di Napoli R, Carbone D, Cuomo GF, Bimonte S, Muzio MR| title=Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment: mechanisms, clinical features and research perspectives. | journal=Recenti Prog Med | year= 2018 | volume= 109 | issue= 11 | pages= 523-530 | pmid=30565571 | doi=10.1701/3031.30289 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30565571 }} </ref><br>•[[Electroconvulsive therapy]]<ref>Benbow, SM (2004) "Adverse effects of ECT". In AIF Scott (ed.) The ECT Handbook, second edition. London: The Royal College of Psychiatrists, pp. 170–174.</ref>|C05=•[[Thiamine deficiency]]<br>•[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]<br>•[[Hypoxia]]<ref name="pmid2154898">{{cite journal| author=Erickson KR| title=Amnestic disorders. Pathophysiology and patterns of memory dysfunction. | journal=West J Med | year= 1990 | volume= 152 | issue= 2 | pages= 159-66 | pmid=2154898 | doi= | pmc=1002292 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2154898 }} </ref><br>•[[Hypoglycemia]]<ref name="pmid2154898">{{cite journal| author=Erickson KR| title=Amnestic disorders. Pathophysiology and patterns of memory dysfunction. | journal=West J Med | year= 1990 | volume= 152 | issue= 2 | pages= 159-66 | pmid=2154898 | doi= | pmc=1002292 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2154898 }} </ref>}} |
| | {{Family tree/end}} |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
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| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
| | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] |
| | [[Category:Neurology]] |
| | [[Category:Psychiatry]] |
| | [[Category:Mature chapter]] |
| | [[Category:Memory disorders]] |
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| {{WH}} | | {{WH}} |
| {{WS}} | | {{WS}} |