Hearing impairment classification: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Hearing impairment}}
{{Hearing impairment}}
{{AB}}
 
{{CMG}} {{AE}}
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
Classification is based on [[laterality]], [[severity]], [[Causes|cause]], [[anatomy]] of ear, [[symmetry]], [[clinical]] characteristics, [[age of onset]], and [[Symptoms|associated symptoms]].
==Classification==
==Classification==
Hearing losses can be classified according to:<ref name="pmid332536102">{{cite journal| author=Nieman CL, Oh ES| title=Hearing Loss. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2020 | volume= 173 | issue= 11 | pages= ITC81-ITC96 | pmid=33253610 | doi=10.7326/AITC202012010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33253610  }}</ref>
#[[Laterality]]
#[[Symmetry]]
#Clinical characteristic (syndromic or not)
#Time of onset ([[congenital]], [[perinatal]], or [[postnatal]])
#[[Hereditary]] ([[Genetics|genetic]] or not)
#Time of manifestation ([[Prelingual deafness|prelingual]], [[perilingual]], or [[Post-lingual deafness|post-lingual]])
#Intensity (mild, moderate, severe, and profound)
{| class="wikitable"
|+CLASSIFICATION BASED OF SEVERITY OF DISEASE<ref name="pmid33253610">{{cite journal| author=Nieman CL, Oh ES| title=Hearing Loss. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2020 | volume= 173 | issue= 11 | pages= ITC81-ITC96 | pmid=33253610 | doi=10.7326/AITC202012010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33253610  }}</ref>
!
!MILD
!MODERATE
!SEVERE
!DISABLING
|-
|HEARING LOSS
|26–40 dB HL
|41–60 dB HL
|61–80 dB HL
|>80 dB HL
|-
|DESCRIPTION
|Patient hears fine
|Hear with some difficulty
People Mumble
|Difficulty in hearing
|Patients rely on reading lips.
The term ''deaf'' is often used by persons
with profound hearing loss with >80 dB HL.
|-
|INTERVENTION
|Communication strategies
|Communication strategies
[[Amplification]]
|Communication strategies
[[Hearing aids]]
Cochlear implant
|Communication strategies
[[Hearing aids]]
[[Cochlear implant]]
[[Sign language]]
[[Lip reading]]
|}
<br />
{| class="wikitable"
|+CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ANATOMY OF EAR<ref name="pmid27299892">{{cite journal| author=Kral A| title=[Pathophysiology of hearing loss : Classification and treatment options]. | journal=HNO | year= 2017 | volume= 65 | issue= 4 | pages= 290-297 | pmid=27299892 | doi=10.1007/s00106-016-0183-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27299892  }}</ref>
!CONDUCTIVE
!SENSORINEURAL
!MIXED
|-
|CHL occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the [[external ear|outer ear]] canal to the middle ear due to any cause.
|SNHL occurs when there's damage to the [[inner ear|internal ear]] or to the nerve pathways from the ear to the brain that is vestibulocochlear nerve or sensory relay center for auditory stimulus. So injury at the [[cochlea]] or proximal to the cochlea is termed as SNHL.
|Mixed HL is defined as CHL and SNHL.
|-
|CHL accounts for 90%–95% of all childhood HL.
|SNHL is more common in adults.
|
|-
|With pure conductive hearing loss, the ''quality'' of hearing and [[Speech communication|speech discrimination]] is good.
|
|
|-
|Often only mild and is never worse.
|It can be mild, moderate, or severe, including complete deafness.
|
|-
|Common causes in adults include:
*[[Cerumen impaction]]
*[[Otosclerosis]]
*[[Cholesteatoma]]
*[[Otitis media|Otitis media with effusion.]]
*[[Ear canal]] obstruction
*Middle-ear abnormalities
**[[Tympanic membrane]]
**[[Ossicles]]
|If SNHL takes hours or days to develop it can be due to:
*[[Labyrinthitis]]
*[[Meniere's Disease|Meniere disease]]
If hearing loss develops in weeks:
*[[Drug-induced|Drug-induced ototoxicity]]
If happens in years:
*[[Noise-induced hearing loss|Noise-induced loss]]
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CAUSE<ref name="pmid272998922">{{cite journal| author=Kral A| title=[Pathophysiology of hearing loss : Classification and treatment options]. | journal=HNO | year= 2017 | volume= 65 | issue= 4 | pages= 290-297 | pmid=27299892 | doi=10.1007/s00106-016-0183-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27299892  }}</ref><ref name="pmid26452421">{{cite journal| author=Kenna MA| title=Acquired Hearing Loss in Children. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2015 | volume= 48 | issue= 6 | pages= 933-53 | pmid=26452421 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2015.07.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26452421  }}</ref>
!CONGENITAL
!ACQUIRED
|-
|
*[[Syndromes]]
*[[Dysplasia]]: Children with skeletal dysplasias were more likely to have abnormal [[tympanometry]], reflecting the greater likelihood of middle ear disease.
*[[Infections|Infections:]] ''Cytomegalovirus'' (CMV), rubella virus, ''Toxoplasma gondii,'' herpes virus, and HIV
*[[Malformations]]
|
*[[Infections]]: Bacterial [[meningitis]], particularly from [[Streptococcus pneumoniae|''Streptococcus pneumoniae'',]] has been reported to be one of the most common postnatal causes of hearing loss in children.
*[[Traumatic brain injury|Traumatic]]
*[[Autoimmune]]: Systemic diseases that cause hearing loss include [[Systemic lupus erythematosus CT|systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[myasthenia gravis]], and [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
*[[Neoplastic]]: Direct compression of the cochlear nerve by the [[tumor]], occlusion or vascular compression of the [[Internal auditory artery|internal auditory]] artery, intratumor bleeding, internal auditory channel occlusion, and [[toxic substances]] produced by the tumor that result in degeneration of the inner ear.
|}
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
 
{{WS}}
[[Category:Geriatrics]]
[[Category:Communication disorders]]
[[Category:Audiology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Noise pollution]]

Latest revision as of 09:17, 6 May 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Classification is based on laterality, severity, cause, anatomy of ear, symmetry, clinical characteristics, age of onset, and associated symptoms.

Classification

Hearing losses can be classified according to:[1]

  1. Laterality
  2. Symmetry
  3. Clinical characteristic (syndromic or not)
  4. Time of onset (congenital, perinatal, or postnatal)
  5. Hereditary (genetic or not)
  6. Time of manifestation (prelingual, perilingual, or post-lingual)
  7. Intensity (mild, moderate, severe, and profound)
CLASSIFICATION BASED OF SEVERITY OF DISEASE[2]
MILD MODERATE SEVERE DISABLING
HEARING LOSS 26–40 dB HL 41–60 dB HL 61–80 dB HL >80 dB HL
DESCRIPTION Patient hears fine Hear with some difficulty

People Mumble

Difficulty in hearing Patients rely on reading lips.

The term deaf is often used by persons

with profound hearing loss with >80 dB HL.

INTERVENTION Communication strategies Communication strategies

Amplification

Communication strategies

Hearing aids

Cochlear implant

Communication strategies

Hearing aids

Cochlear implant

Sign language

Lip reading


CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ANATOMY OF EAR[3]
CONDUCTIVE SENSORINEURAL MIXED
CHL occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer ear canal to the middle ear due to any cause. SNHL occurs when there's damage to the internal ear or to the nerve pathways from the ear to the brain that is vestibulocochlear nerve or sensory relay center for auditory stimulus. So injury at the cochlea or proximal to the cochlea is termed as SNHL. Mixed HL is defined as CHL and SNHL.
CHL accounts for 90%–95% of all childhood HL. SNHL is more common in adults.
With pure conductive hearing loss, the quality of hearing and speech discrimination is good.
Often only mild and is never worse. It can be mild, moderate, or severe, including complete deafness.
Common causes in adults include: If SNHL takes hours or days to develop it can be due to:

If hearing loss develops in weeks:

If happens in years:

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CAUSE[4][5]
CONGENITAL ACQUIRED
  • Neoplastic: Direct compression of the cochlear nerve by the tumor, occlusion or vascular compression of the internal auditory artery, intratumor bleeding, internal auditory channel occlusion, and toxic substances produced by the tumor that result in degeneration of the inner ear.


References

  1. ↑ Nieman CL, Oh ES (2020). "Hearing Loss". Ann Intern Med. 173 (11): ITC81–ITC96. doi:10.7326/AITC202012010. PMID 33253610 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. ↑ Nieman CL, Oh ES (2020). "Hearing Loss". Ann Intern Med. 173 (11): ITC81–ITC96. doi:10.7326/AITC202012010. PMID 33253610 Check |pmid= value (help).
  3. ↑ Kral A (2017). "[Pathophysiology of hearing loss : Classification and treatment options]". HNO. 65 (4): 290–297. doi:10.1007/s00106-016-0183-1. PMID 27299892.
  4. ↑ Kral A (2017). "[Pathophysiology of hearing loss : Classification and treatment options]". HNO. 65 (4): 290–297. doi:10.1007/s00106-016-0183-1. PMID 27299892.
  5. ↑ Kenna MA (2015). "Acquired Hearing Loss in Children". Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 48 (6): 933–53. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2015.07.011. PMID 26452421.
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