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==Overview==
The most common [[risk factor]] for the development of [[Gastric dumping syndrome|dumping syndrome]] is [[bariatric surgery]]. Dumping syndrome is not limited to [[surgery]] but occurs due to other conditions as well. The severity of dumping syndrome is proportional to the rate of gastric emptying following different surgical procedures:


{{CMG}}
==Risk Factors==
Various clinical conditions, procedures and co-morbidities increase the risk of developing dumping syndrome. The risk factors may be divided into those related to [[surgeries]], [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] related and those related to [[Comorbidity|comorbid]] conditions
* [[Surgery|Surgical]]
** [[Gastrectomy]]<ref name="pmid21407698">{{cite journal |vauthors=Machella TE |title=The Mechanism of the Post-Gastrectomy "Dumping" Syndrome |journal=Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. |volume=60 |issue= |pages=206–31 |year=1948 |pmid=21407698 |pmc=2242050 |doi= |url=}}</ref> (partial and total)
** [[Esophagectomy]]<ref name="pmid27859950">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boshier PR, Huddy JR, Zaninotto G, Hanna GB |title=Dumping syndrome after esophagectomy: a systematic review of the literature |journal=Dis. Esophagus |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |year=2017 |pmid=27859950 |doi=10.1111/dote.12488 |url=}}</ref>
** Billroth I [[gastroduodenostomy]]<ref name="pmid17518323">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borrelli D, Borrelli A, Presenti L, Bergamini C, Basili G |title=[Surgical approach of the functional post-partial gastrectomy syndromes] |language=Italian |journal=Ann Ital Chir |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=3–10 |year=2007 |pmid=17518323 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** Billroth II [[gastrojejunostomy]]<ref name="pmid17518323">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borrelli D, Borrelli A, Presenti L, Bergamini C, Basili G |title=[Surgical approach of the functional post-partial gastrectomy syndromes] |language=Italian |journal=Ann Ital Chir |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=3–10 |year=2007 |pmid=17518323 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Roux-en-Y|Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery]]<ref name="pmid17518323">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borrelli D, Borrelli A, Presenti L, Bergamini C, Basili G |title=[Surgical approach of the functional post-partial gastrectomy syndromes] |language=Italian |journal=Ann Ital Chir |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=3–10 |year=2007 |pmid=17518323 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** Antiulcer surgery ([[vagotomy]])<ref name="pmid596068">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ihász M, Réfi M, Kiss L, Pályi A, Váczi F, Bátorfi J |title=Dumping syndrome and diarrhoea after vagotomy |journal=Acta Chir Acad Sci Hung |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |year=1977 |pmid=596068 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** Antireflux surgery ([[Nissen fundoplication]], especially in pediatric patients)<ref name="pmid8890072">{{cite journal |vauthors=Samuk I, Afriat R, Horne T, Bistritzer T, Barr J, Vinograd I |title=Dumping syndrome following Nissen fundoplication, diagnosis, and treatment |journal=J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=235–40 |year=1996 |pmid=8890072 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Cholecystectomy]]<ref name="urlChronic Diarrhea After Gallbladder Surgery">{{cite web |url=http://www.drdonnica.com/faqs/00007641.htm |title=Chronic Diarrhea After Gallbladder Surgery  |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
**[[Pyloromyotomy]]<ref name="van KempenHoekstra1992">{{cite journal|last1=van Kempen|first1=A. A. M. W.|last2=Hoekstra|first2=J. H.|last3=Willekens|first3=F. G. J.|last4=Kneepkens|first4=C. M. F.|last5=Pittschieler|first5=K.|title=Dumping syndrome after combined pyloroplasty and fundoplication|journal=European Journal of Pediatrics|volume=151|issue=7|year=1992|pages=546–546|issn=0340-6199|doi=10.1007/BF01957766}}</ref>
** [[Esophageal]] repair of [[esophageal atresia]]<ref name="pmid20385264">{{cite journal |vauthors=Michaud L, Sfeir R, Couttenier F, Turck D, Gottrand F |title=Dumping syndrome after esophageal atresia repair without antireflux surgery |journal=J. Pediatr. Surg. |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=E13–5 |year=2010 |pmid=20385264 |doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.01.016 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Laparoscopic]] [[sleeve gastrectomy]] (LSG)<ref name="pmid21647622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tzovaras G, Papamargaritis D, Sioka E, Zachari E, Baloyiannis I, Zacharoulis D, Koukoulis G |title=Symptoms suggestive of dumping syndrome after provocation in patients after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy |journal=Obes Surg |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=23–8 |year=2012 |pmid=21647622 |doi=10.1007/s11695-011-0461-7 |url=}}</ref>
* Post-[[Surgery|surgical]] diet
**High [[carbohydrate]] ([[sugar]])
* Diseases<ref name="pmid19714467">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hejazi RA, Patil H, McCallum RW |title=Dumping syndrome: establishing criteria for diagnosis and identifying new etiologies |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=117–23 |year=2010 |pmid=19714467 |doi=10.1007/s10620-009-0939-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid833274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubois A, Eerdewegh PV, Gardner JD |title=Gastric emptying and secretion in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=255–63 |year=1977 |pmid=833274 |pmc=333355 |doi=10.1172/JCI108636 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1549803">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eagon JC, Miedema BW, Kelly KA |title=Postgastrectomy syndromes |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=445–65 |year=1992 |pmid=1549803 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**[[Diabetes mellitus]]
** [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
** [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19840271">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zarate N, Farmer AD, Grahame R, Mohammed SD, Knowles CH, Scott SM, Aziz Q |title=Unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms and joint hypermobility: is connective tissue the missing link? |journal=Neurogastroenterol. Motil. |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=252–e78 |year=2010 |pmid=19840271 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01421.x |url=}}</ref>
** [[Peptic ulcer|Duodenal ulcer]]
** [[Exocrine]] [[Pancreatic insufficiency]]


==Overview==
=== Common risk factors ===
* [[Surgery|Surgical]]
** [[Gastrectomy]]
** [[Esophagectomy]]
** Billroth I [[gastroduodenostomy]]
** Billroth II [[gastrojejunostomy]]
** [[Roux-en-Y]] [[gastric bypass surgery]]
** [[Vagotomy]]
**[[Pyloromyotomy]]
** [[Esophageal]] repair of [[esophageal atresia]]


==Risk Factors==
* Post-[[Surgery|surgical]] diet
** High [[carbohydrate]] ([[sugar]])/[[hyperosmolar]]
*In the [[Pediatrics|pediatric]] population, almost all cases of dumping syndrome occurs in those who have undergone [[Nissen fundoplication]].


*Stomach surgery
===Least common risk factors===
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
*[[Peptic ulcer|Duodenal ulcer]]
*[[Pancreatic insufficiency|Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency]]
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]
===Risk factors in alphabetical order===
The following are the [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in alphabetical order:{{columns-list|
*Billroth I [[Gastroduodenostomy]]
*Billroth II [[Gastrojejunostomy]]
*[[Diabetes Mellitus]]
*[[Duodenal ulcer]]
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]
*Esophageal repair of [[esophageal atresia]]
*[[Esophagectomy]]
*[[Gastrectomy]]
*High [[carbohydrate]] diet ([[sugar]])
*Hyperosmolar diet
*[[Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency]]
*[[Pyloromyotomy]]
*[[Roux-en-Y]] [[gastric bypass surgery]]
*[[Vagotomy]]
*[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
*[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 21:03, 10 January 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Umar Ahmad, M.D.[2]

Overview

The most common risk factor for the development of dumping syndrome is bariatric surgery. Dumping syndrome is not limited to surgery but occurs due to other conditions as well. The severity of dumping syndrome is proportional to the rate of gastric emptying following different surgical procedures:

Risk Factors

Various clinical conditions, procedures and co-morbidities increase the risk of developing dumping syndrome. The risk factors may be divided into those related to surgeries, diet related and those related to comorbid conditions

Common risk factors

Least common risk factors

Risk factors in alphabetical order

The following are the risk factors in alphabetical order:

References

  1. ↑ Machella TE (1948). "The Mechanism of the Post-Gastrectomy "Dumping" Syndrome". Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 60: 206–31. PMC 2242050. PMID 21407698.
  2. ↑ Boshier PR, Huddy JR, Zaninotto G, Hanna GB (2017). "Dumping syndrome after esophagectomy: a systematic review of the literature". Dis. Esophagus. 30 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1111/dote.12488. PMID 27859950.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Borrelli D, Borrelli A, Presenti L, Bergamini C, Basili G (2007). "[Surgical approach of the functional post-partial gastrectomy syndromes]". Ann Ital Chir (in Italian). 78 (1): 3–10. PMID 17518323.
  4. ↑ Ihász M, Réfi M, Kiss L, Pályi A, Váczi F, Bátorfi J (1977). "Dumping syndrome and diarrhoea after vagotomy". Acta Chir Acad Sci Hung. 18 (1): 1–12. PMID 596068.
  5. ↑ Samuk I, Afriat R, Horne T, Bistritzer T, Barr J, Vinograd I (1996). "Dumping syndrome following Nissen fundoplication, diagnosis, and treatment". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 23 (3): 235–40. PMID 8890072.
  6. ↑ "Chronic Diarrhea After Gallbladder Surgery".
  7. ↑ van Kempen, A. A. M. W.; Hoekstra, J. H.; Willekens, F. G. J.; Kneepkens, C. M. F.; Pittschieler, K. (1992). "Dumping syndrome after combined pyloroplasty and fundoplication". European Journal of Pediatrics. 151 (7): 546–546. doi:10.1007/BF01957766. ISSN 0340-6199.
  8. ↑ Michaud L, Sfeir R, Couttenier F, Turck D, Gottrand F (2010). "Dumping syndrome after esophageal atresia repair without antireflux surgery". J. Pediatr. Surg. 45 (4): E13–5. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.01.016. PMID 20385264.
  9. ↑ Tzovaras G, Papamargaritis D, Sioka E, Zachari E, Baloyiannis I, Zacharoulis D, Koukoulis G (2012). "Symptoms suggestive of dumping syndrome after provocation in patients after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy". Obes Surg. 22 (1): 23–8. doi:10.1007/s11695-011-0461-7. PMID 21647622.
  10. ↑ Hejazi RA, Patil H, McCallum RW (2010). "Dumping syndrome: establishing criteria for diagnosis and identifying new etiologies". Dig. Dis. Sci. 55 (1): 117–23. doi:10.1007/s10620-009-0939-5. PMID 19714467.
  11. ↑ Dubois A, Eerdewegh PV, Gardner JD (1977). "Gastric emptying and secretion in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome". J. Clin. Invest. 59 (2): 255–63. doi:10.1172/JCI108636. PMC 333355. PMID 833274.
  12. ↑ Eagon JC, Miedema BW, Kelly KA (1992). "Postgastrectomy syndromes". Surg. Clin. North Am. 72 (2): 445–65. PMID 1549803.
  13. ↑ Zarate N, Farmer AD, Grahame R, Mohammed SD, Knowles CH, Scott SM, Aziz Q (2010). "Unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms and joint hypermobility: is connective tissue the missing link?". Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 22 (3): 252–e78. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01421.x. PMID 19840271.

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