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{{Oral cancer}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
The most potent [[risk factor]] in the development of oral cancer is [[alcohol]] intake and [[tobacco use]]. The other [[risk factors]] include male gender, age over 55 years, [[ultraviolet light]], [[Fanconi anemia]], [[dyskeratosis congenita]], [[HPV]] infection, [[graft-versus-host disease]] (GVHD), mouthwash and irritation from dentures.
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
In 2007, in the US alone, about 34,000 individuals will be diagnosed with oral cancer. 66% of the time these will be found as late stage three and four disease. Low public awareness of the disease is a significant factor, but these cancers could be found at early highly survivable stages through a simple, painless, 5 minute examination by a trained medical or dental professional.
All cancers are diseases of the [[DNA]] in the cancer cells. [[Oncogenes]] are activated as a result of mutation of the DNA. The exact cause is often unknown. Risk factors that predispose a person to oral cancer have been identified in epidemiological studies.
Smoking and other [[tobacco]] use are associated with about 75 percent  of oral cancer cases, caused by irritation of the [[mucous membrane]]s of the mouth from smoke and heat of [[cigarette]]s, [[cigar]]s, and pipes. Tobacco contains over 19 known carcinogens, and the combustion of it, and by products from this process, is the primary mode of involvement. Use of chewing tobacco or snuff causes irritation from direct contact with the mucous membranes.
In many Asian cultures chewing [[betel]], paan and Areca is known to be a strong risk factor for developing oral cancer. In India where such practices are common, oral cancer represents up to 40% of all cancers, compared to just 4% in the United Kingdom.
[[Alcohol]] use is another high-risk activity associated with oral cancer. There is known to be a strong synergistic effect on oral cancer risk when a person is both a heavy smoker and drinker. Their risk is greatly increased compared to a heavy smoker, or a heavy drinker alone.


Some oral cancers begin as [[leukoplakia]] a white patch (lesion), red patches, ([[erythroplakia]]) or non healing sores that have existed for more than 14 days. In the US oral cancer accounts for about 8 percent of all malignant growths. Men are affected twice as often as women, particularly men older than 40/60.
=== Common risk factors ===
* The most potent [[risk factor]] in the development of oral cavity cancer is [[tobacco]] and [[Alcoholism|alcohol use]].
* Other [[risk factors]] include:
**Lifestyle
***Betel quid use<ref name="pmid17389167">{{cite journal |vauthors=Su CC, Yang HF, Huang SJ, Lian IeB |title=Distinctive features of oral cancer in Changhua County: high incidence, buccal mucosa preponderance, and a close relation to betel quid chewing habit |journal=J. Formos. Med. Assoc. |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=225–33 |year=2007 |pmid=17389167 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Genetics
***[[Fanconi anemia]]
***[[Dyskeratosis congenita]]
***[[Family history]] of [[squamous cell carcinoma]]
*Infectious agents:
**[[Human papillomavirus]] ([[HPV]])<ref name="pmid23524417">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martín-Hernán F, Sánchez-Hernández JG, Cano J, Campo J, del Romero J |title=Oral cancer, HPV infection and evidence of sexual transmission |journal=Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=e439–44 |date=May 2013 |pmid=23524417 |pmc=3668870 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28053902">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim SM |title=Human papilloma virus in oral cancer |journal=J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=327–336 |date=December 2016 |pmid=28053902 |pmc=5206237 |doi=10.5125/jkaoms.2016.42.6.327 |url=}}</ref>
**''[[Candida albicans]]''<ref name="pmid21978967">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanjaya PR, Gokul S, Gururaj Patil B, Raju R |title=Candida in oral pre-cancer and oral cancer |journal=Med. Hypotheses |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1125–8 |date=December 2011 |pmid=21978967 |doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.018 |url=}}</ref> 
*General
**Male gender<ref name="pmid8912856">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muscat JE, Richie JP, Thompson S, Wynder EL |title=Gender differences in smoking and risk for oral cancer |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=56 |issue=22 |pages=5192–7 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8912856 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**[[Ultraviolet]] light<ref name="pmid15550132">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Benedittis M, Petruzzi M, Giardina C, Lo Muzio L, Favia G, Serpico R |title=Oral squamous cell carcinoma during long-term treatment with hydroxyurea |journal=Clin. Exp. Dermatol. |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=605–7 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15550132 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01586.x |url=}}</ref>
**Age over 55 years<ref name="pmid22654364">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ram H, Sarkar J, Kumar H, Konwar R, Bhatt ML, Mohammad S |title=Oral cancer: risk factors and molecular pathogenesis |journal=J Maxillofac Oral Surg |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=132–7 |date=June 2011 |pmid=22654364 |pmc=3177522 |doi=10.1007/s12663-011-0195-z |url=}}</ref>
**[[Graft-versus-host disease]] (GVHD)<ref name="pmid24624039">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Araújo RL, Lyko Kde F, Funke VA, Torres-Pereira CC |title=Oral cancer after prolonged immunosuppression for multiorgan chronic graft-versus-host disease |journal=Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=65–8 |date= 2014 |pmid=24624039 |pmc=3948669 |doi=10.5581/1516-8484.20140016 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Immunosupression|Immune system suppression]]
**[[Lichen planus]]


[[Human Papilloma Virus]], (HPV) particularly versions 16 and 18 ( there are over 100 varieties) is a known risk factor and independent causative factor for oral cancer. (Gilsion et.al.Johns Hopkins) A fast growing segment of those diagnosed does not present with the historic stereotypical demographics. Historically that has been people over 50, blacks over whites 2 to 1, males over females 3 to 1, and 75% of the time people who have used tobacco products or are heavy users of alcohol. This new and rapidly growing sub population between 20 and 50 years old is predominantly non smoking, white, and females slightly outnumber males. Recent research from Johns Hopkins indicates that HPV is the primary risk factor in this new population of oral cancer victims. HPV16/18 is the same virus responsible for the vast majority of all [[cervical cancer]]s and is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the US. Oral cancer in this group tends to favor the tonsil and tonsillar pillars, base of the tongue, and the oropharnyx. Recent data suggest that individuals that come to the disease from this particular etiology have some slight survival advantage.
=== Less common risk factors ===
*Less common [[risk factors]] for the development of oral cancer include:
**According to a study: poor dental hygiene or health and use of dentures made out of metal can lead to increased risk of oral cancer.<ref name="pmid16303683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenquist K, Wennerberg J, Schildt EB, Bladström A, Göran Hansson B, Andersson G |title=Oral status, oral infections and some lifestyle factors as risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. A population-based case-control study in southern Sweden |journal=Acta Otolaryngol. |volume=125 |issue=12 |pages=1327–36 |year=2005 |pmid=16303683 |doi=10.1080/00016480510012273 |url=}}</ref> 
**Diet
***Diet low in fruits and vegetables and high in consumption of meats is associated with oral cavity cancer.   
**Mouthwash<ref name="pmid11978544">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scully C |title=Oral squamous cell carcinoma; from an hypothesis about a virus, to concern about possible sexual transmission |journal=Oral Oncol. |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=227–34 |year=2002 |pmid=11978544 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Low socioeconomic status


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Oral and maxillofacial surgery]]
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sargun Singh Walia M.B.B.S.[2], Simrat Sarai, M.D. [3]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[4]

Overview

The most potent risk factor in the development of oral cancer is alcohol intake and tobacco use. The other risk factors include male gender, age over 55 years, ultraviolet light, Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita, HPV infection, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), mouthwash and irritation from dentures.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors

Less common risk factors

  • Less common risk factors for the development of oral cancer include:
    • According to a study: poor dental hygiene or health and use of dentures made out of metal can lead to increased risk of oral cancer.[9] 
    • Diet
      • Diet low in fruits and vegetables and high in consumption of meats is associated with oral cavity cancer.   
    • Mouthwash[10]
    • Low socioeconomic status

References

  1. ↑ Su CC, Yang HF, Huang SJ, Lian I (2007). "Distinctive features of oral cancer in Changhua County: high incidence, buccal mucosa preponderance, and a close relation to betel quid chewing habit". J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 106 (3): 225–33. PMID 17389167. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  2. ↑ Martín-Hernán F, Sánchez-Hernández JG, Cano J, Campo J, del Romero J (May 2013). "Oral cancer, HPV infection and evidence of sexual transmission". Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 18 (3): e439–44. PMC 3668870. PMID 23524417.
  3. ↑ Kim SM (December 2016). "Human papilloma virus in oral cancer". J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 42 (6): 327–336. doi:10.5125/jkaoms.2016.42.6.327. PMC 5206237. PMID 28053902.
  4. ↑ Sanjaya PR, Gokul S, Gururaj Patil B, Raju R (December 2011). "Candida in oral pre-cancer and oral cancer". Med. Hypotheses. 77 (6): 1125–8. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.018. PMID 21978967.
  5. ↑ Muscat JE, Richie JP, Thompson S, Wynder EL (November 1996). "Gender differences in smoking and risk for oral cancer". Cancer Res. 56 (22): 5192–7. PMID 8912856.
  6. ↑ De Benedittis M, Petruzzi M, Giardina C, Lo Muzio L, Favia G, Serpico R (November 2004). "Oral squamous cell carcinoma during long-term treatment with hydroxyurea". Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 29 (6): 605–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01586.x. PMID 15550132.
  7. ↑ Ram H, Sarkar J, Kumar H, Konwar R, Bhatt ML, Mohammad S (June 2011). "Oral cancer: risk factors and molecular pathogenesis". J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 10 (2): 132–7. doi:10.1007/s12663-011-0195-z. PMC 3177522. PMID 22654364.
  8. ↑ de Araújo RL, Lyko Kde F, Funke VA, Torres-Pereira CC (2014). "Oral cancer after prolonged immunosuppression for multiorgan chronic graft-versus-host disease". Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 36 (1): 65–8. doi:10.5581/1516-8484.20140016. PMC 3948669. PMID 24624039.
  9. ↑ Rosenquist K, Wennerberg J, Schildt EB, Bladström A, Göran Hansson B, Andersson G (2005). "Oral status, oral infections and some lifestyle factors as risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. A population-based case-control study in southern Sweden". Acta Otolaryngol. 125 (12): 1327–36. doi:10.1080/00016480510012273. PMID 16303683.
  10. ↑ Scully C (2002). "Oral squamous cell carcinoma; from an hypothesis about a virus, to concern about possible sexual transmission". Oral Oncol. 38 (3): 227–34. PMID 11978544.


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