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| {{Sarcoidosis}} | | {{Sarcoidosis}} |
| '''Editor-in-Chief:''' Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H. [mailto:pmarcus192@aol.com], Division of Pulmonary Medicine
| | {{CMG}}; Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H. [mailto:pmarcus192@aol.com], Division of Pulmonary Medicine |
| St. Francis Hospital-The Heart Center, Roslyn, NY | | St. Francis Hospital-The Heart Center, Roslyn, NY |
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| '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}} and [[user:Hilary Womble|Hilary Womble, M. D.]][[mailto:hwomble@bidmc.harvard.edu]] | | '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}; [[user:Hilary Womble|Hilary Womble, M. D., Roshan Dinparasti Saleh M. D.]] |
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| | {{SK}} Besnier-Boeck disease; Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease; Sarcoid; Uveoparotid fever; Loefgren's syndrome |
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| ===[[The Heart in Sarcoidosis|Click Here For The Chapter On The Heart In Sarcoidosis]]=== | | ===[[The Heart in Sarcoidosis|Click Here For The Chapter On The Heart In Sarcoidosis]]=== |
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| | ==[[Sarcoidosis overview|Overview]]== |
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| | ==[[Sarcoidosis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| | ==[[Sarcoidosis classification|Classification]]== |
| | ==[[Sarcoidosis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| | ==[[Sarcoidosis causes|Causes]]== |
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| ==Causes and pathophysiology== | | ==[[Sarcoidosis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Sarcoidosis from other Disorders]]== |
| No direct cause of sarcoidosis has been identified, although there have been reports of cell wall deficient [[bacteria]] that may be possible pathogens.<ref>Almenoff PL, Johnson A, Lesser M, Mattman LH. ''Growth of acid fast L forms from the blood of patients with sarcoidosis.'' Thorax 1996;51:530-3. PMID 8711683.</ref> These bacteria are not identified in standard laboratory analysis. It has been thought that there may be a hereditary factor because some families have multiple members with sarcoidosis. To date, no reliable genetic markers have been identified, and an alternate hypothesis is that family members share similar exposures to environmental pathogens. There have also been reports of transmission of sarcoidosis via [[organ transplant]]s.<ref>Padilla ML, Schilero GJ, Teirstein AS. ''Donor-acquired sarcoidosis.'' Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2002;19:18-24. PMID 12002380.</ref>
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| Sarcoidosis frequently causes a dysregulation of [[vitamin D]] production with an increase in extrarenal (outside the kidney) production.<ref>Barbour GL, Coburn JW, Slatopolsky E, Norman AW, Horst RL. ''Hypercalcemia in an anephric patient with sarcoidosis: evidence for extrarenal generation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.'' N Engl J Med 1981;305:440-3. PMID 6894783.</ref> Specifically, [[macrophages]] inside the granulomas convert vitamin D to its active form, resulting in elevated levels of the hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and symptoms of [[hypervitaminosis D]] that may include [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], [[lack of strength]] or energy, [[irritability]], [[metallic taste]], temporary [[memory loss]] or cognitive problems. Physiological compensatory responses (e.g. suppression of the [[parathyroid hormone]] levels) may mean the patient does not develop frank [[hypercalcemia]].
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| Sarcoidosis has been associated with [[celiac disease]]. Celiac disease is a condition in which there is a chronic reaction to certain protein chains, commonly referred to as glutens, found in some cereal grains. This reaction causes destruction of the villi in the small intestine, with resulting malabsorption of nutrients. | |
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| While disputed, some cases have been determined to be caused by inhalation of the dust from the collapse of the World Trade Center after the September 11, 2001 attacks.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/24/nyregion/24dust.html ''New York Times'' article, May 24, 2007]</ref> ''See [[Health effects arising from the September 11, 2001 attacks]] for more information.''
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| Gallium-67 citrate is useful for diagnosing suspected sarcoidosis and evaluation of treatment response. It is more sensitive than radiographic images on diagnosis of Sarcoidosis.
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| ==Image Examples== | |
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="125">
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| Image:Sarcoid-001.jpg|Sarcoidosis
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| Image:Sarcoid-002.jpg|Sarcoidosis
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| Image:Sarcoid-003.jpg|Sarcoidosis
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="125">
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| Image:Sarcoid-004.jpg|Sarcoidosis
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| Image:Sarcoid-005.jpg|Sarcoidosis
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| Image:Sarcoid-006.jpg|Sarcoidosis
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| <div align="left">
| | ==[[Sarcoidosis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="125">
| | ==[[Sarcoidosis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| Image:Osseous-sarcoid-001.jpg|Osseous sarcoidosis
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| Image:Osseous-sarcoid-002.jpg|Osseous sarcoidosis
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| Image:Osseous-sarcoid-003.jpg|Osseous sarcoidosis
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| | ==[[Sarcoidosis screening|Screening]]== |
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| | ==[[Sarcoidosis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="125">
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| Image:Complicated-sarcoid-001.jpg|Complicated sarcoidosis
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| Image:Complicated-sarcoid-002.jpg|Complicated sarcoidosis
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| Image:Complicated-sarcoid-003.jpg|Complicated sarcoidosis
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| | | ==Diagnosis== |
| <div align="left">
| | [[Sarcoidosis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Sarcoidosis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Sarcoidosis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Sarcoidosis electrocardiogram | Electrocardiogram]] | [[Sarcoidosis chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Sarcoidosis CT|CT]] | [[Sarcoidosis MRI|MRI]] | [[Sarcoidosis echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Sarcoidosis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Sarcoidosis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="125">
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| Image:Complicated-sarcoid-004.jpg|Complicated sarcoidosis
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| Image:Complicated-sarcoid-005.jpg|Complicated sarcoidosis
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="125">
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| Image:Sarcoid-101.jpg|Sarcoidosis
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| Image:Sarcoid-102.jpg|Sarcoidosis
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| Image:Sarcoid-103.jpg|Sarcoidosis
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| [[Corticosteroid]]s, most commonly [[prednisone]], have been the standard treatment for many years. In some patients, this treatment can slow or reverse the course of the disease, but other patients unfortunately do not respond to steroid therapy. The use of corticosteroids in mild disease is controversial because in many cases the disease remits spontaneously. Additionally, corticosteroids have many recognized dose- and duration-related side effects (which can be reduced through the use of alternate-day dosing for those on chronic prednisone therapy <ref>[http://www.uspharmacist.com/NewLook/CE/glucocort/lesson.htm "Dosing Considerations"]</ref>), and their use is generally limited to severe, progressive, or organ-threatening disease. The influence of corticosteroids or other [[immunosuppressant]]s on the natural history is unclear. | | [[Sarcoidosis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Sarcoidosis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Sarcoidosis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Sarcoidosis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Sarcoidosis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| Severe symptoms are generally treated with steroids, and [[steroid-sparing agent]]s such as [[azathioprine]] and [[methotrexate]] are often used. Rarely, [[cyclophosphamide]] has also been used. As the granulomas are caused by collections of immune system cells, particularly [[T cell]]s, there has been some early indications of success using immunosuppressants, [[interleukin-2]] inhibitors or anti-[[tumor necrosis factor-alpha]] treatment (such as [[infliximab]]). Unfortunately, none of these have provided reliable treatment and there can be significant side effects such as an increased risk of reactivating latent [[tuberculosis]].
| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Sarcoidosis case study one|Case study #1]] |
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| Avoidance of sunlight and Vitamin D foods may be helpful in patients who are susceptible to developing [[hypercalcemia]].
| | ==Related Chapters== |
| | | * [[The Heart in Sarcoidosis]] |
| ==Case Examples== | |
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| ===Case #1===
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| ====Clinical Summary====
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| This 33-year-old white female was admitted for evaluation of abnormal findings on a chest x-ray. She was asymptomatic and a physical examination revealed no significant abnormalities. Laboratory results indicated hypercalcemia and elevated gamma globulin. Radiographic examination showed enlarged subcarinal, hilar, and right paratracheal lymph nodes. A right paratracheal lymph node was biopsied. Special stains for acid-fast bacilli and fungi were negative and a diagnosis of sarcoidosis was made.
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| ====Histopathological Findings====
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| [http://www.peir.net Images courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology]
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| [[Image:Sarcoidosis lymph node case 001.jpg|left|thumb|400px|This is a low-power photomicrograph of a lymph node. Note the rather pale-pink color of the tissue with dark-staining cells found in only a few scattered areas. These darker cells represent the original lymphocytes of this lymphoid organ.]]
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| [[Image:Sarcoidosis lymph node case 002.jpg|left|thumb|400px|This photomicrograph of lymph node tissue illustrates a paucity of lymphocytes as well as numerous small, pale-staining nodules (arrows) throughout the tissue.]]
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| [[Image:Sarcoidosis lymph node case 003.jpg|left|thumb|400px|This is a photomicrograph of the small nodules (arrows) seen in the previous image. Close examination reveals that they are composed of large macrophages (epithelioid macrophages). These small granulomas form multiple series of reaction centers throughout the lymph node. Note the remaining lymphocytes surrounding the granulomas.]]
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| [[Image:Sarcoidosis lymph node case 004.jpg|left|thumb|400px|This photomicrograph of a single granuloma illustrates the individual macrophages (arrows) which make up the bulk of this tissue. There is an absence of necrosis in the center of the lesions in this case.]] | |
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| [[Image:Sarcoidosis lymph node case 005.jpg|left|thumb|400px|This is a photomicrograph of a multinucleated giant cell (1). In the center of this foreign body-containing giant cell there is a small asteroid body (2). There is no functional significance to this asteroid body.]]
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| [[Image:Sarcoidosis lymph node case 006.jpg|left|thumb|400px|This is a higher-power photomicrograph of an asteroid body (arrow) inside of a multinucleated giant cell.]]
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Garland's triad]] | | * [[Garland's triad]] |
| * [[Kveim test]] | | * [[Kveim test]] |
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| ==External links== | | ==External links== |
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