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{{SK}} Albright's calcinosis
{{SK}} Albright's calcinosis


==Overview==
==[[Nephrocalcinosis overview|Overview]]==


'''Nephrocalcinosis''' is a term originally used to describe deposition of [[calcium]] salts in the [[renal]] [[parenchyma]] due to [[hyperparathyroidism]]. It is now more commonly used to describe diffuse, fine, renal parenchymal calcification on radiology.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nephrocalcinosis | url=http://www.emedicine.com/RADIO/topic470.htm | publisher=eMedicine | date=2003-09-09 | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> During its early stages, nephrocalcinosis is visible on [[x-ray]], and appears as a fine granular mottling over the renal outlines. These outlines eventually come together to form a dense mass.<ref>{{cite web | title=Albright's Nephrocalcinosis | url=http://e-radiography.net/radpath/a/albrights.htm | publisher=e-radiology | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref>
==[[Nephrocalcinosis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


It is most commonly seen as an incidental finding with [[medullary sponge kidney]] on an abdominal x-ray.
==[[Nephrocalcinosis classification|Classification]]==
However, it may be severe enough to cause (as well as be caused by) [[renal tubular acidosis]] or even [[end stage renal failure]], due to disruption of the renal tissue by the deposited calcium.


==Histological Perspective==
==[[Nephrocalcinosis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
It was once known as '''Albright's calcinosis''' after [[Fuller Albright]].


==Pathophysiology==
==[[Nephrocalcinosis causes|Causes]]==
===Stages of nephrocalcinosis===
*Chemical nephrocalcinosis
*Microscopic nephrocalcinosis
*Macroscopic nephrocalcinosis


==Causes==
==[[Nephrocalcinosis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Nephrocalcinosis from other Diseases]]==
===Causes of cortical nephrocalcinosis===


* Acute cortical necrosis. May be caused by:
==[[Nephrocalcinosis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
** [[Placenta abruptio]]
** [[Placenta previa]]
** [[abortion|Septic abortion]]
** [[Transfusion reaction]]s
** [[Burn]]s
** [[Insect bite|Snake bite]]
** [[dehydration|Severe dehydration]]
** [[Shock (medical)|Shock]]
** [[heart failure|Severe heart failure]]
** [[Abdominal aorta|Abdominal aortic]] [[surgery]]
* [[glomerulonephritis|Chronic glomerulonephritis]]
* [[Alport syndrome]]
* [[hypercalcemia|Prolonged hypercalcemia]] and/or [[hypercalciuria]]
* [[Renal transplant]] [[transplant rejection| rejection]]
* [[Sickle cell disease]] (rare)
* [[pyridoxine deficiency|Vitamin B6 deficiency]] ([[pyridoxine deficiency]]) (rare)


===Causes of medullary nephrocalcinosis===
==[[Nephrocalcinosis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
* [[Medullary sponge kidney]]
* [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
* [[Renal tubular acidosis]] (specifically distal RTA)
* [[Renal]] [[tuberculosis]]
* [[Renal papillary necrosis]]
* [[Hyperoxaluria]]


===Other causes of [[hypercalcemia]] (and thus [[hypercalciuria]])===
==[[Nephrocalcinosis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
* Immobilization (leading to hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria)
* [[Milk-alkali syndrome]]
* [[Hypervitaminosis D]]
* [[Sarcoidosis]]


==Differential Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==


* [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
[[Nephrocalcinosis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms ]] | [[ Nephrocalcinosis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis x ray|X-Ray]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis CT|CT]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis MRI|MRI]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
* [[Medullary sponge kidney]]
* [[Renal tubular acidosis]]
* [[Hypercalcemia]]


==Treatment==
[[Nephrocalcinosis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis surgery |Surgery]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Nephrocalcinosis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


==Case Studies==
:[[Nephrocalcinosis case study one|Case #1]]




==Diagnostic Findings==
'''Patient #1'''
[http://www.radswiki.net Images courtesy of RadsWiki]
<gallery>
Image:Medullary-sponge-kidney-003.jpg|[[Medullary sponge kidney]]
</gallery>
'''Patient #2'''
[http://www.radswiki.net Images courtesy of RadsWiki]
<gallery>
Image:Med.jpg
Image:Med23011902.jpg
</gallery>
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==External Links ==
* [http://goldminer.arrs.org/search.php?query=cortical%20nephrocalcinosis Goldminer: Cortical nephrocalcinosis]
* [http://goldminer.arrs.org/search.php?query=medullary%20nephrocalcinosis Goldminer: Medullary nephrocalcinosis]
==Additional Resources==
* Genitourinary Imaging: Case Review Series - ISBN 0323037143


{{Nephrology}}
{{Nephrology}}

Latest revision as of 16:42, 29 September 2012

Nephrocalcinosis
Medullary nephrocalcinosis.
Image courtesy of RadsWiki

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Overview

Historical Perspective

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Epidemiology and Demographics

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CT

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1], Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., PhD.

Synonyms and keywords: Albright's calcinosis

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Nephrocalcinosis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | X-Ray | CT | MRI | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1


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