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==Overview==
==Overview==
When symptoms of [[myopathy]] or elevation of [[creatine kinase]] occur in the setting of a patient taking [[statins]], the majority of patients may safely continue the treatment with [[statin]]. The decision on whether the patient can discontinue or continue statin depends on two factors: the severity of the symptoms and the severity of the increase in the [[creatine kinase]] level. [[Statin]] can be safely continued when the symptoms are tolerable and the [[creatine kinase]] is elevated less than 5 times the upper limits of normal. Otherwise, if the [[creatine kinase]] level is higher than five times the upper limit of normal or if the symptoms are intolerable regardless of the level of creatine kinse, statins should be stopped for a certain period of time and restarted again with lower doses or with different types of statins. The role of [[vitamin D]] and [[coenzyme Q10]] is still controversial in the management of [[statin induced myopathy]].
When symptoms of [[myopathy]] or elevation of [[creatine kinase]] occur in the setting of a patient taking [[statins]], the majority of patients may safely continue the treatment with [[statins]]. The decision on whether the patient can discontinue or continue statins depends on two factors: the severity of the symptoms and the severity of the increase in the [[creatine kinase]] level. [[Statins]] can be safely continued when the symptoms are tolerable and the [[creatine kinase]] is elevated less than 5 times the upper limits of normal. Otherwise, if the [[creatine kinase]] level is higher than five times the upper limit of normal or if the symptoms are intolerable regardless of the level of creatine kinse, statins should be stopped for a certain period of time and restarted again with lower doses or with different types of statins. The role of [[vitamin D]] and [[coenzyme Q10]] is still controversial in the management of [[statin induced myopathy]] as no studies support their use yet.<ref name="pmid20628837">{{cite journal| author=Harper CR, Jacobson TA| title=Evidence-based management of statin myopathy. | journal=Curr Atheroscler Rep | year= 2010 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 322-30 | pmid=20628837 | doi=10.1007/s11883-010-0120-9 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20628837  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20601617">{{cite journal| author=Wyman M, Leonard M, Morledge T| title=Coenzyme Q10: a therapy for hypertension and statin-induced myalgia? | journal=Cleve Clin J Med | year= 2010 | volume= 77 | issue= 7 | pages= 435-42 | pmid=20601617 | doi=10.3949/ccjm.77a.09078 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20601617  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21547103">{{cite journal| author=Linde R, Peng L, Desai M, Feldman D| title=The role of vitamin D and SLCO1B1*5 gene polymorphism in statin-associated myalgias. | journal=Dermatoendocrinol | year= 2010 | volume= 2 | issue= 2 | pages= 77-84 | pmid=21547103 | doi=10.4161/derm.2.2.13509 | pmc=PMC3081682 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21547103  }} </ref><


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Line 12: Line 12:
#The increase in the [[creatine kinase]] level.
#The increase in the [[creatine kinase]] level.
====Tolerable Symptoms with Absent or Mild Elevation of Creatine Kinase<5ULN====
====Tolerable Symptoms with Absent or Mild Elevation of Creatine Kinase<5ULN====
* If statin had been stopped, may often be resumed<ref name="pmid23546564">{{cite journal| author=Zhang H, Plutzky J, Skentzos S, Morrison F, Mar P, Shubina M | display-authors=etal| title=Discontinuation of statins in routine care settings: a cohort study. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2013 | volume= 158 | issue= 7 | pages= 526-34 | pmid=23546564 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-158-7-201304020-00004 | pmc=3692286 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23546564  }} </ref>.
* Continue [[statin]]<ref name="pmid21414023">{{cite journal| author=Blaier O, Lishner M, Elis A| title=Managing statin-induced muscle toxicity in a lipid clinic. | journal=J Clin Pharm Ther | year= 2011 | volume= 36 | issue= 3 | pages= 336-41 | pmid=21414023 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01254.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21414023  }} </ref>
* Continue [[statin]]<ref name="pmid21414023">{{cite journal| author=Blaier O, Lishner M, Elis A| title=Managing statin-induced muscle toxicity in a lipid clinic. | journal=J Clin Pharm Ther | year= 2011 | volume= 36 | issue= 3 | pages= 336-41 | pmid=21414023 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01254.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21414023  }} </ref>
* Consider lowering the dose of [[statin]], adjust the optimal dose of [[statin]] depending on the symptoms of the patient
* Consider lowering the dose of [[statin]], adjust the optimal dose of [[statin]] depending on the symptoms of the patient
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**Administration of a lower dose [[statin]]
**Administration of a lower dose [[statin]]
**Alternation in the dosing
**Alternation in the dosing
**Twice weekly dosing with longer half lives statins
**Twice weekly dosing with longer half lives statins<ref name="pmid18549851">{{cite journal| author=Gadarla M, Kearns AK, Thompson PD| title=Efficacy of rosuvastatin (5 mg and 10 mg) twice a week in patients intolerant to daily statins. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2008 | volume= 101 | issue= 12 | pages= 1747-8 | pmid=18549851 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.061 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18549851  }} </ref>
**Different type of [[statin]].<ref name="pmid20628837">{{cite journal| author=Harper CR, Jacobson TA| title=Evidence-based management of statin myopathy. | journal=Curr Atheroscler Rep | year= 2010 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 322-30 | pmid=20628837 | doi=10.1007/s11883-010-0120-9 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20628837  }} </ref>
**Different type of [[statin]].<ref name="pmid20628837">{{cite journal| author=Harper CR, Jacobson TA| title=Evidence-based management of statin myopathy. | journal=Curr Atheroscler Rep | year= 2010 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 322-30 | pmid=20628837 | doi=10.1007/s11883-010-0120-9 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20628837  }} </ref>
*Monitor [[creatinine kinase]] levels.
*Monitor [[creatinine kinase]] levels.


====Intolerable Symptoms====
====Intolerable Symptoms====
* Discontinue statin regardless of the level of the creatine kinase.<ref name="pmid20628837">{{cite journal| author=Harper CR, Jacobson TA| title=Evidence-based management of statin myopathy. | journal=Curr Atheroscler Rep | year= 2010 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 322-30 | pmid=20628837 | doi=10.1007/s11883-010-0120-9 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20628837  }} </ref>
Discontinue statin regardless of the level of the creatine kinase.<ref name="pmid20628837">{{cite journal| author=Harper CR, Jacobson TA| title=Evidence-based management of statin myopathy. | journal=Curr Atheroscler Rep | year= 2010 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 322-30 | pmid=20628837 | doi=10.1007/s11883-010-0120-9 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20628837  }} </ref>
* Resume the treatment with statin once the symptoms are resolved. Modify the treatment regimen as follows:
 
**Administration of a lower dose statin
Resume the treatment with statin once the symptoms are resolved. Modify the treatment regimen as follows:
**Alternation in the dosing
* Reduce the dosage of statin
**Twice weekly dosing with longer half lives statins
* Reduce the frequency of dosing<ref name="pmid24267801">{{cite journal| author=Mancini GB, Tashakkor AY, Baker S, Bergeron J, Fitchett D, Frohlich J | display-authors=etal| title=Diagnosis, prevention, and management of statin adverse effects and intolerance: Canadian Working Group Consensus update. | journal=Can J Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume= 29 | issue= 12 | pages= 1553-68 | pmid=24267801 | doi=10.1016/j.cjca.2013.09.023 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24267801  }} </ref>
**Different type of statin.<ref name="pmid20628837">{{cite journal| author=Harper CR, Jacobson TA| title=Evidence-based management of statin myopathy. | journal=Curr Atheroscler Rep | year= 2010 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 322-30 | pmid=20628837 | doi=10.1007/s11883-010-0120-9 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20628837  }} </ref>
** Alternate day dosing, especially of [[atorvastatin]] and [[rosuvastatin]]<ref name="pmid28741244">{{cite journal| author=Awad K, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PP, Jones SR, Moriarty P, Lip GYH | display-authors=etal| title=Efficacy and Safety of Alternate-Day Versus Daily Dosing of Statins: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | journal=Cardiovasc Drugs Ther | year= 2017 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 419-431 | pmid=28741244 | doi=10.1007/s10557-017-6743-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28741244  }} </ref>
**Twice weekly dosing with longer half lives statins<ref name="pmid18549851">{{cite journal| author=Gadarla M, Kearns AK, Thompson PD| title=Efficacy of rosuvastatin (5 mg and 10 mg) twice a week in patients intolerant to daily statins. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2008 | volume= 101 | issue= 12 | pages= 1747-8 | pmid=18549851 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.061 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18549851  }} </ref>
** [[Rosuvastatin]] once a week at 2.5 mg to 20 mg a week (mean 10 +/- 4 mg)<ref name="pmid19166695">{{cite journal| author=Ruisinger JF, Backes JM, Gibson CA, Moriarty PM| title=Once-a-week rosuvastatin (2.5 to 20 mg) in patients with a previous statin intolerance. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2009 | volume= 103 | issue= 3 | pages= 393-4 | pmid=19166695 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.09.095 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19166695  }} </ref>
*Different type of statin.<ref name="pmid20628837">{{cite journal| author=Harper CR, Jacobson TA| title=Evidence-based management of statin myopathy. | journal=Curr Atheroscler Rep | year= 2010 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 322-30 | pmid=20628837 | doi=10.1007/s11883-010-0120-9 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20628837  }} </ref>
* Monitor [[creatinine kinase]] levels.
* Monitor [[creatinine kinase]] levels.


====Recurrence of Symptoms====
====Recurrence of Symptoms====
If the symptoms recur despite appropriate management consider:
If the symptoms recur despite appropriate management consider combination therapy with ezetimibe:
=====Multiple statin therapy at multiple doses=====
*[[Rosuvastatin]]: daily, low dose (2.5-5 mg/day) or alternate-day dose or weekly<ref name="pmid18312762">{{cite journal| author=Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Kakafika AI, Koumaras H, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP| title=Effectiveness of ezetimibe alone or in combination with twice a week Atorvastatin (10 mg) for statin intolerant high-risk patients. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2008 | volume= 101 | issue= 4 | pages= 483-5 | pmid=18312762 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.09.096 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18312762  }} </ref>
*[[Rosuvastatin]]: daily, low dose (2.5-5 mg/day) or alternate-day dose or weekly<ref>Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Kakafika AI, et al.: Effectiveness of ezetimibe alone or in combination with twice a week Atorvastatin (10 mg) for statin intolerant high-risk patients. Am J Cardiol 2008, 101:483–485.</ref>
*[[Atorvastatin]]: either alternate-day dose (5-10 mg) or 10 mg twice weekly<ref name="pmid17360295">{{cite journal| author=Rivers SM, Kane MP, Busch RS, Bakst G, Hamilton RA| title=Colesevelam hydrochloride-ezetimibe combination lipid-lowering therapy in patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome and a history of statin intolerance. | journal=Endocr Pract | year= 2007 | volume= 13 | issue= 1 | pages= 11-6 | pmid=17360295 | doi=10.4158/EP.13.1.11 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17360295  }} </ref>
*[[Atorvastatin]]: either alternate-day dose (5-10 mg) or 10 mg twice weekly<ref>Rivers SM, Kane MP, Busch RS, et al.: Colesevelam hydrochloride-ezetimibe combination lipid-lowering therapy in patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome and a history of statin intolerance. Endocr Pract 2007, 13:11–16.</ref>
 
*[[Fluvastatin]] XL: 80 mg/day<ref>Backes JM, Venero CV, Gibson CA, et al.: Effectiveness and tolerability of every-other-day rosuvastatin dosing in patients with prior statin intolerance. Ann Pharmacother 2008, 42:34–346.</ref>
=====Other lipid lowering drugs<ref>Lu Z, Kou W, Du B, et al.: Effect of Xuezhikang, an extract from red yeast Chinese rice, on coronary events in a Chinese population with previous myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2008, 101:1689–1693.</ref>=====
=====Other lipid lowering drugs<ref>Lu Z, Kou W, Du B, et al.: Effect of Xuezhikang, an extract from red yeast Chinese rice, on coronary events in a Chinese population with previous myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2008, 101:1689–1693.</ref>=====
=====Lifestyle changes including diet and exercise=====
=====Lifestyle changes including diet and exercise=====


;Shown below is an image summarizing the management plan for statin induced myopathy.<ref>Jacobson TA: Toward “pain-free” statin prescribing: clinical
;Shown below is an image summarizing the management plan for statin induced myopathy.<ref>Jacobson TA: Toward “pain-free” statin prescribing: clinical
Line 53: Line 56:


===Coenzyme Q10===
===Coenzyme Q10===
No current data supports the use of [[ubiquinone]] (coenzyme Q10) use for the treatment of [[statin induced myalgia]]<ref name="pmid18957876">{{cite journal| author=Schaars CF, Stalenhoef AF| title=Effects of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) on myopathy in statin users. | journal=Curr Opin Lipidol | year= 2008 | volume= 19 | issue= 6 | pages= 553-7 | pmid=18957876 | doi=10.1097/MOL.0b013e3283168ecd | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18957876  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16449543">{{cite journal| author=Levy HB, Kohlhaas HK| title=Considerations for supplementing with coenzyme Q10 during statin therapy. | journal=Ann Pharmacother | year= 2006 | volume= 40 | issue= 2 | pages= 290-4 | pmid=16449543 | doi=10.1345/aph.1G409 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16449543  }} </ref>. However, it was proven to be safe to be used but with uncertain efficiency. More evidence based studies are required to recommend its use or not.<ref name="pmid20601617">{{cite journal| author=Wyman M, Leonard M, Morledge T| title=Coenzyme Q10: a therapy for hypertension and statin-induced myalgia? | journal=Cleve Clin J Med | year= 2010 | volume= 77 | issue= 7 | pages= 435-42 | pmid=20601617 | doi=10.3949/ccjm.77a.09078 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20601617  }} </ref>
* [[Coenzyme Q10]] is found in complex I or II of the [[electron transport chain]] and it plays a role as an antioxidant in mitochondrial lipid membrane. Coenzyme Q10 also inhibits [[apoptosis]] induced by [[statins]].<ref name="baker">Baker, S.K. & Tarnopolsky, M.A. (2001). Statin myopathies: pathophysiologic and clinical perspectives. Clin. Invest. Med., 24(5): 258-272.</ref>
* As [[statin]]s inhibit the synthesis of [[cholesterol]] by decreasing the production of mevalonate, a precursor for both [[cholesterol]] and coenzyme Q10, they cause coenzyme Q10 deficiency and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction.<ref name="pmid21414023">{{cite journal| author=Blaier O, Lishner M, Elis A| title=Managing statin-induced muscle toxicity in a lipid clinic. | journal=J Clin Pharm Ther | year= 2011 | volume= 36 | issue= 3 | pages= 336-41 | pmid=21414023 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01254.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21414023  }} </ref>
* No current data supports the use of [[ubiquinone]] (coenzyme Q10) use for the treatment of [[statin induced myalgia]]<ref name="pmid18957876">{{cite journal| author=Schaars CF, Stalenhoef AF| title=Effects of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) on myopathy in statin users. | journal=Curr Opin Lipidol | year= 2008 | volume= 19 | issue= 6 | pages= 553-7 | pmid=18957876 | doi=10.1097/MOL.0b013e3283168ecd | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18957876  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16449543">{{cite journal| author=Levy HB, Kohlhaas HK| title=Considerations for supplementing with coenzyme Q10 during statin therapy. | journal=Ann Pharmacother | year= 2006 | volume= 40 | issue= 2 | pages= 290-4 | pmid=16449543 | doi=10.1345/aph.1G409 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16449543  }} </ref>. However, it was proven to be safe to be used but with uncertain efficiency. More evidence based studies are required to provide recommendations for or against its use.<ref name="pmid20601617">{{cite journal| author=Wyman M, Leonard M, Morledge T| title=Coenzyme Q10: a therapy for hypertension and statin-induced myalgia? | journal=Cleve Clin J Med | year= 2010 | volume= 77 | issue= 7 | pages= 435-42 | pmid=20601617 | doi=10.3949/ccjm.77a.09078 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20601617  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 21:37, 9 March 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby

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Overview

When symptoms of myopathy or elevation of creatine kinase occur in the setting of a patient taking statins, the majority of patients may safely continue the treatment with statins. The decision on whether the patient can discontinue or continue statins depends on two factors: the severity of the symptoms and the severity of the increase in the creatine kinase level. Statins can be safely continued when the symptoms are tolerable and the creatine kinase is elevated less than 5 times the upper limits of normal. Otherwise, if the creatine kinase level is higher than five times the upper limit of normal or if the symptoms are intolerable regardless of the level of creatine kinse, statins should be stopped for a certain period of time and restarted again with lower doses or with different types of statins. The role of vitamin D and coenzyme Q10 is still controversial in the management of statin induced myopathy as no studies support their use yet.[1][2][3]<

Treatment

The decision on whether the patient can discontinue or continue statin depends on two factors:

  1. The severity of the symptoms
  2. The increase in the creatine kinase level.

Tolerable Symptoms with Absent or Mild Elevation of Creatine Kinase<5ULN

  • If statin had been stopped, may often be resumed[4].
  • Continue statin[5]
  • Consider lowering the dose of statin, adjust the optimal dose of statin depending on the symptoms of the patient

Tolerable Symptoms with Absent or Mild Elevation of Creatine Kinase>5ULN or with Rhabdomyolysis

  • Discontinue statin
  • Ensure an appropriate management for rhabdomyolysis if present by good hydration and follow up[1]
  • Resume the treatment with statin once the symptoms are resolved. Modify the treatment regimen as follows:
    • Administration of a lower dose statin
    • Alternation in the dosing
    • Twice weekly dosing with longer half lives statins[6]
    • Different type of statin.[1]
  • Monitor creatinine kinase levels.

Intolerable Symptoms

Discontinue statin regardless of the level of the creatine kinase.[1]

Resume the treatment with statin once the symptoms are resolved. Modify the treatment regimen as follows:

Recurrence of Symptoms

If the symptoms recur despite appropriate management consider combination therapy with ezetimibe:

Other lipid lowering drugs[12]
Lifestyle changes including diet and exercise
Shown below is an image summarizing the management plan for statin induced myopathy.[13]
Management of statin induced myopathy
Management of statin induced myopathy

Vitamin D

Several studies have evaluated the role of vitamin D in statin induced myopathy. The results have shown so far no significant relation between the vitamin D level and statin induced myopathy; however, the results of other studies are still pending. Hence, it is not recommended yet to take vitamin D as part of a treatment for statin induced myopathy. Nevertheless, it is important to check for the vitamin D level as vitamin D deficiency is common and it can cause symptoms of myalgia independently from statin use.[3][14]

Coenzyme Q10

  • Coenzyme Q10 is found in complex I or II of the electron transport chain and it plays a role as an antioxidant in mitochondrial lipid membrane. Coenzyme Q10 also inhibits apoptosis induced by statins.[15]
  • As statins inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol by decreasing the production of mevalonate, a precursor for both cholesterol and coenzyme Q10, they cause coenzyme Q10 deficiency and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction.[5]
  • No current data supports the use of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) use for the treatment of statin induced myalgia[16][17]. However, it was proven to be safe to be used but with uncertain efficiency. More evidence based studies are required to provide recommendations for or against its use.[2]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Harper CR, Jacobson TA (2010). "Evidence-based management of statin myopathy". Curr Atheroscler Rep. 12 (5): 322–30. doi:10.1007/s11883-010-0120-9. PMID 20628837.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wyman M, Leonard M, Morledge T (2010). "Coenzyme Q10: a therapy for hypertension and statin-induced myalgia?". Cleve Clin J Med. 77 (7): 435–42. doi:10.3949/ccjm.77a.09078. PMID 20601617.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Linde R, Peng L, Desai M, Feldman D (2010). "The role of vitamin D and SLCO1B1*5 gene polymorphism in statin-associated myalgias". Dermatoendocrinol. 2 (2): 77–84. doi:10.4161/derm.2.2.13509. PMC 3081682. PMID 21547103.
  4. ↑ Zhang H, Plutzky J, Skentzos S, Morrison F, Mar P, Shubina M; et al. (2013). "Discontinuation of statins in routine care settings: a cohort study". Ann Intern Med. 158 (7): 526–34. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-7-201304020-00004. PMC 3692286. PMID 23546564.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Blaier O, Lishner M, Elis A (2011). "Managing statin-induced muscle toxicity in a lipid clinic". J Clin Pharm Ther. 36 (3): 336–41. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01254.x. PMID 21414023.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Gadarla M, Kearns AK, Thompson PD (2008). "Efficacy of rosuvastatin (5 mg and 10 mg) twice a week in patients intolerant to daily statins". Am J Cardiol. 101 (12): 1747–8. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.061. PMID 18549851.
  7. ↑ Mancini GB, Tashakkor AY, Baker S, Bergeron J, Fitchett D, Frohlich J; et al. (2013). "Diagnosis, prevention, and management of statin adverse effects and intolerance: Canadian Working Group Consensus update". Can J Cardiol. 29 (12): 1553–68. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2013.09.023. PMID 24267801.
  8. ↑ Awad K, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PP, Jones SR, Moriarty P, Lip GYH; et al. (2017). "Efficacy and Safety of Alternate-Day Versus Daily Dosing of Statins: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 31 (4): 419–431. doi:10.1007/s10557-017-6743-0. PMID 28741244.
  9. ↑ Ruisinger JF, Backes JM, Gibson CA, Moriarty PM (2009). "Once-a-week rosuvastatin (2.5 to 20 mg) in patients with a previous statin intolerance". Am J Cardiol. 103 (3): 393–4. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.09.095. PMID 19166695.
  10. ↑ Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Kakafika AI, Koumaras H, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP (2008). "Effectiveness of ezetimibe alone or in combination with twice a week Atorvastatin (10 mg) for statin intolerant high-risk patients". Am J Cardiol. 101 (4): 483–5. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.09.096. PMID 18312762.
  11. ↑ Rivers SM, Kane MP, Busch RS, Bakst G, Hamilton RA (2007). "Colesevelam hydrochloride-ezetimibe combination lipid-lowering therapy in patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome and a history of statin intolerance". Endocr Pract. 13 (1): 11–6. doi:10.4158/EP.13.1.11. PMID 17360295.
  12. ↑ Lu Z, Kou W, Du B, et al.: Effect of Xuezhikang, an extract from red yeast Chinese rice, on coronary events in a Chinese population with previous myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2008, 101:1689–1693.
  13. ↑ Jacobson TA: Toward “pain-free” statin prescribing: clinical algorithm for diagnosis and management of myalgia [see comment]. Mayo Clin Proc 2008, 83:687–700.
  14. ↑ Calvo MS, Whiting SJ (2003). "Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in Canada and the United States: importance to health status and efficacy of current food fortification and dietary supplement use". Nutr Rev. 61 (3): 107–13. PMID 12723644.
  15. ↑ Baker, S.K. & Tarnopolsky, M.A. (2001). Statin myopathies: pathophysiologic and clinical perspectives. Clin. Invest. Med., 24(5): 258-272.
  16. ↑ Schaars CF, Stalenhoef AF (2008). "Effects of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) on myopathy in statin users". Curr Opin Lipidol. 19 (6): 553–7. doi:10.1097/MOL.0b013e3283168ecd. PMID 18957876.
  17. ↑ Levy HB, Kohlhaas HK (2006). "Considerations for supplementing with coenzyme Q10 during statin therapy". Ann Pharmacother. 40 (2): 290–4. doi:10.1345/aph.1G409. PMID 16449543.
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