Mumps virus: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Mumps}}
{{Mumps}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}}
{{Taxobox
| image              = Mumps_virus.jpg
| image_caption      = [[Transmission electron microscopy|TEM]] micrograph of the mumps virus.
| virus_group        = V
| ordo              = ''[[Mononegavirales]]''
| familia            = ''[[Paramyxoviridae]]''
| genus              = ''[[Rubulavirus]]''
| type_species      = '''''Mumps virus'''''
}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}}; {{NRM}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Mumps is caused by a [[paramyxovirus]], and transmission of the virus occurs via respiratory secretions such as infected [[saliva]], [[droplet|air droplets]] or via direct contact with articles that have been contaminated with infected saliva. The [[incubation period]] is usually 18 to 21 days. Infected patients remain contagious from approximately 6 days before the onset of symptoms until about 9 days after the onset of symptoms.  
Mumps virus (MuV) is an enveloped, non-segmented, [[Negative-sense ssRNA virus|negative-sense RNA virus]] that causes mumps. MuV belongs to the genus [[Rubulavirus]] and family [[Paramyxovirus]]. Humans are the only natural host of MuV. MuV is transmitted through respiratory droplets (saliva or mucus), direct contact, or contact with surfaces carrying MuV. MuV is able to bind to host [[epithelial cells]] via haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) [[Glycoprotein|glycoproteins]]. Small hydrophobic (SH) protein is presumed to block [[Tumor necrosis factor-alpha|TNFα-mediated apoptosis]]. Non-structural proteins NS1 and NS2 (V proteins) inhibit [[IFN]] production and signaling.


==Causes==
==Organism==
Mumps is caused by a [[paramyxovirus]], and transmission of the virus occurs via respiratory secretions such as infected [[saliva]], [[droplet|air droplets]] or via direct contact with articles that have been contaminated with infected saliva.  
*Mumps virus (MuV) is an enveloped, non-segmented, [[Negative-sense ssRNA virus|negative-sense RNA virus]] that causes mumps.<ref name="pmid25229387">{{cite journal| author=Rubin S, Eckhaus M, Rennick LJ, Bamford CG, Duprex WP| title=Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus. | journal=J Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 235 | issue= 2 | pages= 242-52 | pmid=25229387 | doi=10.1002/path.4445 | pmc=PMC4268314 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25229387  }} </ref>
*MuV belongs to the genus [[Rubulavirus]] and family [[Paramyxovirus]].


Mumps is generally a mild illness among pediatric population in developed countries.
====Morphology====
The [[incubation period]] is usually 18 to 21 days, but may range from as few as 12 to as many as 35 days.<ref name="pmid18923686">{{cite journal |author=Conly J, Johnston B |title=Is mumps making a comeback? |journal=[[The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien Des Maladies Infectieuses Et De La Microbiologie Médicale / AMMI Canada]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=7–9 |year=2007 |month=January |pmid=18923686 |pmc=2542890 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-03-08}}</ref> Infected patients remains contagious from approximately 6 days before the onset of symptoms until about 9 days after the onset of symptoms.  
*The spherical [[virion]] is approximately 200nm is diameter and its genome consists of a single RNA strand of 15,384 nucleotides.<ref name="Hviid2008">{{cite journal | author = Hviid A, Rubin S, Mühlemann K | title = Mumps | journal = [[The Lancet]] | volume = 371 | issue = 9616 | pages = 932–44 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18342688 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60419-5 }}</ref>
*The RNA is encapsidated by nucleoprotein (N protein) forming the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex.


Following initial entry of the virus, it locally replicates and disseminates to the salivary glands especially the [[parotid glands]] which are most commonly involved irrespective of the age of presentation. However, if infection occurs after adolescence, it usually affects the ovary, causing [[oophoritis]], and the testes, causing [[orchitis]] and is seen in approximately 10-20% infected males. The mature testis is particularly susceptible to damage from mumps which can lead to [[infertility]]; however its a rare occurance. Adults infected with mumps are more likely to develop severe symptoms and complications such as [[viral meningitis]] which is observed in approximately 5% of the infected population. Among the elderly population infected with mumpms, multiple organ involvement including the [[central nervous system]], the [[pancreas]], the [[prostate]] and the [[breast|breasts]] is commonly observed.
====Replication Cycle====
*MuV binds to host cell [[sialic acid]] via haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) glycoproteins and cause virus-to-cell membrane fusion.
*Replication and transcription is mediated by an RNA polymerase complex composed of large (L) and phospho- (P) proteins.
*Budding is initiated after HN and F glycoproteins are transported through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body to the cell surface.
*Matrix (M) protein localizes the RNP to the area of the host cell expressing HN and F.
 
==Human Pathogen==
*Humans are the only natural host of MuV.
*MuV is transmitted through respiratory droplets (saliva or mucus), direct contact, or contact with surfaces carrying MuV.
*MuV is able to evade an immune response to infection with the following [[Virulence factor|virulence factors]]:
:*Small hydrophobic (SH) protein is presumed to block [[Tumor necrosis factor-alpha|TNFα-mediated apoptosis]].<ref name="pmid11287556">{{cite journal| author=He B, Lin GY, Durbin JE, Durbin RK, Lamb RA| title=The SH integral membrane protein of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 is required to block apoptosis in MDBK cells. | journal=J Virol | year= 2001 | volume= 75 | issue= 9 | pages= 4068-79 | pmid=11287556 | doi=10.1128/JVI.75.9.4068-4079.2001 | pmc=PMC114152 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11287556  }} </ref>
:*Non-structural proteins NS1 and NS2 (V proteins) inhibit [[IFN]] production and signaling.<ref name="pmid15563593">{{cite journal| author=Andrejeva J, Childs KS, Young DF, Carlos TS, Stock N, Goodbourn S et al.| title=The V proteins of paramyxoviruses bind the IFN-inducible RNA helicase, mda-5, and inhibit its activation of the IFN-beta promoter. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2004 | volume= 101 | issue= 49 | pages= 17264-9 | pmid=15563593 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0407639101 | pmc=PMC535396 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15563593  }} </ref>


==Related Chapters==
==Related Chapters==
*'''''For more information on the virus, click [[Paramyxovirus|here]]'''''
*[[Paramyxovirus]]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]

Latest revision as of 18:07, 18 September 2017

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style="background:#Template:Taxobox colour;"|Template:Taxobox name
TEM micrograph of the mumps virus.
TEM micrograph of the mumps virus.
style="background:#Template:Taxobox colour;" | Virus classification
Group: Group V ((-)ssRNA)
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Paramyxoviridae
Genus: Rubulavirus
Type species
Mumps virus

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2]; Nate Michalak, B.A.

Overview

Mumps virus (MuV) is an enveloped, non-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus that causes mumps. MuV belongs to the genus Rubulavirus and family Paramyxovirus. Humans are the only natural host of MuV. MuV is transmitted through respiratory droplets (saliva or mucus), direct contact, or contact with surfaces carrying MuV. MuV is able to bind to host epithelial cells via haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) glycoproteins. Small hydrophobic (SH) protein is presumed to block TNFα-mediated apoptosis. Non-structural proteins NS1 and NS2 (V proteins) inhibit IFN production and signaling.

Organism

Morphology

  • The spherical virion is approximately 200nm is diameter and its genome consists of a single RNA strand of 15,384 nucleotides.[2]
  • The RNA is encapsidated by nucleoprotein (N protein) forming the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex.

Replication Cycle

  • MuV binds to host cell sialic acid via haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) glycoproteins and cause virus-to-cell membrane fusion.
  • Replication and transcription is mediated by an RNA polymerase complex composed of large (L) and phospho- (P) proteins.
  • Budding is initiated after HN and F glycoproteins are transported through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body to the cell surface.
  • Matrix (M) protein localizes the RNP to the area of the host cell expressing HN and F.

Human Pathogen

  • Humans are the only natural host of MuV.
  • MuV is transmitted through respiratory droplets (saliva or mucus), direct contact, or contact with surfaces carrying MuV.
  • MuV is able to evade an immune response to infection with the following virulence factors:
  • Small hydrophobic (SH) protein is presumed to block TNFα-mediated apoptosis.[3]
  • Non-structural proteins NS1 and NS2 (V proteins) inhibit IFN production and signaling.[4]

Related Chapters

References

  1. ↑ Rubin S, Eckhaus M, Rennick LJ, Bamford CG, Duprex WP (2015). "Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus". J Pathol. 235 (2): 242–52. doi:10.1002/path.4445. PMC 4268314. PMID 25229387.
  2. ↑ Hviid A, Rubin S, Mühlemann K (March 2008). "Mumps". The Lancet. 371 (9616): 932–44. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60419-5. PMID 18342688.
  3. ↑ He B, Lin GY, Durbin JE, Durbin RK, Lamb RA (2001). "The SH integral membrane protein of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 is required to block apoptosis in MDBK cells". J Virol. 75 (9): 4068–79. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.9.4068-4079.2001. PMC 114152. PMID 11287556.
  4. ↑ Andrejeva J, Childs KS, Young DF, Carlos TS, Stock N, Goodbourn S; et al. (2004). "The V proteins of paramyxoviruses bind the IFN-inducible RNA helicase, mda-5, and inhibit its activation of the IFN-beta promoter". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101 (49): 17264–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407639101. PMC 535396. PMID 15563593.


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