Cervicitis causes: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Vishnu Vardhan Serla (talk | contribs)
nocaptcha
13,010 edits
No edit summary
Zehra Malik (talk | contribs)
2,849 edits
 
(47 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}
{{Cervicitis}}
{{Cervicitis}}
''{{CMG}}''; {{AE}} {{Hilda}} {{PTD}}
==Overview==
Cervicitis is caused by [[infectious]] <ref name="pmid26586777">{{cite journal| author=Lusk MJ, Garden FL, Rawlinson WD, Naing ZW, Cumming RG, Konecny P| title=Cervicitis aetiology and case definition: a study in Australian women attending sexually transmitted infection clinics. | journal=Sex Transm Infect | year= 2016 | volume= 92 | issue= 3 | pages= 175-81 | pmid=26586777 | doi=10.1136/sextrans-2015-052332 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26586777  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19704398">{{cite journal| author=Gaydos C, Maldeis NE, Hardick A, Hardick J, Quinn TC| title=Mycoplasma genitalium as a contributor to the multiple etiologies of cervicitis in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 36 | issue= 10 | pages= 598-606 | pmid=19704398 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b01948 | pmc=2924808 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19704398  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22902666">{{cite journal| author=Mobley VL, Hobbs MM, Lau K, Weinbaum BS, Getman DK, Seña AC| title=Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic: diagnostic specimen type, coinfections, and predictors. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 39 | issue= 9 | pages= 706-9 | pmid=22902666 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318255de03 | pmc=3428747 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22902666  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27212873">{{cite journal| author=Ona S, Molina RL, Diouf K| title=Mycoplasma genitalium: An Overlooked Sexually Transmitted Pathogen in Women? | journal=Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue=  | pages= 4513089 | pmid=27212873 | doi=10.1155/2016/4513089 | pmc=4860244 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27212873  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18192786">{{cite journal| author=Lusk MJ, Konecny P| title=Cervicitis: a review. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 49-55 | pmid=18192786 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f3d988 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18192786  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17342663">{{cite journal| author=Marrazzo JM, Martin DH| title=Management of women with cervicitis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 44 Suppl 3 | issue=  | pages= S102-10 | pmid=17342663 | doi=10.1086/511423 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17342663  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16533338">{{cite journal| author=Korte JE, Baseman JB, Cagle MP, Herrera C, Piper JM, Holden AE et al.| title=Cervicitis and genitourinary symptoms in women culture positive for Mycoplasma genitalium. | journal=Am J Reprod Immunol | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 265-75 | pmid=16533338 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00359.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16533338  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25732256">{{cite journal| author=Hezarjaribi HZ, Fakhar M, Shokri A, Teshnizi SH, Sadough A, Taghavi M| title=Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Iranian general population of women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Parasitol Res | year= 2015 | volume= 114 | issue= 4 | pages= 1291-300 | pmid=25732256 | doi=10.1007/s00436-015-4393-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25732256  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1411834">{{cite journal| author=Nugent RP, Hillier SL| title=Mucopurulent cervicitis as a predictor of chlamydial infection and adverse pregnancy outcome. The Investigators of the Johns Hopkins Study of Cervicitis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 1992 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 198-202 | pmid=1411834 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1411834  }} </ref><ref name="pmid806017">{{cite journal| author=Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollock HM, Forsyth PS, Alexander ER, Lin JS et al.| title=Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1975 | volume= 293 | issue= 4 | pages= 166-71 | pmid=806017 | doi=10.1056/NEJM197507242930403 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=806017  }} </ref> and non-infectious causes.  The [[infectious]] causes are most commonly caused by [[chlamydia]] and [[gonorrhea]], with [[chlamydia]] accounting for the majority of cases.  [[Trichomonas vaginalis|''Trichomonas vaginalis'']] and [[herpes simplex]] (especially primary [[HSV-2]] [[infection]]), or [[M. genitalium]] are less common causes of cervicitis.  Non-infectious causes of cervicitis include: [[intrauterine devices]], [[Diaphragm (contraceptive)|contraceptive diaphragms]], and allergic reactions to [[Spermicide|spermicides]] or [[latex]] [[condoms]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
Cervicitis is most often caused by an infection, usually caught during sexual activity. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that can cause cervicitis include:


*[[Chlamydia]]
Cervicitis may be caused by [[infectious]] and non-infectious causes.
 
===Common Causes===
 
The most common causes of [[infectious]] cervicitis are [[sexually transmitted infections]] (STIs) that include:<ref name="pmid26586777">{{cite journal| author=Lusk MJ, Garden FL, Rawlinson WD, Naing ZW, Cumming RG, Konecny P| title=Cervicitis aetiology and case definition: a study in Australian women attending sexually transmitted infection clinics. | journal=Sex Transm Infect | year= 2016 | volume= 92 | issue= 3 | pages= 175-81 | pmid=26586777 | doi=10.1136/sextrans-2015-052332 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26586777  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19704398">{{cite journal| author=Gaydos C, Maldeis NE, Hardick A, Hardick J, Quinn TC| title=Mycoplasma genitalium as a contributor to the multiple etiologies of cervicitis in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 36 | issue= 10 | pages= 598-606 | pmid=19704398 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b01948 | pmc=2924808 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19704398  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22902666">{{cite journal| author=Mobley VL, Hobbs MM, Lau K, Weinbaum BS, Getman DK, Seña AC| title=Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic: diagnostic specimen type, coinfections, and predictors. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 39 | issue= 9 | pages= 706-9 | pmid=22902666 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318255de03 | pmc=3428747 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22902666  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27212873">{{cite journal| author=Ona S, Molina RL, Diouf K| title=Mycoplasma genitalium: An Overlooked Sexually Transmitted Pathogen in Women? | journal=Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue=  | pages= 4513089 | pmid=27212873 | doi=10.1155/2016/4513089 | pmc=4860244 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27212873  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18192786">{{cite journal| author=Lusk MJ, Konecny P| title=Cervicitis: a review. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 49-55 | pmid=18192786 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f3d988 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18192786  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17342663">{{cite journal| author=Marrazzo JM, Martin DH| title=Management of women with cervicitis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 44 Suppl 3 | issue=  | pages= S102-10 | pmid=17342663 | doi=10.1086/511423 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17342663  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16533338">{{cite journal| author=Korte JE, Baseman JB, Cagle MP, Herrera C, Piper JM, Holden AE et al.| title=Cervicitis and genitourinary symptoms in women culture positive for Mycoplasma genitalium. | journal=Am J Reprod Immunol | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 265-75 | pmid=16533338 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00359.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16533338  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25732256">{{cite journal| author=Hezarjaribi HZ, Fakhar M, Shokri A, Teshnizi SH, Sadough A, Taghavi M| title=Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Iranian general population of women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Parasitol Res | year= 2015 | volume= 114 | issue= 4 | pages= 1291-300 | pmid=25732256 | doi=10.1007/s00436-015-4393-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25732256  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1411834">{{cite journal| author=Nugent RP, Hillier SL| title=Mucopurulent cervicitis as a predictor of chlamydial infection and adverse pregnancy outcome. The Investigators of the Johns Hopkins Study of Cervicitis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 1992 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 198-202 | pmid=1411834 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1411834  }} </ref><ref name="pmid806017">{{cite journal| author=Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollock HM, Forsyth PS, Alexander ER, Lin JS et al.| title=Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1975 | volume= 293 | issue= 4 | pages= 166-71 | pmid=806017 | doi=10.1056/NEJM197507242930403 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=806017  }} </ref>
 
*[[Chlamydia trachomatis|''Chlamydia trachomatis'']]
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*Herpes virus ([[genital herpes]])
*[[Herpes simplex virus]] ([[genital herpes]]) mostly type 2
*[[Human papilloma virus]] ([[genital warts]])
*[[Human papillomavirus]] ([[genital warts]])
*[[Mycoplasma genitalium|''Mycoplasma genitalium'']]
*[[Trichomoniasis]]
*[[Trichomoniasis]]


However, in a few cases it may be due to:
Non-infectious causes of cervicitis include:
 
*[[Behcet's syndrome]]
 
*[[Cervical cap]]
 
*Contraceptive creams
 
*[[Diaphragm (contraceptive)|Contraceptive diaphragm]]
 
*[[Foreign bodies]]
 
*[[Intrauterine device]]
*Local [[trauma]] to the [[cervix]]
 
*[[Latex condom]]
 
*[[Malignancy]]
 
*[[Radiation therapy]]
 
*[[Reactive arthritis]]
 
*[[Reiter's disease]]
 
*[[Spermicide|Spermicides]]
 
*[[Surgical instruments]]
 
===Persistent Cervicitis===
*[[Reinfection]] with [[C. trachomatis]] or [[N. gonorrhoeae]] is not the cause in majority of persistent cases.
*Factors responsible for persistent infection include:
**[[Abnormality]] of [[vaginal]] [[flora]],
**[[M. genitalium]]
**Douching
**Exposure to other types of chemical irritants
**[[Dysplasia]]
**[[Idiopathic]] [[inflammation]] in the zone of [[ectopy]]
 
===Causes by Organ System===
 
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bacterial vaginosis]], [[chlamydia trachomatis]], [[fungi]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[human papilloma virus]], [[mycoplasma genitalium]], [[neisseria gonorrhoeae]], [[parasites]], [[streptococci]] group A, [[trichomonas vaginalis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[viruses]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric / Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Nabothian cyst]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Malignancy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's syndrome]], contraceptive creams, [[latex condom]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[Reiter's Disease]], spermicides, systemic inflammatory diseases
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cervical cap]], contraceptive diaphragm, [[intrauterine device]], [[pessary]], [[surgical instruments]], [[tampon]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Foreign bodies]], [[radiation therapy]], vaginal douches
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===


*A device inserted into the pelvic area such as:
*[[Bacterial vaginosis]]
**Cervical cap
 
**Device to support the uterus (pessary)
*[[Behcet's syndrome]]
**Diaphragm
 
*An allergy to spermicides used for birth control or to latex in condoms
*[[Cervical cap]]
*Exposure to a chemical
 
*[[Chlamydia trachomatis|''Chlamydia trachomatis'']]
 
*Contraceptive creams
 
*[[Diaphragm (contraceptive)|Contraceptive diaphragm]]
 
*[[Foreign bodies]]
 
*[[Fungi]]
 
*[[Herpes simplex virus]]
 
*[[Human papillomavirus]]
 
*[[Intrauterine device]]
 
*[[Latex condom]]
 
*[[Malignancy]]
 
*[[Mycoplasma genitalium infection|''Mycoplasma genitalium'']]
 
*[[Nabothian cyst]]
 
*[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae|''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'']]
 
*[[Parasites]]
 
*[[Pessary]]
 
*[[Radiation therapy]]
 
*[[Reactive arthritis]]
 
*[[Reiter's disease]]
 
*[[Spermicide|Spermicides]]
 
*[[Streptococci|''Streptococci'']] group A
 
*[[Surgical instruments]]
 
*Systemic inflammatory diseases
 
*[[Tampon]]
 
*[[Trichomonas vaginalis|''Trichomonas vaginalis'']]
 
*[[Tuberculosis]]
 
*Vaginal douches
 
*[[Viruses]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Sexually transmitted diseases]]
 
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
 
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs causes]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 14:24, 24 September 2021

Cervicitis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Cervicitis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X Ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Cervicitis causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Cervicitis causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Cervicitis causes

CDC on Cervicitis causes

Cervicitis causes in the news

Blogs on Cervicitis causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Cervicitis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Cervicitis causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hilda Mahmoudi M.D., M.P.H.[2] Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [3]

Overview

Cervicitis is caused by infectious [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and non-infectious causes. The infectious causes are most commonly caused by chlamydia and gonorrhea, with chlamydia accounting for the majority of cases. Trichomonas vaginalis and herpes simplex (especially primary HSV-2 infection), or M. genitalium are less common causes of cervicitis. Non-infectious causes of cervicitis include: intrauterine devices, contraceptive diaphragms, and allergic reactions to spermicides or latex condoms.

Causes

Cervicitis may be caused by infectious and non-infectious causes.

Common Causes

The most common causes of infectious cervicitis are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Non-infectious causes of cervicitis include:

  • Contraceptive creams

Persistent Cervicitis

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia trachomatis, fungi, herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus, mycoplasma genitalium, neisseria gonorrhoeae, parasites, streptococci group A, trichomonas vaginalis, tuberculosis, viruses
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric / Gynecologic Nabothian cyst
Oncologic Malignancy
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Behcet's syndrome, contraceptive creams, latex condom, reactive arthritis, Reiter's Disease, spermicides, systemic inflammatory diseases
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Cervical cap, contraceptive diaphragm, intrauterine device, pessary, surgical instruments, tampon
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Foreign bodies, radiation therapy, vaginal douches

Causes in Alphabetical Order

  • Contraceptive creams
  • Systemic inflammatory diseases
  • Vaginal douches

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lusk MJ, Garden FL, Rawlinson WD, Naing ZW, Cumming RG, Konecny P (2016). "Cervicitis aetiology and case definition: a study in Australian women attending sexually transmitted infection clinics". Sex Transm Infect. 92 (3): 175–81. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2015-052332. PMID 26586777.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gaydos C, Maldeis NE, Hardick A, Hardick J, Quinn TC (2009). "Mycoplasma genitalium as a contributor to the multiple etiologies of cervicitis in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics". Sex Transm Dis. 36 (10): 598–606. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b01948. PMC 2924808. PMID 19704398.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mobley VL, Hobbs MM, Lau K, Weinbaum BS, Getman DK, Seña AC (2012). "Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic: diagnostic specimen type, coinfections, and predictors". Sex Transm Dis. 39 (9): 706–9. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318255de03. PMC 3428747. PMID 22902666.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ona S, Molina RL, Diouf K (2016). "Mycoplasma genitalium: An Overlooked Sexually Transmitted Pathogen in Women?". Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2016: 4513089. doi:10.1155/2016/4513089. PMC 4860244. PMID 27212873.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lusk MJ, Konecny P (2008). "Cervicitis: a review". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 21 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f3d988. PMID 18192786.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Marrazzo JM, Martin DH (2007). "Management of women with cervicitis". Clin Infect Dis. 44 Suppl 3: S102–10. doi:10.1086/511423. PMID 17342663.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Korte JE, Baseman JB, Cagle MP, Herrera C, Piper JM, Holden AE; et al. (2006). "Cervicitis and genitourinary symptoms in women culture positive for Mycoplasma genitalium". Am J Reprod Immunol. 55 (4): 265–75. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00359.x. PMID 16533338.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hezarjaribi HZ, Fakhar M, Shokri A, Teshnizi SH, Sadough A, Taghavi M (2015). "Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Iranian general population of women: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Parasitol Res. 114 (4): 1291–300. doi:10.1007/s00436-015-4393-3. PMID 25732256.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Nugent RP, Hillier SL (1992). "Mucopurulent cervicitis as a predictor of chlamydial infection and adverse pregnancy outcome. The Investigators of the Johns Hopkins Study of Cervicitis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome". Sex Transm Dis. 19 (4): 198–202. PMID 1411834.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollock HM, Forsyth PS, Alexander ER, Lin JS; et al. (1975). "Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease". N Engl J Med. 293 (4): 166–71. doi:10.1056/NEJM197507242930403. PMID 806017.


Template:WikiDoc Sources

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Cervicitis_causes&oldid=1714750"